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1. Recommendations for the future regulation of fusion power plants

Author: J. Elbez-Uzan, L. Williams, S. Forbes, A. Dodaro, R. Stieglitz, M.I. Airila, J. Holden, and S. Rosanvallon
Subjects: fusion power plants, DEMO, licencing, safety, regulatory framework, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: The discussion in the international community on how fusion power plants (FPPs) will be licenced and regulated is ongoing. As such, there is a concerted drive from the European stakeholders to understand the requirements from such a framework and how to best establish it with the aim of easing the licensing process of FPPs. Initiated by the EUROfusion consortium, a group of European experts were convened to produce a set of recommendations on the regulatory framework for the safety and licensing of FPPs. To do so effectively, the group assessed lessons learned from existing fusion facilities, reports by International Atomic Energy Agency and European Commission on FPP safety and the on-going work by the UK government, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission and Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, as well as the licensing process of ITER. As a result, commonalities between fusion and fission were identified in terms of fundamental safety objectives which could facilitate parity in certain framework aspects. However, significant differences to any such implementation were also identified, particularly with respect to the lower hazard potential inherent to FPPs and how to remain proportionate to the associated safety challenges and the physical principles behind these two types of reactors together with their associated technologies. The recognition of the differences in the safety challenges in FPPs and fission-based nuclear power plants (NPPs) is paramount to future regulatory framework development. Ultimately, regulatory frameworks depend upon a country’s legal framework, therefore it is apparent that a common global regulatory framework for FPPs is not possible. However, as with present-day NPP regulation, efforts could be made to develop harmonised approaches to FPP regulation to provide common levels of protection. In view of this objective, 12 recommendations are presented across 4 topics: regulations, international databases, codes and standards, safety demonstration rules and regulatory approaches. These recommendations are provided to inform and advise potential future actions on FPP regulatory framework and licencing process principles.
Published: 2024
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2. Radiochemical Analysis of Tritium for ITER Type B Metallic Radwastes

Author: J. Park, D. Stout, K. Song, S. Rosanvallon, H. J. Ahn, and B.C Na
Subjects: Metal, Nuclear physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, visual_art, Radiochemistry, visual_art.visual_art_medium, General Materials Science, Tritium, Radiochemical analysis, Civil and Structural Engineering
Published: 2011
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3. Characterization of carbon and tungsten micro-particles mobilized by laser irradiation in order to develop an ITER dust removal technique

Author: Ph. Delaporte, S. Rosanvallon, David Grojo, C. Grisolia, Marc L. Sentis, A. Vatry, and M. Naiim Habib
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, animal structures, Materials science, Tokamak, Nuclear engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Tungsten, Laser, Fluence, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, law, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, General Materials Science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Irradiation, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Carbon, Ambient pressure
Abstract: Due to the safety problem of dust generation in fusion facility, the preliminary step of this work is to demonstrate the ability of laser technique to eject carbon and tungsten particles from Tokamak surfaces. The laser-induced ejection mechanisms will be discussed as a function of absorption properties of dust and surface. Dynamics of mobilized particles have been investigated in order to determine an appropriate technique to collect them. For both carbon and tungsten dusts, we achieved measurements of ejection velocity as a function of laser fluence and ambient pressure. The results demonstrate the ability of the laser technique to eject dusts with very high velocities, even under few Pascal of gas pressure. They give us a better knowledge of the laser interaction mechanisms with carbon and tungsten particles and are very promising for the development of a collection technique.
Published: 2009
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4. From eroded material to dust: An experimental evaluation of the mobilised dust production in Tore Supra

Author: Phil Sharpe, A. Loarte, C. Grisolia, S. Rosanvallon, and C. Arnas
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Tokamak, Nuclear engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Tore Supra, Nuclear reactor, Fusion power, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, law, Erosion, General Materials Science, Beryllium, Reactor pressure vessel
Abstract: In a fusion reactor like ITER, in-vessel materials are subjected to interactions with the plasma. One of the main consequences of these plasma-material interactions is the creation of co-deposited layers especially with Beryllium and Carbon based materials. Due to internal stresses, part of these layers can crack leading to micro particle creation. The purpose of the following paper is to review the tokamak operation processes that lead to the erosion of the bulk material and then to layer creation. The proportion of these layers that are converted into micro particles will be evaluated in the case of Tore Supra experiments. For Tore Supra, this conversion factor (Cd) is close to 7–8% comparable to the current ITER retained value of 10%. In the second part of the papers, diagnostics which can be used to constraint the Cd value are proposed.
Published: 2009
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5. Dust limit management strategy in tokamaks

Author: Sergio Ciattaglia, S. Rosanvallon, W. Gulden, S. Pitcher, A. Tesini, Suk-Ho Hong, Eric Gauthier, A. Vatry, C. Grisolia, P. Andrew, S. Vartanian, M. Wykes, Ph. Delaporte, D. Douai, D. Garnier, L. Rodriguez, and Neill Taylor
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Nuclear engineering, Hazard, GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Nuclear facilities, Management strategy, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Limit (music), Environmental science, General Materials Science, Removal techniques
Abstract: Dust is produced in tokamaks by the interaction between the plasma and the plasma facing components. Dust has not yet been of a major concern in existing tokamaks mainly because the quantity is small and these devices are not nuclear facilities. However, in ITER and in future reactors, it will represent operational and potential safety issues. From a safety point of view, in order to control the potential dust hazard, the current ITER strategy is based on a defense in depth approach designed to provide reliable confinement systems, to avoid failures, and to measure and minimise the dust inventory. In addition, R&D is put in place for optimisation of the proposed methods, such as improvement of measurement, dust cleaning and the reduction of dust production. The aim of this paper is to present the approach for the control of the dust inventory, relying on the monitoring of envelope values and the development of removal techniques already developed in the existing tokamaks or plasma dedicated devices or which will need further research and development in order to be integrated in ITER.
Published: 2009
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6. Experimental investigation on laser removal of carbon and tungsten particles

Author: Marc L. Sentis, A. Vatry, David Grojo, M. Naiim Habib, C. Grisolia, Ph. Delaporte, and S. Rosanvallon
Subjects: Materials science, business.industry, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, Context (language use), Nanotechnology, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Chemistry, Fusion power, Tungsten, Condensed Matter Physics, Laser, Fluence, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Shock (mechanics), law.invention, chemistry, law, Optoelectronics, Particle, Beryllium, business
Abstract: During the operation of the ITER fusion facility, particles with size from 10 nm to 100 μm, mainly composed of carbon, beryllium, and tungsten, will be produced. Since dust could lead to safety issues, it must be periodically removed from the facility in order to keep their quantity below the safety limit requirements. In this context, laser cleaning appeared as a very promising technique, and investigations have to be done to understand the physical processes and optimize the procedure. Several experiments were carried out to improve the understanding of the phenomena involved during the laser-induced removal of Carbon particles. The ejection mechanisms have been experimentally studied for different irradiation conditions with nanosecond laser pulses. The removal efficiency and the fluence threshold were determined by optical microscopy. The influence of the substrate was studied for the dry laser cleaning configuration. This study presents scanning electronic microscopy pictures which show that the particle removal leads to a damage of the substrate. These damages give evidences on the ablation mechanism. The laser shock cleaning was also studied. In this configuration, the laser-induced shock wave can be used to push the particles away from the surface. This technique appears to be very useful to clean shadowed areas.
Published: 2009
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7. Dust control in tokamak environment

