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Aim: To determine an efficient vaccination schedule on the basis of the humoral immune response of cell culture adapted live classical swine fever virus (CSFV) vaccinated pigs and maternally derived antibody (MDA) in piglets of vaccinated sows. Materials and Methods: A cell culture adapted live CSFV vaccine was subjected to different vaccination schedule in the present study. Serum samples were collected before vaccination (day 0) and 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 180, 194, 208, 270, 284 and 298 days after vaccination and were analyzed by liquid phase blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Moreover, MDA titre was detected in the serum of piglets at 21 and 42 days of age after farrowing of the vaccinated sows. Results: On 28 days after vaccination, serum samples of 83.33% vaccinated pigs showed the desirable level of antibody titer (log10 1.50 at 1:32 dilution), whereas 100% animals showed log10 1.50 at 1:32 dilution after 42 days of vaccination. Animals received a booster dose at 28 and 180 days post vaccination showed stable high-level antibody titre till the end of the study period. Further, piglets born from pigs vaccinated 1 month after conception showed the desirable level of MDA up to 42 days of age. Conclusion: CSF causes major losses in pig industry. Lapinised vaccines against CSFV are used routinely in endemic countries. In the present study, a cell culture adapted live attenuated vaccine has been evaluated. Based on the level of humoral immune response of vaccinated pigs and MDA titer in piglets born from immunized sows, it may be concluded that the more effective vaccination schedule for prevention of CSF is primary vaccination at 2 months of age followed by booster vaccination at 28 and 180 days post primary vaccination and at 1 month of gestation.

Aim: To determine the prevalence and diversity of Eimeria spp. in dairy cattle present in and around Guwahati, Kamrup district, Assam, India. Materials and Methods: A total of 2339 fecal samples of calves (535), heifer (641) and adult (1163) cattle were screened for 1 year present in and around Guwahati, Assam for detection of Eimeria oocysts by flotation techniques. Sporulation of the oocyst was done in 2.5% potassium dichromate solution for identification of the Eimeria species. Results: Examination of fecal samples revealed an overall prevalence of 11.97% Eimeria infection in dairy cattle of Guwahati, Assam. Age-wise, 33.2%, 45.4%, and 21.4% infections were recorded in calves (3 years) cattle, respectively. Season-wise, infection was recorded highest during post-monsoon (16.29%), followed by monsoon (15%), winter (9.44%), and pre-monsoon (7.49%) season. Seven species of Eimeria were recorded viz. Eimeria bovis, Eimeria zuernii, Eimeria subspherica, Eimeria bukidnonensis, Eimeria auburnensis, Eimeria ellipsoidalis and Eimeria alabamensis. The oocyst count per gram of feces ranged from 50 to 1500 in infected cattle. Conclusion: This study indicates that there is the prevalence of seven species of Eimeria in dairy cattle of Guwahati, Assam and mostly prevalent during the post-monsoon season.

Aim: Estimation of some biochemical constituents in follicular fluid of non-descript cows of Assam. Materials and Methods: Twenty five pairs of ovaries were collected from local slaughter house and the follicular fluid was aspirated from small (2-4 mm), medium (4-6 mm) and large (6-9 mm) follicles. Aspirated fluid samples were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 20 min in a refrigerated centrifuge to remove granulosa cells and other cell debris. Supernatant was used for estimation of glucose, total protein, cholesterol, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. Data generated in the study were analyzed statiscally by SPSS (version 16.0). SPSS South Asia Pvt. Limited, Kacharakanahalli, Bangalore, 560043). Results: A non significant difference was recorded in case of total protein and cholesterol of follicular fluid of small, medium and large sized follicles of cow. However, the glucose level significantly (p