Author: J. Winter, Pawel Gasior, C. Grisolia, Giorgio Maddaluno, J. Worms, Suk-Ho Hong, B. M. Annaratone, S. Rosanvallon, Fabrice Onofri, and G. F. Counsell
Subjects: Tokamak, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, Tungsten, Radiation, complex mixtures, respiratory tract diseases, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, law, Deposition (phase transition), Gravimetric analysis, Environmental science, General Materials Science, Beryllium, Carbon, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: During ITER lifetime, dusts and flakes will be produced due to the interaction of plasmas with the in-vessel materials or due to maintenance. They will be made of carbon, beryllium and tungsten and will be activated, tritiated and chemically reactive and toxic. Safety limits have been set in order to reduce dust hazards. Thus, dust diagnostics and removal methods need to be developed for ITER considering the constraints linked to magnetic field, radiation, vacuum and temperature. This paper reviews potential diagnostics to monitor the dust content based on erosion, deposition or dust in suspension measurements using optical, sampling or gravimetric systems.
Published: 2008
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8. Waste Management for ITER and for a Fusion Reactor

Author: O. Gastaldi, S. Rosanvallon, L. Di Pace, R. Pampin, and G Marbach
Subjects: Environmental science, Forestry
Abstract: La production et la gestion de dechets doivent etre considerees dans le developpement de n'importe quel reacteur nucleaire en vue de son acceptation par le public et de son developpement eventuel. La minimisation des dechets et l'optimisation de leur classification ont ete prises en compte des l'origine de la conception d'ITER. Ceci s'est par exemple traduit par le choix approprie de materiaux pour reduire l'activation. Comme ITER sera construit en France, la gestion des dechets devra se conformer a la reglementation francaise. Celle-ci prevoit un zonage definissant les perimetres de production de dechets conventionnels ou nucleaires et une classification des dechets nucleaires en fonction de leur activite, leur periode radioactive et leur toxicite. Pendant la duree de vie d'ITER, les dechets conventionnels (produits comme dans toute installation industrielle) et radioactifs seront produits lors de l'exploitation et lors du demantelement. Concernant les dechets nucleaires, les dechets d'exploitation proviendront essentiellement du remplacement des composants et des dechets associes aux differents processus. Neanmoins, la quantite principale des dechets nucleaires proviendra du demantelement. Il y a deux sources menant a la creation de dechets nucleaires. La premiere provient de l'activation des structures entourant le plasma par les neutrons de 14 MeV issus de la reaction de fusion entre le deuterium et le tritium. La deuxieme concerne la contamination liee aux materiaux actives et a la presence de tritium. Une evaluation des dechets nucleaires d'ITER a ete realisee en se basant d'une part sur des calculs d'activation et d'autre part sur le retour d'experience d'autres installations de fusion ou reacteurs de fission. Ces dechets representeront: - entre 1600 et 3800 tonnes de dechets technologiques pendant les 20 annees de l'exploitation d'ITER (20 % de dechets a tres faible activite, 75 % de dechets a faible ou moyenne activite a vie courte, et 5 % de dechet de moyenne activite a vie longue). - environ 750 tonnes issues du remplacement de composants pendant l'exploitation d'ITER (activite moyenne a vie longue vie). - environ 30000 tonnes issue du demantelement (60 % de dechets a tres faible activite, 30 % de dechets a faible ou moyenne activite a vie courte, et 10 % de dechet de moyenne activite a vie longue). Ces resultats tiennent compte, si necessaire, d'une decroissance radioactive (moins de 30 ans), d'une decontamination des systemes de refroidissement pour retirer les produits de corrosion, et de la detritiation des dechets provenant de l'usine tritium. La detritiation peut egalement etre envisagee pour reduire le degazage tritium des colis afin de reduire les contraintes d'acceptation sur les sites de stockage. Meme si la grande partie des dechets d'ITER interviendra dans plus de 30 ans (pendant le demantelement), des contacts ont ete pris avec l'Agence Nationale pour la gestion des Dechets Radioactifs (ANDRA) afin de tenir compte des futurs besoins d'ITER. Une attention particuliere est donnee a l'acceptation des dechets mixtes (dechet nucleaire contenant du beryllium) et des dechets de moyenne activite a vie longue.
Published: 2007
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9. Waste management within the framework of ITER in Cadarache

Author: G. Brunel, S. Rosanvallon, S. Nordlinder, and L. Fayette
Subjects: Host country, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Waste management, Mechanical Engineering, Low activity, Radioactive waste, Environmental science, General Materials Science, Human decontamination, Nuclear decommissioning, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) will produce wastes both from operational activities (component replacements, process and housekeeping wastes) as well as from the decommissioning phase. Within the location of ITER in a specific site, it is necessary to review all the wastes and to determine which repository is available depending on the host country regulation criteria. The aim of this paper is, firstly, a waste classification as a function of the French categories and, secondly, the definition of the associated waste management strategy. This strategy is based on medium activity and long lived waste reduction, using, if necessary, decontamination, detritiation or radioactive decay. The 32 000 tons of wastes produced during operation (7%) and decommissioning (93%) are then distributed in 58% of very low activity wastes, 32% of low and medium activity with short half life wastes and 10% of medium activity and long half life wastes. According to the current 1-D activation calculations, all the by-products of the ITER machine are manageable. Nevertheless, mixed wastes remain an important issue since toxic elements associated with nuclear wastes, such as irradiated beryllium wastes, have to be considered. A specific packaging for these wastes is being studied. The technical processes used during the operation and the de-activation periods, for decommissioning and in particular cutting, removal, cleaning operations …, are also an important issue since the classification of waste packages will depend on guarantees provided by the process as for example demonstrations on waste contamination, waste beryllium rate … Medium activity and long half life wastes are the most severe ones, independently of the chosen host country, because they require the most stringent disposal and, consequently, have a great impact on cost.
Published: 2003
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10. Steel Detritiation by Melting with Gas Bubbling

Author: G Marbach, J. L. Courouau, W. Gulden, S. Rosanvallon, Association EURATOM-CEA (CEA/DSM/DRFC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), and European Fusion Development Agreement [Garching bei München] ( EFDA-CSU)
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, [CHIM.GENI]Chemical Sciences/Chemical engineering, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Waste management, Mechanical Engineering, Environmental science, General Materials Science, Tritium, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Limit (mathematics), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: The waste management is a challenge for any future fusion facility including ITER. Detritiation could allow easier procedures since the practices in different countries already limit tritium conten...
Published: 2002
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11. Clearance, recycling and disposal of fusion activated material

Author: R.A. Forrest, S. Rosanvallon, Massimo Zucchetti, W. Gulden, C. B. A. Forty, and P. Rocco
Subjects: Waste management, waste disposal, Mechanical Engineering, EASY-99, fusion activated materials, Waste minimisation, Radioactive waste, recycling, Integrated approach, FISPACT-99, Hazard reduction, Materials management, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Risk analysis (business), SEAFP-99, Clearance, Environmental science, General Materials Science, Non oxide ceramics, Civil and Structural Engineering, Waste disposal
Abstract: The SEAFP-99 waste management studies include further explorations in the direction of activated materials management, adopting a more realistic approach in order to consolidate and refine the previous encouraging findings of SEAFP waste management studies performed till 1998. The main results were obtained in the following topics, impact of materials/components optimisation on waste management issues; integrated approach to recycling and clearance; analysis of the potential for fusion specific repositories and hazard-relevant nuclides/processes; materials detritiation. The overall conclusion is that the adoption of a more realistic approach for the analysis has been beneficial. The results further confirmed the potential for waste minimisation and hazard reduction.
Published: 2001
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12. Steel detritiation, optimization of a process