Abstract Across cultures, mothers balance childcare with other labour. Hunter-gatherer mothers face a daily choice of whether to take infants on foraging trips or leave them with caregivers in the settlement, as well as deciding with whom to forage. Yet, it remains unclear how infant presence affects mothers’ mobility and food returns during group foraging. Using GPS, heart rate measurements, and food return data from 348 foraging trips by 22 BaYaka mothers in the Republic of the Congo, we found that mothers go on longer-duration foraging trips when they take infants along, compared to when they leave them behind. Despite this, infant presence does not affect mothers’ mobility, energy expenditure, or food returns. Mothers also go on longer-duration and longer-distance trips during group foraging, compared to foraging alone. However, they have decreased food returns in larger groups with more adults, possibly due to food competition. Nevertheless, BaYaka mothers maintain their energy expenditure and net food returns in general, regardless of infant presence or group dynamics, likely due to their individual foraging strategies and support from group members. Particularly, children in foraging groups increase mothers’ food returns, aligning with women’s reports of children assisting as caregivers. These findings provide insights into how BaYaka mothers accommodate childcare with subsistence activities during group foraging.

IntroductionThis study investigates the biogeochemical impact of Godavari River discharge (GRD) on the Bay of Bengal (BoB), focusing on the formation of an intense and shallow oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) near the river mouth during the fall season. Unlike the BoB’s typical intermediate-depth OMZ, this subsurface (~40-200 m) phenomenon is attributed to the interplay of GRD-driven nutrient enrichment, coastal upwelling, enhanced productivity, and subsequent organic matter decomposition.Data and MethodsOur analysis using the Biogeochemical-Argo floats and World Ocean Atlas 2018 data reveals that a clear shoaling and intensification of the OMZ in the fall season. Further, a comparative analysis at two geographically distinct locations highlighted the pivotal role of GRD.Results, Discussion, and ImplicationsThe location directly influenced by GRD exhibited significantly higher chlorophyll-a blooms, net primary production during the southwest monsoon, and pronounced oxygen consumption during the fall compared to the other. Our analysis suggests that GRD fuels primary productivity, leading to organic matter abundance and intense oxygen depletion in the subsurface layers, driving the observed shallow OMZ. Understanding the complex interplay between GRD, stratification, upwelling, and biogeochemical processes is crucial for predicting the impact of altered riverine inputs on coastal ecosystems, greenhouse gas emissions, and the overall health of the coastal BoB.

Abstract Lack of sufficient observations has been an impediment for understanding the spatial and temporal variability of sea-surface pCO2 for the Bay of Bengal (BoB). The limited number of observations into existing machine learning (ML) products from BoB often results in high prediction errors. This study develops climatological sea-surface pCO2 maps using a significant number of open and coastal ocean observations of pCO2 and associated variables regulating pCO2 variability in BoB. We employ four advanced ML algorithms to predict pCO2. We use the best ML model to produce a high-resolution climatological product (INCOIS-ReML). The comparison of INCOIS-ReML pCO2 with RAMA buoy-based sea-surface pCO2 observations indicates INCOIS-ReML’s satisfactory performance. Further, the comparison of INCOIS-ReML pCO2 with existing ML products establishes the superiority of INCOIS-ReML. The high-resolution INCOIS-ReML greatly captures the spatial variability of pCO2 and associated air-sea CO2 flux compared to other ML products in the coastal BoB and the northern BoB.

Abstract The function of dreams is a longstanding scientific research question. Simulation theories of dream function, which are based on the premise that dreams represent evolutionary past selective pressures and fitness improvement through modified states of consciousness, have yet to be tested in cross-cultural populations that include small-scale forager societies. Here, we analyze dream content with cross-cultural comparisons between the BaYaka (Rep. of Congo) and Hadza (Tanzania) foraging groups and Global North populations, to test the hypothesis that dreams in forager groups serve a more effective emotion regulation function due to their strong social norms and high interpersonal support. Using a linear mixed effects model we analyzed 896 dreams from 234 individuals across these populations, recorded using dream diaries. Dream texts were processed into four psychosocial constructs using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC-22) dictionary. The BaYaka displayed greater community-oriented dream content. Both the BaYaka and Hadza exhibited heightened threat dream content, while, at the same time, the Hadza demonstrated low negative emotions in their dreams. The Global North Nightmare Disorder group had increased negative emotion content, and the Canadian student sample during the COVID-19 pandemic displayed the highest anxiety dream content. In conclusion, this study supports the notion that dreams in non-clinical populations can effectively regulate emotions by linking potential threats with non-fearful contexts, reducing anxiety and negative emotions through emotional release or catharsis. Overall, this work contributes to our understanding of the evolutionary significance of this altered state of consciousness.