Author: A.M Brass, J Chêne, S Rosanvallon, G Marbach, and J.P Daclin
Subjects: Tokamak, Hydrogen, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear engineering, Radioactive waste, chemistry.chemical_element, Nuclear reactor, Fusion power, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, law, Scientific method, Environmental science, Nuclear waste storage, General Materials Science, Tritium, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: In the framework of waste management for the ITER reactor, steel detritiation is an important challenge since nuclear waste storage already assigns and plans limited tritium contents. A study has been initiated to determine a detritiation process drawing on a melting process currently used on a semi-industrial scale at the CEA/DAM (Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique/Direction des Applications Militaires). The first part of the project consists in characterizing these ingots. The measurements performed at the CNRS ORSAY (Centre National de Recherche Scientifique), permit to assess, by autoradiography, tritium distribution in two directions (longitudinal and transverse) and to measure tritium desorption using an original β counting device. The second part of the project should allow us to assess the possibility of improving the process in terms of detritiation rates using bubbling argon and hydrogen during melting to improve mixing, and thus facilitate the removal of tritium.
Published: 2000
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13. Micro-particles in ITER: A comprehensive review

Author: Ph. Sharpe, C. Grisolia, Jörg Winter, and S. Rosanvallon
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Micro particles, Nuclear engineering, Plasma, Tore Supra, Fusion power, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Environmental science, General Materials Science, Measured quantity
Abstract: In a fusion reactor like ITER, in-vessel materials are subjected to interactions with the plasma. One of the main consequences of these plasma-material interactions is the creation of co-deposited layers. Due to internal stresses, part of these layers can crack leading to micro particle creation. The purpose of the following paper is to review the Tokamak operation processes which lead to erosion and layer creation. Then, the proportion of these layers that is converted into micro-particles will be evaluated in the case of Tore Supra experiments and extrapolated for ITER. It is major importance to measure the ITER mobilizable dusts present in the Vacuum Vessel and compare the measured quantity with the safety limits. When approaching these limits, removal systems must be used in order to control the in-vessel dust inventory. In the second part of the paper, diagnostics and removal system under development will be presented.
Published: 2009
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14. Investigation of steady-state tokamak issues by long pulse experiments on Tore Supra

Author: Nicolas Crouseilles, R. Guirlet, J. Hourtoule, W. Xiao, J. L. Gardarein, Frédéric Schwander, E. Delchambre, A. Martinez, F. Bouquey, D. Boilson, M. Richou, L. Allegretti, V. Lamaison, T. Loarer, B. Lacroix, A. Vatry, W. Zwingmann, D. Ciazynski, J. Decker, P. Hertout, A. Bécoulet, R. Abgrall, M. Chatelier, B. Guillerminet, J. Lasalle, Yannick Marandet, M. Lipa, S. Nicollet, C. Reux, F. Benoit, E. Delmas, P. Reynaud, J. Y. Journeaux, F. Jullien, H. Bottollier-Curtet, Y. Buranvand, M. Schneider, D. Moreau, Karl Vulliez, M. Tena, P. Pastor, C. Le Niliot, S. Balme, G. Falchetto, V. Martin, L. Svensson, S. H. Hong, C. Laviron, M. Houry, J. M. Theis, S. Madeleine, T. Hutter, T. Salmon, L. Manenc, C. Bouchand, M. Davi, S. Rosanvallon, N. Dolgetta, Pascale Roubin, Eric Nardon, L.-G. Eriksson, B. Pégourié, D. Douai, O. Chaibi, Patrick Mollard, Didier Mazon, J. P. Gunn, Marie Farge, M. Prou, M. Thonnat, L. Begrambekov, J. Garcia, Philippe Ghendrih, L. Colas, Jacques Blum, J. Clary, P. Spuig, C. Gil, M. Kocan, Ph. Lotte, Paolo Angelino, B. Saoutic, M. Ottaviani, P. Devynck, X. Courtois, L. Doceul, Gilles Berger-By, Patrick Tamain, Marc Missirlian, K. Schneider, Yanick Sarazin, Lena Delpech, J.M. Ané, Pascale Hennequin, A. Durocher, Patrick Maget, P. Huynh, David Henry, P. Decool, Marc Goniche, F. Clairet, Julien Hillairet, A. Geraud, J. Signoret, Stéphane Heuraux, P. Bayetti, T. Gerbaud, X. L. Zou, Y. Peysson, H. Parrat, L. Million, Jérôme Bucalossi, S. Hacquin, Clarisse Bourdelle, F. Samaille, Bernard Bertrand, E. Sonnendruker, G. Chevet, A. Simonin, Ph. Cara, J. L. Maréchal, J. Johner, M. S. Benkadda, J. C. Hatchressian, R. Magne, J. Schlosser, A. Grosman, F. Brémond, R. Masset, Estelle Gauthier, S. Song, G. Giruzzi, M. Nannini, Caroline Hernandez, H.P.L. de Esch, P. Garibaldi, R. J. Dumont, Stanislas Pamela, M. Geynet, C. Nguyen, L. Zani, A. Casati, Cyrille Honoré, G. Gros, Fabrice Rigollet, A. Argouarch, Yann Corre, A. Marcor, H. Dougnac, E. Tsitrone, C. Grisolia, D. Pacella, Guillaume Latu, Céline Martin, T. Aniel, G. Darmet, R. Daviot, J.P. Martins, J. L. Farjon, P. Magaud, A. Ekedahl, Francesca Turco, D. Elbeze, P. Beyer, S. Carpentier, Roger Reichle, F. Faisse, X. Litaudon, R. Guigon, F.G. Rimini, F. Linez, L. Gargiulo, C. Fenzi-Bonizec, G. Marbach, Alexandre Torre, P. Monier-Garbet, N. Ravenel, Laure Vermare, J.-M. Travere, Xavier Garbet, R. Mitteau, H. Roche, C. Desgranges, V. Moncada, F. Villecroze, Jean-François Luciani, G. Ciraolo, F. Kazarian, J. Roth, C. Brosset, F. Saint-Laurent, H. Nehme, T. Parisot, Nicolas Fedorczak, F. Escourbiac, D. Guilhem, J. L. Duchateau, P. Moreau, O. Meyer, D. Yu, A. L. Pecquet, V. Petrzilka, E. Trier, Roland Sabot, G. T. A. Huysmans, G. T. Hoang, E. Joffrin, L. Meunier, P. Chantant, C. Portafaix, D. Voyer, J. C. Vallet, S. Salasca, J. L. Segui, A. Santagiustina, J.F. Artaud, G. Dunand, M. Lennholm, Frederic Imbeaux, V. Grandgirard, A. Escarguel, F. Leroux, Y. Lausenaz, P. Chappuis, V. Basiuk, F. Lott, Hinrich Lütjens, Sylvain Brémond, D. Villegas, Marina Becoulet, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Centre de Physique Théorique [Palaiseau] (CPHT), École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux (IMB), Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (Bordeaux INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Association EURATOM-CEA (CEA/DSM/DRFC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X), and Université Bordeaux Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux (Bordeaux INP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, fusion, Tokamak, MHD, Nuclear engineering, Cyclotron, Ultra-high vacuum, Electron, Tore Supra, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Nuclear physics, law, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], 0103 physical sciences, 52.35, 010306 general physics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Physics, Magnetic confinement fusion, plasma heating, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Magnetohydrodynamics
Abstract: The main results of the Tore Supra experimental programme in the years 2007–2008 are reported. They document significant progress achieved in the domain of steady-state tokamak research, as well as in more general issues relevant for ITER and for fusion physics research. Three areas are covered: ITER relevant technology developments and tests in a real machine environment, tokamak operational issues for high power and long pulses, and fusion plasma physics. Results presented in this paper include test and validation of a new, load-resilient concept of ion cycotron resonance heating antenna and of an inspection robot operated under ultra-high vacuum and high temperature conditions; an extensive experimental campaign (5 h of plasma) aiming at deuterium inventory and carbon migration studies; real-time control of sawteeth by electron cyclotron current drive in the presence of fast ion tails; ECRH-assisted plasma start-up studies; dimensionless scalings of transport and turbulence; transport experiments using active perturbation methods; resistive and fast-particle driven MHD studies. The potential role of Tore Supra in the worldwide fusion programme before the start of ITER operation is also discussed.
Published: 2009
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15. Control of Dust Inventory in Tokamaks

Author: S. Rosanvallon, C. Grisolia, P. Sharpe, P. Andrew, S. Ciattaglia, J. Furlan, C. S. Pitcher, N. Taylor, José Tito Mendonça, David P. Resendes, and Padma K. Shukla
Subjects: Nuclear facilities, Materials science, Tokamak, law, Divertor, Nuclear engineering, Iter tokamak, Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics, Wall material, Removal techniques, law.invention
Abstract: Particles with sizes ranging from 100 nm to 100 μm are produced in tokamaks by the interaction of the plasma with the first wall materials and divertor. Dust has not yet been of a major concern in existing tokamaks mainly because their quantities are small and these devices are not nuclear facilities. However, in ITER and in future reactors, they could represent operational and potential safety issues. The aim of this paper is thus to describe the dust creation processes in the tokamak environment. The diagnostics and removal techniques that are needed to be implemented to measure and minimise the dust inventory are also presented. The integration of these techniques into a tokamak environment is also discussed.
Published: 2008
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16. Diagnostics for Dust Monitoring in Tokamak Environment

Author: S. Rosanvallon, C. Grisolia, F. Onofri, J. Worms, S. H. Hong, Giuseppe Gorini, Francesco P. Orsitto, Elio Sindoni, and Marco Tardocchi
Subjects: Tokamak, Materials science, Nuclear engineering, Iter tokamak, chemistry.chemical_element, Tungsten, complex mixtures, respiratory tract diseases, law.invention, chemistry, law, Deposition (phase transition), Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics, Beryllium
Abstract: During ITER lifetime, dusts and flakes will be produced due to the interaction of plasmas with the in‐vessel materials or due to maintenance. They will be made of carbon, beryllium and tungsten and will be activated, tritiated and chemically reactive and toxic. Safety limits have been set in order to reduce dust hazards. Thus dust diagnostics and removal methods need to be developed for ITER within the constraints linked to magnetic field, radiation, vacuum and temperature. This paper reviews potential diagnostics to monitor the dust content using techniques already used for erosion or deposition monitoring or techniques specially developed for measuring dust in suspension.
Published: 2008
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17. In situ Tokamak laser applications for detritiation and deposited layers studies

Author: F. Le Guern, S.V. Fomichev, P. Fichet, P.-Y. Thro, S. Rosanvallon, M.F. Stamp, G. Piazza, C. Grisolia, F. Brygo, N. Bekris, P. Coad, J.M. Weulersse, Alexandre Semerok, CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire d'Interaction Laser Matière (LILM), Département de Physico-Chimie (DPC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, and EURATOM/UKAEA Fusion Association
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, ITER, detritiation, [PHYS.NUCL]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Theory [nucl-th], Nuclear engineering, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 01 natural sciences, Laser Cleaning, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, law, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, 010302 applied physics, Flexibility (engineering), Process (computing), Plasma, Thermonuclear Fusion, Fusion power, Laser, Pyrometry, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Carbon
Abstract: Treatment of plasma facing components (PFCs) is a major issue for ITER operations and may be applied for different reasons. As a most important application, there is the control of tritium inventory to fulfil the safety requirements. In the following, a solution based on laser techniques is presented. Due to its flexibility, its capability to reach difficult access structures as voids or castellation and the possibility to be installed on remotely controlled devices, laser offers one of the most suitable solution for detritiation of the PFCs via ablation process. In the following, the high ablation efficiency as well as the capability to detritiate co-deposited carbon layer without any interaction with bulk material will be discussed. Then laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) will be described with a new diagnostic based on the study of the surface temperature response after a heating laser pulse. It will be shown that used together, the two techniques allow the determination both the concentration of tritium in co-deposited layer as well as the total quantity of carbon co-deposited on top of bulk material. These two bits of information are essential to determine when the detritiation process must take place and how long it should last. Finally, the still open issues will be presented that need to be developed in order to apply this global laser system in tokamaks.
Published: 2007
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18. Progress in technology at JET

Author: D. Ciric, A. Lioure, P. Coad, R. J. Pearce, J. Pamela, F. Durodié, R. C. Felton, T. Edlington, A.S. Kaye, M. P. S. Nightingale, Elizabeth Surrey, Raffaele Albanese, S. Rosanvallon, H Altman, T.T.C. Jones, Juergen Rapp, T.N. Todd, V. Riccardo, P. J. Lomas, D. Edwards, J. Mailloux, D. Brennan, A Rolfe, I. Monakhov, A. Walden, Kaye, A. S., Altmann, H., Albanese, Raffaele, Ciric, D., Coad, P., Brennan, D., Durodie, F., Edlington, T., Edwards, D. C., Felton, R., Jones, T. T. C., Lioure, A., Lomas, P., Mailloux, J., Monakhov, I., Nightingale, M., Pamela, J., Pearce, R., Riccardo, V., Rapp, J., Rolfe, A., Surrey, E., Rosanvallon, S., Todd, T., and Walden, A.
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Jet (fluid), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Plasma parameters, 020209 energy, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear engineering, Detector, Magnetic confinement fusion, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Physics::Plasma Physics, Real-time Control System, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Environmental science, Neutron detection, General Materials Science, Neutron, Plasma diagnostics, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: JET supports ITER both in development of technology and in torus operations. The latter include the study of ITER-like scenarios, operation in tritium (a trace tritium campaign has recently been completed), mitigation of ELMs and disruptions, investigation of tritium retention, real time control of plasma parameters, and control of extreme plasma shapes. Operation of highly shaped ITER scenarios has been demonstrated. Heating systems are being upgraded, with the enhanced NB system in full operation, an ITER-like RF antenna under manufacture, coupling of LHCD over large distances achieved and external conjugate-T matching of an RF antenna demonstrated. New diagnostics including halo current probes and neutron and alpha particle detector are being installed.. In-vessel installation is being carried out remotely using up-graded remote handling tools. Analysis of tritiated samples from the 1997 tritium campaign, and the development detritiation methods for hard and soft waste continues. Substantial enhancement of JET to better exploit its capabilities in the preparations for ITER are presently being implemented.
Published: 2005

19. Overview of recent JET results in preparation for ITER operation: Interplay between technical and scientific progress

Author: Pamela J., J. Ongena, D. Borba, R. Buttery, G. Counsell, R. Felton, E. Joffrin, P. Lomas, A. Murari, J.-M. Noterdaeme, G. Piazza, V. Riccardo, R. Pitts, S. Rosanvallon, D. Stork, K.-D. Zastrow, and Collaborators to the JET-EFDA work
Published: 2005