Marine diazotrophs convert dinitrogen (N2) gas into bioavailable nitrogen (N), supporting life in the global ocean. In 2012, the first version of the global oceanic diazotroph database (version 1) was published. Here, we present an updated version of the database (version 2), significantly increasing the number of in situ diazotrophic measurements from 13 565 to 55 286. Data points for N2 fixation rates, diazotrophic cell abundance, and nifH gene copy abundance have increased by 184 %, 86 %, and 809 %, respectively. Version 2 includes two new data sheets for the nifH gene copy abundance of non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs and cell-specific N2 fixation rates. The measurements of N2 fixation rates approximately follow a log-normal distribution in both version 1 and version 2. However, version 2 considerably extends both the left and right tails of the distribution. Consequently, when estimating global oceanic N2 fixation rates using the geometric means of different ocean basins, version 1 and version 2 yield similar rates (43–57 versus 45–63 Tg N yr−1; ranges based on one geometric standard error). In contrast, when using arithmetic means, version 2 suggests a significantly higher rate of 223±30 Tg N yr−1 (mean ± standard error; same hereafter) compared to version 1 (74±7 Tg N yr−1). Specifically, substantial rate increases are estimated for the South Pacific Ocean (88±23 versus 20±2 Tg N yr−1), primarily driven by measurements in the southwestern subtropics, and for the North Atlantic Ocean (40±9 versus 10±2 Tg N yr−1). Moreover, version 2 estimates the N2 fixation rate in the Indian Ocean to be 35±14 Tg N yr−1, which could not be estimated using version 1 due to limited data availability. Furthermore, a comparison of N2 fixation rates obtained through different measurement methods at the same months, locations, and depths reveals that the conventional 15N2 bubble method yields lower rates in 69 % cases compared to the new 15N2 dissolution method. This updated version of the database can facilitate future studies in marine ecology and biogeochemistry. The database is stored at the Figshare repository (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21677687; Shao et al., 2022).

Background: Prediction of outcome of critically ill patients helps in early aggressive therapy, optimum resource allocation and counselling of the family. This study was conceived to assess the predictive value of microalbuminuria, which is an underutilised biomarker. Methods: This was a longitudinal observational study conducted between March 2018 and June 2019 to assess microalbuminuria in patients with and without sepsis and to evaluate whether the degree of microalbuminuria could predict mortality in sepsis, and its association with to the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) score and the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores. Results: Among the 105 patients studied, 56 (53.3%) were male. This included patients with sepsis (n = 51) and without-sepsis (n = 54). The mean APACHE II score in sepsis group was 11.5 ± 3.5, in non-sepsis group was 8.2 ± 3.7 and overall was 9.8 ± 4.0. SOFA score in sepsis group was 3.0 ± 1.5, in non-sepsis group was 1.19 ± 1.15 and overall was 2.0 ± 1.6. The mean albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) 1 and ACR2 among survivors were 150.5 ± 95.2 and 152.2 ± 87.2 and among non-survivors were 230.9 ± 43.9 and 287.8 ± 8.70, respectively. ACR2 performed similar to APACHE II in predicting mortality (difference between areas = 0.239; standard error = 0.0593 [95% confidence intervals: 0.123–0.355]; P = 0.0001). Conclusions: ACR2 had the highest value among ACR1, ACR2 and APACHE II for predicting mortality.