20. Mitigation of the hydrogen risk in fusion facilities: the first experimental results

Author: A Laurent, J.C Robin, J.M. Le Lann, C Latgé, C Maruéjouls, S Rosanvallon, E Bachellerie, CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Technicatome, Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique (LSGC), Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine (INPL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Génie Chimique (LGC), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), CEA-DEN Cadarache (CEA-DEN), and Laboratoire de génie chimique [ancien site de Basso-Cambo] (LGC)
Subjects: 010302 applied physics, Fusion, Hydrogen, Mitigation, Mechanical Engineering, Nuclear engineering, Kinetics, Hydrogen risk, chemistry.chemical_element, Fusion power, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Scientific method, 0103 physical sciences, Environmental science, General Materials Science, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: International audience; A process eliminating hydrogen in an anaerobic medium which could mitigate the hydrogen risk in a fusion facility has been developed. The principle is based on the reduction of manganese oxides by hydrogen, a reaction that produces inferior oxides and water. In order to determine the kinetics of this reaction, a study is being conducted to identify the parameters of the kinetics by comparing the results provided by the established model with those obtained during the test campaign. This paper presents the first experimental results.
Published: 2003
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21. ANALYSIS OF AN IN-SERVICE RUPTURE OF THE INNER FIRST WALL OF TORE SUPRA

Author: R. Mitteau, S Rosanvallon, G. Martin, Ph. Chappuis, Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
Subjects: 020209 energy, Mechanical Engineering, FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, Mechanics, Tore Supra, 01 natural sciences, Physics - Plasma Physics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Water leak, Coolant, Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Heat flux, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph], 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Materials Science, Tube (fluid conveyance), Geology, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: International audience; The last experimental campaign of Tore Supra was also the last one with a set of plasma facing components mainly dating from the assembly of the machine in 1988. This campaign was interrupted a few days ahead of schedule because of the rupture of one coolant tube of the Inner First Wall (IFW). The rupture was observed by an abrupt increase of the pressure in the vessel. It was caused by a water leak which occurred two seconds after the end of the lower hybrid heating pulse during the current ramp-down. Investigations show that the accident is not related to the operation of the machine or a weaker element but rather to a localised heat flux exceeding the heat removal capability of the IFW.
Published: 2001
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22. Dust in ITER: Diagnostics and removal techniques

Author: G. F. Counsell, Fabrice Onofri, Jörg Winter, S. Rosanvallon, Suk-Ho Hong, J. Worms, Ph. Delaporte, and C. Grisolia
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, Nuclear engineering, Environmental science, General Materials Science, law.invention, Removal techniques
Abstract: Dust will be present in ITER and will be an issue in terms of safety. The ITER strategy for dust management is based among others on the definition and respect of dust inventory limits. To ensure that the safety limits are fulfilled, dust diagnostics and removal techniques need to be developed considering the Tokamak environment constraints (magnetic field, radiation, vacuum and temperature). This paper presents possible dust inventory build-up monitoring strategies for different periods of the machine operation (during/between pulses and during short or long maintenance periods). The strategies rely on the use of a set of complementary techniques for dust diagnostics and removal.
Published: 2009
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23. First results from dust detection during plasma discharges on Tore Supra

Author: Jérôme Bucalossi, B. Pégourié, H. Roche, P Spuig, B. Vincent, S Rosanvallon, L Ducobu, S. Vartanian, A Barbuti, C.H. Skinner, T. Loarer, and Christian Grisolia
Subjects: Physics, Dust detection, Detector, Dust particles, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Plasma, Tore Supra, Condensed Matter Physics, complex mixtures, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, respiratory tract diseases, Plasma current, Physics::Plasma Physics, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Atomic physics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: In-vessel dust has been recognized as a safety and operational issue for next-step devices such as ITER. As a consequence, it is essential to develop methods for dust detection and dust removal. An electrostatic dust detector has been developed by Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) to detect dust particles on a remote surface and provide locally real-time information on dust generation. A set of these dust detectors has been installed and tested in one of the pumping ducts of Tore Supra. A total of 481 shots from the plasma campaign in late 2010 have been analyzed. The dust signals from the detector and the particles observed on the visible CCD images have been investigated and exhibited good correlation. Dust particles are typically detected for about 5?s after a plasma disruption. Sometimes dust particles are detected during plasma current ramp-up on shots following a disruption. Finally, it is shown that 82% of the dust particles detected are due to disruptions and that the quantity of dust particles increases with the severity of the disruption.
Published: 2011
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24. Deuterium inventory in Tore Supra: reconciling particle balance and post-mortem analysis

Author: J. Y. Pascal, Y. Corre, J. Bouvet, Pascale Roubin, F. Rimini, Suk-Ho Hong, F. Saint-Laurent, Yannick Marandet, Estelle Gauthier, B. Pasquet, P. Monier Garbet, S. Vartanian, J. Bucalossi, S. Carpentier, F. Linez, M. Mayer, A. Martinez, James Paul Gunn, T. Dittmar, D. Douai, F. Samaille, C. Grisolia, H. Roche, F. Kazarian, E. Tsitrone, A. Grosman, E. Delchambre, I. Roure, T. Loarer, P. Moreau, O. Meyer, S. Rosanvallon, M. Kocan, A. Escarguel, Wolfgang Jacob, H. Khodja, J. Roth, Ph. Ghendrih, C. Brosset, A. Ekedahl, B. Pégourié, and Lionel Desgranges
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Nuclear engineering, Magnetic confinement fusion, Tore Supra, Condensed Matter Physics, law.invention, Nuclear physics, law, Nuclear reaction analysis, Limiter, Erosion, Particle, Environmental science, Stage (hydrology)
Abstract: Fuel retention, a crucial issue for next step devices, is assessed in present-day tokamaks using two methods: particle balance performed during shots and post-mortem analysis carried out during shutdowns between experimental campaigns. Post-mortem analysis generally gives lower estimates of fuel retention than integrated particle balance. In order to understand the discrepancy between these two methods, a dedicated experimental campaign has been performed in Tore Supra to load the vessel walls with deuterium (D) and monitor the trapped D inventory through particle balance. The campaign was followed by an extensive post-mortem analysis phase of the Tore Supra limiter. This paper presents the status of the analysis phase, including the assessment of the D content in the castellated tile structure of the limiter. Indeed, using combined surface analysis techniques, it was possible to derive the relative contributions of different zones of interest on the limiter (erosion, thick deposits, thin deposits), showing that the post-mortem inventory is mainly due to codeposition (90% of the total), in particular due to gap deposits. However, deuterium was also evidenced deep into the material in erosion zones (10% of the total). At the present stage of the analysis, 50% of the inventory deduced from particle balance has been found through post-mortem analysis, a significant progress with respect to previous studies (factor 8–10 discrepancy). This shows that post-mortem analysis can be consistent with particle balance provided specific procedures are implemented (dedicated campaign followed by extensive post-mortem analysis). Both techniques are needed for a reliable assessment of fuel retention in tokamaks, giving complementary information on how much and where fuel is retained in the vessel walls.
Published: 2009
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25. Overview of recent JET results in preparation for ITER operation: Interplay between technical and scientific progress

Author: J.-M. Noterdaeme, S. Rosanvallon, P. Lomas, R. Pitts, E. Joffrin, R. Felton, J. Ongena, J. Pamela, K-D. Zastrow, V. Riccardo, G. Piazza, A. Murari, D. Stork, R. Buttery, G. Counsell, and D. Borba
Subjects: Jet (fluid), Engineering, Tokamak, business.industry, Scientific progress, Mechanical Engineering, Divertor, Fusion power, Technical progress, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Upgrade, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, law, JET, ITER, Systems engineering, General Materials Science, business, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: Recent scientific and technical progress on JET is summarized. The scientific programme on JET over the last 2 years has benefited significantly from various technological developments: advanced real time tools, enhanced heating systems and several upgraded and new diagnostics. JET has also provided more technological input to ITER on questions related to the first wall, divertor and tritium technology. A dedicated Trace Tritium Campaign has delivered a wealth of data on transport and confinement of tritium and alpha particles from the fusion reaction. An enhancement programme is currently underway on JET, consisting of the implementation of an additional set of upgraded and new diagnostics and a further upgrade of the heating systems. This will allow JET to continue to contribute significantly in questions related to the construction and operational phase of ITER. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

26. Overview of JET results

Author: F. Romanelli, F. Laxaback, I. Abel, V. Afanesyev, G. Agarici, K. M. Aggarwal, M. Airila, R. Akers, T.h. Alarcon, A. Alexeev, A. Alfier, P. Allan, S. Almaviva, A. Alonso, M. Alonso, B. Alper, H. Altmann, D. Alves, V. Amosov, G. Anda, F. Andersson, E. Andersson Sund́en, V. Andreev, Y. Andrew, M. Angelone, M. Anghel, A. Anghel, C. Angioni, G. Apruzzese, N. Arcis, P. Arena, A. Argouarch, M. Ariola, A. Armitano, R. Armstrong, G. Arnoux, S. Arshad, G. Artaserse, J. F. Artaud, A. Ash, E. Asp, O. Asunta, C. V. Atanasiu, G. Atkins, M. D. Axton, C. Ayres, A. Baciero, V. Bailescu, B. Baiocchi, R. A. Baker, I. Balboa, C. Balorin, N. Balshaw, J. W. Banks, Y. F. Baranov, D. Barbier, I. L. Barlow, M. A. Barnard, R. Barnsley, L. Barrena, L. Barrera, M. Baruzzo, V. Basiuk, G. Bateman, P. Batistoni, N. Baumgarten, L. Baylor, B. Bazylev, P. S. Beaumont, K. Beausang, M. B́ecoulet, N. Bekris, M. Beldishevski, A. C. Bell, F. Belli, M. Bellinger, P. S. A. Belo, ́.E. Belonohy, P. E. Bennett, N. A. Benterman, G. Berger By, H. Bergsåker, H. Berk, J. Bernardo, B. Bertrand, M. N. A. Beurskens, B. Bieg, B. Bienkowska, T. Biewer, T. M. Biewer, M. Bigi, R. Bilato, J. Bird, J. Bizarro, T. R. Blackman, P. Blanchard, E. Blanco, J. Blum, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, D. Boilson, I. Bolshakova, T. Bolzonella, L. Boncagni, G. Bonheure, X. Bonnin, D. Borba, A. Borthwick, A. Botrugno, C. Boulbe, F. Bouquey, C. Bourdelle, K. v. Bovert, M. Bowden, T. Boyce, H. J. Boyer, A. Bozhenkov, R. J. Brade, J. M. A. Bradshaw, J. Braet, V. Braic, G. C. Braithwaite, C. Brault, H. Braune, B. Breizman, S. Bremond, P. D. Brennan, A. Brett, J. Breue, S. Brezinsek, M. D. J. Bright, F. Briscoe, M. Brix, M. Brombin, B. C. Brown, D. P. D. Brown, A. Bruschi, J. Brzozowski, J. Bucalossi, M. A. Buckley, T. Budd, R. Budny, R. V. Budny, P. Bunting, P. Buratti, G. Burcea, P. R. Butcher, R. J. Buttery, R. Caç̃ao, G. Calabr`o, C. P. Callaghan, J. P. Caminade, P. G. Camp, D. C. Campling, J. Canik, B. Cannas, A. J. Capel, P. J. Card, A. Cardinali, T. Carlstrom, P. Carman, D. Carralero, L. Carraro, T. Carter, B. B. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, A. Casati, C. Castaldo, J. Caughman, R. Cavazzana, M. Cavinato, M. Cecconello, F. E. Cecil, A. Cenedese, C. Centioli, R. Cesario, C. D. Challis, M. Chandler, C. Chang, A. Chankin, I. T. Chapman, D. J. Child, P. Chiru, G. Chitarin, I. Chugonov, I. Chugunov, D. Ciric, F. Clairet, R. H. Clarke, R. Clay, M. Clever, J. P. Coad, P. A. Coates, V. Cocilovo, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J. Coenen, I. Coffey, L. Colas, M. Cole, S. Collins, S. Combs, J. Compan, J. E. Conboy, S. Conroy, N. Cook, S. P. Cook, D. Coombs, S. R. Cooper, Y. Corre, G. Corrigan, S. Cortes, D. Coster, G. F. Counsell, X. Courtois, M. Cox, T. Craciunescu, S. Cramp, F. Crisanti, O. Croft, K. Crombe, B. J. Crowley, N. Cruz, L. Cupido, M. Curuia, R. A. Cusack, A. Czarnecka, S. Dalley, E. T. Daly, A. Dalziel, D. Darrow, O. David, N. Davies, J. J. Davis, I. E. Day, C. Day, R. De Angelis, G. deArcas, M. R. de Baar, E. delaCal, E. de la Luna, J. L. de Pablos, G. De Temmerman, P. C. de Vries, F. Degli Agostini, E. Delabie, D. del Castillo Negrete, L. Delpech, G. Denisov, A. J. Denyer, R. F. Denyer, S. Devaux, P. Devynck, L. Di Matteo, L. DiPace, P. J. Dirken, A. Dnestrovskiy, D. Dodt, K. Dominiczak, S. E. Dorling, D. Douai, A. P. Down, P. T. Doyle, J. R. Drake, T. Dreischuh, V. Drozdov, P. Dumortier, D. Dunai, I. Duran, F. Durodíe, K. Dylst, R. Eaton, T. Edlington, A. M. Edwards, D. T. Edwards, P. K. Edwards, T.h. Eich, A. Ekedahl, T. Elevant, A. Elfimov, B. Ellingboe, C. G. Elsmore, B. Emmoth, G. Ericsson, L. G. Eriksson, A. Eriksson, B. Esposito, H. G. Esser, T. Estrada, E. A. Evangelidis, G. E. Evans, G. D. Ewart, D. T. Ewers, G. Falchetto, D. Falie, J. G. A. Fanthome, D. Farina, J. W. Farthing, A. Fasoli, B. Faugeras, N. Fedorczak, R. C. Felton, C. Fenzi, H. Fernandes, J. A. Ferreira, J. Ferreira, J. Ferron, J. A. Fessey, L. Figini, A. Figueiredo, J. Figueiredo, P. Finburg, K. H. Finken, U. Fischer, N. Fitzgerald, J. Flanagan, C. Fleming, A. Fonseca, A. D. Forbes, O. Ford, A. Formisano, D. Fraboulet, R. J. Francis, L. Frassinetti, R. Fresa, J. P. Friconneau, D. Frigione, J. C. Fuchs, K. Fullard, W. Fundamenski, M. Furno Palumbo, J. Gafert, K. Ǵal, R. Galṽao, S. Garavaglia, X. Garbet, J. Garcia, M. Gar cia Munoz, W. Gardner, P. Garibaldi, D. Garnier, L. Garzotti, M. Gatu Johnson, P. Gaudio, E. Gauthier, J. W. Gaze, D. F. Gear, J. Gedney, S. J. Gee, M. Gelfusa, E. Genangeli, S. Gerasimov, A. Geraud, T. Gerbaud, M. Gherendi, N. Ghirelli, J. C. Giacalone, L. Giacomelli, C. S. Gibson, C. Gil, S. J. Gilligan, C. G. Gimblett, D. Gin, E. Giovannozzi, C. Giroud, G. Giruzzi, S. Glowacz, J. Godwin, J. K. Goff, P. Gohil, V. Goloborod’ko, B. Gonçalves, M. Goniche, S. Gonzales, S. M. Gonźalezde