Wind systems are known as nutrient sources playing significant roles in the oceanic realm and global climate oscillations. This study explores, for the first time, the effect of winds on the winter blooms of the mixotrophic dinoflagellate, the green variant of Noctiluca scintillans (NSG) in the northern Arabian Sea. When the NSG abundance was lower (i.e., ∼10000 cells l−1), H4SiO4 and H4SiO4:DIN (dissolved inorganic nitrogen) ratio fell. The NSG was then intensely green and chlorophyll-a richer, attributed to a change in the mode of NSG's nutrition from heterotrophy to autotrophy-dominance. The back-trajectory model revealed that the winds were mostly northeasterly (NE) initially (during February) and were north-westerly (NW) towards the end of winter (March). Separately for the NE and NW winds, the NSG abundance was 10655±18628 and 28896±46225 cells l−1, respectively. The H4SiO4:DIN ratio correspondingly reached

Anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO _2 ) penetrates up to 1000 m of water column in the Indian Ocean resulting in acidification and corrosion of aragonite skeletal material. The shallowest aragonite saturation horizon (ASH) was observed in the Bay of Bengal (BoB; 219 ± 10 m) within the tropical Indian Ocean. The ASH shoaled at the rate of 6.3 ± 5 and 4.4 ± 3 m yr ^−1 in the past four decades in the BoB and Arabian Sea respectively. As a result, an increase in total alkalinity (TA) was observed at the rate of 0.5 ± 0.3 and 0.25 ± 0.2 μ mol kg ^−1 yr ^−1 at the depth of ASH in the BoB, and Arabian Sea respectively. While the shoaling rate of ASH remained the same in the Arabian Sea over the past four decades, in contrast, rapid shoaling was observed in the BoB in the recent decades due to higher accumulation of anthropogenic CO _2 in the upper ocean associated with an increase in river discharge and decomposition of riverine organic matter. These two processes decreased the pH resulting in corrosion of aragonite skeletal material and increased TA at the depth of ASH in the BoB. Under a business-as-usual scenario, aragonite-secreting organisms will be seriously affected by the middle of this century in the BoB.

Basic knowledge of statistics is essential for the proper design of clinical studies, data handling methods, appropriate use of analytical tools and the interpretation of the findings. Recognising the importance of the need for competence in biostatistics and research methodology, the Medical Council of India has made it mandatory for the postgraduate medical student to learn research methodology by taking up an online course; and has also made it necessary for faculty in medical colleges to complete the online basic course in biomedical research to get promoted This review focusses on providing an overview regarding various statistical tools commonly used in the design of studies and analysis of data.

Background: Hyperglycaemia among critically ill patients is associated with nosocomial infections, multi-organ dysfunction and prolonged hospitalisation. Sparse data are available regarding the effect of hyperglycaemia on mortality in medical intensive care unit (MICU) patients in India. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in MICU at a tertiary teaching hospital in Southern India during the period of March 2018–June 2019. Patients were classified as having/not having diabetes mellitus. Blood glucose was monitored in all patients with. Age, severity of critical illness, comorbidities and laboratory variables were recorded. The association of hyperglycaemia with mortality was studied. Results: Patients with diabetes mellitus were older, had more number of comorbidities like hypertension, coronary artery disease compared to those without diabetes mellitus. On logistic regression analysis mean blood glucose did not emerge as an independent determinant of mortality in patients with and without diabetes mellitus. The acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) score was found to be an independent determinant of mortality in patient with (P = 0.0001) and without (P = 0.0001) diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: Our observations suggest that in critically ill patients with or without diabetes mellitus admitted to MICU, hyperglycaemia was not a predictor of mortality.