Vicente, A. Goodyear, N. Gorelenkov, G. Gorini, R. Goulding, B. Graham, D. Graham, M. E. Graham, G. Granucci, J. Graves, N. R. Green, H. Greuner, E. Grigore, F. S. Griph, C. Grisolia, G. Gros, G. Grossetti, M. Groth, S. Gr̈unhagen, M. P. Gryaznevich, R. Guirlet, B. Gulejova, J. Gunn, A. Gupta, P. Guzdar, P. Hacek, L. J. Hackett, S. Hacquin, B. Haist, A. Hakola, S. J. Hall, S. P. HallworthCook, D. T. Hamilton, H. Han, R. C. Handley, S. Harding, J. D. W. Harling, D. Harting, M. J. Harvey, T. D. V. Haupt, E. Havlickova, N. C. Hawkes, R. Hawryluk, J. H. Hay, N. Hayashi, P. W. Haydon, I. R. Hayward, S. Hazel, P. J. L. Heesterman, W. Heidbrink, J. Heikkinen, C. Hellesen, T. Hellsten, O. N. Hemming, T. C. Hender, M. Henderson, C. Hennig, V. Hennion, C. Hidalgo, S. Higashijima, J. W. Hill, M. Hill, K. Hill, J. Hillairet, D. Hillis, T. Hirai, M. Hitchin, J. Hobirk, C. Hogan, C. H. A. Hogben, G. M. D. Hogeweij, I. C. Hollingham, R. Holyaka, D. A. Homfray, G. Honeyands, S. H. Hong, C. Hopf, B. A. Horn, A. R. Horton, L. D. Horton, S. P. Hotchin, M. R. Hough, W. Houlberg, D. F. Howell, M. Hron, A. Huber, T. M. Huddleston, Z. Hudson, M. Hughes, M. Ḧuhnerbein, C. C. Hume, A. J. Hunt, C. L. Hunter, T. S. Hutchinson, S. Huygen, G. Huysmans, V. Hyn̈onen, S. Ide, R. Igreja, C. Illescas, F. Imbeaux, D. Ivanova, E. Ivings, S. Jachmich, G. Jackson, P. Jacquet, K. Jakubowska, M. Jakubowski, P. V. James, R. J. E. Jaspers, S. Jednorog, I. Jenkins, M. A. C. Jennison, C. Jeskins, O. Jin Kwon, E. Joffrin, M. F. Johnson, R. Johnson, T. Johnson, D. Jolovic, V. Jonauskas, E. M. Jones, G. Jones, H. D. Jones, T. T. C. Jones, M. Jouvet, C. Juṕen, I. Kachtchouk, J. Kaczmarczyk, A. Kallenbach, J. K̈allne, D. Kalupin, S. Ḱalvin, G. Kamelander, R. Kamendje, A. Kappatou, S. Karttunen, W. Kasparek, I. Katramados, M. Kaufmann, G. Kaveney, A. S. Kaye, M. J. Kear, D. L. Keeling, D. Kelliher, M. Kempenaars, P. Khilar, N. G. Kidd, M. Kiisk, K. M. Kim, R. F. King, D. J. Kinna, V. Kiptily, G. Kirnev, N. Kirneva, K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, R. Kisielius, D. Kislov, G. Kiss, T. Kiviniemi, G. Kizane, A. Klein, A. Klix, M. Knaup, K. Kneuper, H. Kneupner, P. J. Knight, S. J. Knipe, M. Kocan, F. K̈ochl, G. Kocsis, C. Konz, T. Koppitz, A. Korotkov, H. R. Koslowski, V. Kotov, M. D. Kovari, K. Kovarik, G. Kramer, A. Krasilnikov, V. Krasilnikov, S. Kraus, A. Kreter, K. Krieger, A. Kritz, Y. Krivchenkov, U. Kruezi, M. Krychowiak, S. Krylov, I. Ksiazek, M. Kubic, S. Kuhn, W. K̈uhnlein, T. Kurki Suonio, A. Kurowski, B. Kuteev, A. Kuyanov, R. La Haye, M. Laan, C. Labate, A. Lachichi, N. Lam, P. Lang, M. T. Large, I. Lassiwe, J. R. Last, K. D. Lawson, M. Laxåback, R. A. Layne, E. Lazzaro, F. LeGuern, B. LeBlanc, H. J. Leggate, M. Lehnen, M. Leigheb, I. Lengar, M. Lennholm, E. Lerche, C. N. Lescure, Y. Li, A. Li Puma, Y. Liang, J. Likonen, Y. Lin, J. Linke, S. A. Linstead, B. Lipshultz, X. Litaudon, A. G. Litvak, Y. Liu, T. Loarer, A. Loarte, R. C. Lobel, P. J. Lomas, F. D. Long, J. L̈onnroth, D. J. Looker, J. Lopez, P.h. Lotte, M. J. Loughlin, A. B. Loving, C. Lowry, T. Luce, R. M. A. Lucock, A. Lukanitsa, A. M. Lungu, C. P. Lungu, A. Lyssoivan, P. Macheta, A. S. Mackenzie, M. Macrae, G. Maddaluno, G. P. Maddison, J. Madsen, P. Maget, C. Maggi, H. Maier, J. Mailloux, M. Makowski, C. J. Manning, M. Mansfield, M. E. Manso, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, M. Maraschek, C. Marchetto, M. A. Marchitti, M. Mardenfeld, J. L. Marechal, M. Marinelli, A. Marinoni, M. Marinucci, J. M̈arki, D. Marocco, C. A. Marren, D. Martin, D. L. Martin, G. Martin, Y. Martin, J. R. Mart́ın Soĺıs, K. Masaki, A. Masiello, M. Maslov, C. Maszl, A. Matilal, M. Mattei, G. F. Matthews, F. Maviglia, C. R. May, M. Mayer, M. L. Mayoral, D. Mazon, C. Mazzotta, E. Mazzucato, P. McCarthy, K. G. McClements, K. McCormick, P. A. McCullen, D. McCune, D. C. McDonald, R. Mcgregor, J. P. Mckivitt, A. Meakins, F. Medina, A. G. Meigs, M. Menard, L. Meneses, S. Menmuir, I. R. Merrigan, P.h. Mertens, A. Messiaen, H. Meyer, M. Miele, P. Migliucci, A. G. Miller, S. F. Mills, J. J. Milnes, K. Min Kim, T. Mindham, F. Mirizzi, E. Mirones, M. Mironov, R. Mitteau, J. Mlynar, P. Mollard, I. Monakhov, P. Monier Garbet, R. Mooney, S. Moradi, D. Moreau, P.h. Moreau, L. Moreira, A. Morgan, P. D. Morgan, C. Morlock, A. Moro, A. W. Morris, G. L. Mort, C. Mrozek, A. Mueck, H. W. M̈uller, M. Murakami, A. Murari, I. Mustata, F. Nabais, E. Nardon, G. Nash, V. Naulin, M. F. F. Nave, R. Nazikian, I. Nedzelski, C. R. Negus, J. D. Neilson, A. Neto, R. Neu, O. Neubauer, G. J. Newbert, M. Newman, K. J. Nicholls, A. Nicolai, L. Nicolas, P. Nieckchen, P. Nielsen, A. H. Nielsen, S. K. Nielsen, G. Nielson, J. Nieto, M. P. S. Nightingale, C. Noble, M. Nocente, M. Nora, H. Nordman, M. Norman, J. M. Noterdaeme, S. Nowak, I. Nunes, F. Ognissanto, T. O’Gorman, S. Olariu, A. Oleynikov, M. O’Mullane, J. Ongena, F. Orsitto, O. I. Oswuigwe, M. Ottaviani, N. Oyama, D. Pacella, K. Paget, S. Palazzo, J. Pamela, S. Pamela, R. Panek, L. Pangione, A. Panin, T.h. Panis, A. Pankin, A. Pantea, V. Parail, T.h. Parisot, A. Parkin, A. Parsloe, B. T. Parsons, R. Pasqualotto, P. Pastor, R. Paterson, M. K. Paul, D. Peach, R. J. H. Pearce, B. J. Pearson, I. J. Pearson, L. C. Pedrick, M. A. Pedrosa, B. Pegourie, R. Pereira, E. Perelli