Abstract Sleep studies in small-scale subsistence societies have broadened our understanding of cross-cultural sleep patterns, revealing the flexibility of human sleep. We examined sleep biology among BaYaka foragers from the Republic of Congo who move between environmentally similar but socio-ecologically distinct locations to access seasonal resources. We analyzed the sleep–wake patterns of 51 individuals as they resided in a village location (n = 39) and a forest camp (n = 23) (362 nights total). Overall, BaYaka exhibited high sleep fragmentation (50.5) and short total sleep time (5.94 h), suggestive of segmented sleep patterns. Sleep duration did not differ between locations, although poorer sleep quality was exhibited in the village. Linear mixed effect models demonstrated that women’s sleep differed significantly from men’s in the forest, with longer total sleep time (β ± SE = − 0.22 ± 0.09, confidence interval (CI) = [− 0.4, − 0.03]), and higher sleep quality (efficiency; β ± SE = − 0.24 ± 0.09, CI = [− 0.42, − 0.05]). These findings may be due to gender-specific social and economic activities. Circadian rhythms were consistent between locations, with women exhibiting stronger circadian stability. We highlight the importance of considering intra-cultural variation in sleep–wake patterns when taking sleep research into the field.

We studied the species diversity and morphometric variations of rotifers from a high-altitude water body, the Llano reservoir, in central Mexico during September 2021 to August 2022. Samples were collected from four stations in the reservoir every month. During the study period we were able to identify 54 monogonont rotifer species of which Polyarthra vulgaris, Lecane closterocerca, Trichocerca porcellus, Lepadella patella and Keratella cochlearis were numerically the most abundant. Depending on the season, the total rotifer density varied from 250 to 2450 ind L−1. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that the species of Trichocerca similis, Keratella cochlearis, Mytilina ventralis and Scaridium longicaudum were directly related to temperature. Using rotifer species richness and abundance data, we derived the Shannon diversity index, saprobic index and rotifer trophic state index. Data on the geometric morphometrics showed that Keratella cochlearis was found in two of the three climatic periods of the year (dry and winter), while Lecane closterocerca and Trichocerca porcellus occurred during the three climatic seasons (dry, winter and rainy) and formed three distinct clusters in relation to body size.

Shifts in surface ocean pCO2 and pH are important controls governing global climate. Based on the linear relationship of observed surface pH and pCO2 with sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS) and Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) multiple linear regression equations were developed. Based on remote sensing SST, Chl-a and model-derived SSS, pH and pCO2 data were derived from 1998 to 2015. Overall warming of BoB is noticed at the rate of 0.004° to 0.03 °C/y whereas cooling is found in the northwestern BoB during winter and spring seasons associated with an increase in atmospheric dust. Decrease in SSS is noticed during all seasons due to melting of Himalayan ice cover associated with increase in fresh water flux due to increase in atmospheric temperature. Increase in pH is observed in the eastern and southern Bay during all seasons associating with warming and decrease in salinity. In contrast, decrease in pH (−0.001 y−1) and pCO2 increase (+0.1 to +0.7 µatm y−1) is noticed in the western and head Bay during winter and spring seasons due to deposition of atmospheric pollutants. This study suggests that increase in freshwater input due to melting of Himalayan ice cover and deposition of atmospheric pollutants are dominant controlling factors on surface ocean pH and pCO2 in the BoB between 1998 and 2015 and this region is acting as a stronger sink for the atmospheric CO2 in the present than that in the past two decades. The global coastal regions are significantly influenced by river discharge and atmospheric deposition of pollutants and they are not part of the global models leading to ill-reproduction of seasonal variability in pH and pCO2. Inclusion of these processes may improve prediction of pH and pCO2 in the regions heavily influenced by discharge/deposition from land and atmosphere.

Background: Depression and dementia/major neurocognitive disorder (MNCD) are the most common psychiatric morbidities in elderly people. Objectives: To assess whether late-onset depression (LOD)—defined as onset of first major depressive episode occurring at or above 50 years—and other socio-demographic and clinical variables are risk factors for MNCD in those aged 60 years or above. Methods: A hospital-based, case-control study was undertaken, with 170 cases of MNCD and 172 controls without MNCD (as assessed using Malayalam adaptation of Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination). Participants were evaluated for LOD using Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-Fourth Edition-Text Revision- Research Version. Results: LOD had a crude OR of 1.22 (95% CI = 0.75–2.00). On univariate analysis, age group ≥80 years, family history of MNCD, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, movement disorder, normal pressure hydrocephalus and history of treatment for depression were found to be significant risk factors and low income a significant protective factor. After adjusting for socio-demographic and clinical variables using multiple logistic regression, LOD was not found to be a significant risk factor for MNCD (adjusted OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.32–1.20). Age ≥80 years, female sex, history of treatment for depression, family history of MNCD, hyperlipidaemia and movement disorders were significant risk factors for MNCD, in the model. Conclusions: LOD does not increase the risk of MNCD significantly in elderly population. Increasing age, female sex, a positive family history of MNCD and medical comorbidities like hyperlipidaemia and movement disorders were significant risk factors along with a history of treatment for depression.

Cyanobacterial blooms have been recognized as a problem in fresh water for about 150 years. Over the past 50 years, experimental studies on the subject have gained importance considering the increasing need to control toxic cyanobacterial blooms. This article presents information on the different lines of research that have been undertaken on zooplankton–cyanobacteria interactions over the past 50 years. These include information on filtering/ingestion rates and phytoplankton preferences of small and large rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods; growth rates of zooplankton on cyanobacterial diets; feeding rates of other freshwater invertebrates on cyanobacteria; role of zooplankton in top-down biomanipulation efforts; effect of cyanotoxins on zooplankton; bioaccumulation of cyanotoxins; and physical and chemical control of cyanobacterial blooms. We also highlight measures that have led to successful lake management and improvement of water quality in selected waterbodies.

Abstract Background Control of blood pressure among hypertensives is a major challenge around the world. Interventions for improving hypertension control in India are very limited. This paper describes the protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial of efficacy of behavioural intervention on control of hypertension among school teachers in Kerala. Methods A total of 92 schools are randomised to intervention and control group in Kerala. A baseline survey was conducted in all schools to assess the prevalence of hypertension and its risk factors among school teachers in Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala state, India. Teachers in both sets of schools will receive a leaflet containing details on the importance of controlling hypertension. With the objective of improving control of hypertension, the intervention schools will additionally receive self-management education and behavioural intervention programs delivered by trained intervention managers along with measurement of weight, waist circumference and blood pressure. This intervention program will be developed based on the findings of the baseline survey and selected components of successful models of hypertension control from previous research done in similar settings. The intervention will be given for 3 months after which a post-survey will be conducted among teachers of both control and intervention schools. The primary outcome is change in control of hypertension and secondary outcome is the change in behavioural risk factors of hypertension both in the control and intervention groups. Discussion This is the first comprehensive study looking at the efficacy of behavioural intervention on hypertension control among school teachers in Kerala, India. This study is likely to provide an upper estimate of behavioural intervention on hypertension control since teachers are reported to have one of the highest compliance rates of behavioural intervention. Trial registration This trial was prospectively registered with the Clinical Trials Registry of India [CTRI/2018/01/011402] on 18 January 2018.

Abstract Human inputs of pollutants to the atmosphere and subsequent deposition may decrease pH in the coastal waters. Significant rate of decrease in pH and increase in pCO2 by 3–5 times is noticed in the coastal Bay of Bengal (BoB) than the low‐latitude global ocean trends in the last few decades. We provide evidence for the first time for a rapid decrease in surface water pH due to atmospheric deposition of pollutants in the coastal BoB. The decrease in pH in the coastal BoB over the last decade is associated with concomitant increase in aerosol optical depth (AOD), total suspended particles (TSP) in air, sulfate and nitrate concentrations in TSP. This study suggests that contamination of surface coastal BoB by atmospheric pollutants not only acidifies surface ocean but also potentially amplifies CO2 emission with immediate implications to regional weather and climate.

CO2 outgassing from rivers is a critical component for evaluating riverine carbon cycle, but it is poorly quantified largely due to limited measurements and modeling of gas transfer velocity in subtropical streams and rivers. We measured CO2 flux rates and calculated k and partial pressure (pCO2) in 60 river networks of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) region, a typical area in the upper Yangtze River with monsoonal climate and mountainous terrain. The determined k600 (gas transfer velocity normalized to a Schmidt number of 600 (k600) at a temperature of 20 ∘C) value (48.4±53.2 cm h−1) showed large variability due to spatial variations in physical processes related to surface water turbulence. Our flux-derived k values using chambers were comparable with k values using the model derived from flow velocities based on a subset of data. Unlike in open waters, e.g., lakes, k600 is more pertinent to flow velocity and water depth in the studied river systems. Our results show that TGR river networks emitted approx. 0.69 to 0.71 Tg CO2 (1 Tg =1012 g) during the monsoon period using varying approaches such as chambers, derived k600 values and models. This study suggests that incorporating scale-appropriate k measurements into extensive pCO2 investigations is required to refine basin-wide carbon budgets in subtropical streams and small rivers. We concluded that the simple parameterization of k600 as a function of morphological characteristics is site specific for regions and watersheds and hence highly variable in rivers of the upper Yangtze. k600 models should be developed for stream studies to evaluate the contribution of these regions to atmospheric CO2.

Background: Narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnolence (IHS) are rare disorders. In Western populations, the reported prevalence of narcolepsy is 0.02%–0.05%. In Indian subcontinent, there are few reports on narcolepsy and none on IHS so far. Here, we compared the clinical and polysomnographic profile of narcolepsy/IHS among the pediatric and adult groups. Materials and Methods: The patients presenting with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) attending sleep clinic from January 2010 to December 2015 were included. Patients were diagnosed with narcolepsy type 1 (NT1), narcolepsy type 2 (NT2), and IHS based on the International Classification for Sleep Disorders criteria. Patients with secondary causes of EDS were excluded from the study. Results: A total of 56 patients were included in the study (29 males and 27 females). The mean age of symptom onset was 29 years (males – 34 years and females – 24 years). Twelve (21%) patients had NT1, five (9%) patients had NT2, whereas 38 (68%) patients had IHS compared to narcolepsy, the IHS had an older mean age at presentation. The average time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 71 months. Classical tetrad of narcolepsy was rarely found in pediatric cohort, but they had more behavioral problems and weight gain. Pediatric cohort of IHS also reported behavioral problems. The mean sleep-onset latency was 3.1 min, while the mean rapid eye movement latency was 7.2 min. Conclusion: The pediatric narcolepsy patients tend to have less classical symptoms and more behavioral/eating problems as compared to adult cohort. There is significant delay in diagnosing narcolepsy, indicating the need to increase awareness among the physicians about this rare treatable disorder.

A review of the Mexican rotifer species diversity is presented here. To date, 402 species of rotifers have been recorded from Mexico, besides a few infraspecific taxa such as subspecies and varieties. The rotifers from Mexico represent 27 families and 75 genera. Molecular analysis showed about 20 cryptic taxa from species complexes. The genera Lecane, Trichocerca, Brachionus, Lepadella, Cephalodella, Keratella, Ptygura, and Notommata accounted for more than 50% of all species recorded from the Mexican territory. The diversity of rotifers from the different states of Mexico was highly heterogeneous. Only five federal entities (the State of Mexico, Michoacán, Veracruz, Mexico City, Aguascalientes, and Quintana Roo) had more than 100 species. Extrapolation of rotifer species recorded from Mexico indicated the possible occurrence of more than 600 species in Mexican water bodies, hence more sampling effort is needed. In the current review, we also comment on the importance of seasonal sampling in enhancing the species richness and detecting exotic rotifer taxa in Mexico.