Cippo, G. Pereverzev, A. Perevezentsev, C.h. PerezvonThun, V. Pericoli Ridolfini, A. Perona, Y. Perrot, S. Peruzzo, S. Peschanyy, G. Petravich, L. Petrizzi, V. Petrov, V. Petrzilka, V. Philipps, G. Piazza, F. Piccolo, A. Pietropaolo, M. Pillon, S. D. Pinches, T. Pinna, G. Pintsuk, P. Piovesan, F. Pisano, R. Pitts, B. Plaum, V. Plyusnin, M. Polasik, F. M. Poli, N. Pomaro, O. Pompilian, L. Poncet, P. J. Pool, S. Popovichev, F. Porcelli, M. T. Porfiri, C. Portafaix, A. Pospieszczyk, G. Possnert, G. Prestopino, P. Prior, R. Prokopowicz, I. Proverbio, R. Pugno, M. E. Puiatti, K. Purahoo, V. Pustovitov, T.h. P̈utterich, D. P̈uttmann Kneupner, E. Rachlew, R. Rademaker, T. Rafiq, M. S. J. Rainford, G. Ramogida, K. Rantam̈aki, J. Rapp, J. J. Rasmussen, G. Ratt́a, G. Ravera, M. Reich, R. Reichle, D. Reiser, R. Reiss, D. Reiter, D. Rendell, C. Reux, G. Rewoldt, T. T. Ribeiro, V. Riccardo, D. Richards, F. Rigollet, F. G. Rimini, L. Rios, M. Riva, J. E. C. Roberts, R. J. Robins, D. S. Robinson, S. A. Robinson, D. W. Robson, H. Roche, M. R̈odig, N. Rodionov, V. Rohde, A. Rolfe, M. Romanelli, A. Romano, J. Romero, E. Ronchi, S. Rosanvallon, C.h. Roux, S. Rowe, M. Rubel, L. Ruchko, M. Ruiz, C. Ruset, M. Russell, A. Ruth, L. Ryc, A. Rydzy, F. Ryter, J. Rzadkiewicz, S. Saarelma, F. Sabathier, R. Sabot, S. Sadakov, P. Sagar, G. Saibene, A. Saille, F. Saint Laurent, A. Salmi, R. Salomaa, F. Salzedas, U. Samm, P. Sanchez, S. Sanders, S. G. Sanders, G. Sandford, K. Sandland, P. Sandquist, D. E. G. Sands, M. I. K. Santala, F. Sartori, R. Sartori, O. Sauter, A. Savelyev, A. Savtchkov, S. C. Scales, A. Scarabosio, N. Schaefer, C.h. Schlatter, V. Schmidt, A. Schmidt, O. Schmitz, S. Schmuck, M. Schneider, M. Scholz, K. Scḧopf, B. Schweer, J. Schweinzer, B. Scott, M. Seki, L. Semeraro, A. Semerok, G. Sergienko, F. Serra, M. Sertoli, M. M. J. Shannon, S. E. Sharapov, S. R. Shaw, A. Shevelev, R. Sievering, C. A. Silva, P. A. Simmons, A. Simonetto, D. Simpson, S. Sipila, A. C. C. Sips, A. Sirinelli, H. Sj̈ostrand, D. Skopintsev, K. S.l.a.b.k.o.w.s.k.a., P. G. Smith, J. Snipes, L. Snoj, S. Snyder, S. Soare, E. R. Solano, S. Soldatov, A. Soleto, W. Solomon, C. Soltane, P. Sonato, A. Sopplesa, A. Sorrentino, J. Sousa, C. B. C. Sowden, C. Sozzi, P. Sp̈ah, T. Spelzini, J. Spence, F. Spineanu, P. Spuig, A. Sẗabler, R. D. Stagg, M. F. Stamp, V. Stancalie, P. Stangeby, C. Stan Sion, D. E. Starkey, M. J. Stead, A. V. Stephen, A. L. Stevens, J. Stober, R. B. Stokes, D. Stork, D. Stoyanov, J. Strachan, P. Strand, M. Stransky, D. Strauss, D. Strintzi, W. Studholme, Y. SuNa, F. Subba, H. P. Summers, Y. Sun, C. Surdu Bob, E. Surrey, D. J. Sutton, J. Svensson, D. Swain, B. D. Syme, I. D. Symonds, T. Szepesi, A. Szydlowski, F. Tabares, V. Takalo, H. Takenaga, T. Tala, A. R. Talbot, C. Taliercio, C. Tame, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, L. Taroni, G. Telesca, A. Terra, A. O. Terrington, D. Testa, J. M. Theis, J. D. Thomas, P. D. Thomas, P. R. Thomas, V. K. Thompson, H. Thomsen, C. Thomser, A. Thyagaraja, P. A. Tigwell, I. Tiseanu, R. Tivey, J. M. Todd, T. N. Todd, M. Z. Tokar, S. Tosti, P. Trabuc, J. M. Travere, W. Treutterer, P. Trimble, A. Trkov, E. Trukhina, M. Tsalas, H. Tsige Tamirat, E. Tsitrone, D. Tskhakaya jun, O. Tudisco, S. Tugarinov, M. M. Turner, G. Turri, S. G. J. Tyrrell, N. Umeda, B. Unterberg, H. Urano, A. J. Urquhart, I. Uytdenhouwen, A. Vaccaro, A. P. Vadgama, G. Vagliasindi, D. Valcarcel, M. Valisa, J. Vallory, M. Valovic, D. Van Eester, B. van Milligen, G. J. van Rooij, C. A. F. Varandas, S. Vartanian, V. Vdovin, J. Vega, G. Verdoolaege, J. M. Verger, L. Vermare, C. Verona, T.h. Versloot, M. Vervier, J. Vicente, S. Villari, E. Villedieu, F. Villone, J. E. Vince, G. J. Vine, B. Viola, E. Vitale, R. Vitelli, M. Vlad, I. Voitsekhovitch, M. Vrancken, K. Vulliez, C. W. F. Waldon, M. Walker, M. J. Walsh, J. Waterhouse, M. L. Watkins, M. J. Watson, T. Wauters, M. W. Way, C. R. Webb, J. Weiland, H. Weisen, M. Weiszflog, R. Wenninger, A. T. West, J. M. Weulersse, B. Weyssow, M. R. Wheatley, A. D. Whiteford, A. M. Whitehead, A. G. Whitehurst, A. M. Widdowson, R. C. Wieggers, C. Wiegmann, S. Wiesen, A. Wilson, D. Wilson, D. J. Wilson, H. R. Wilson, M. Wischmeier, D. M. Witts, R. C. Wolf, J. Wolowski, P. Woscov, G. M. Wright, J. Wright, G. S. Xu, V. Yavorskij, V. Yerashok, J. Yorkshades, C. Young, D. Young, I. D. Young, X. Yuhong, L. Zabeo, A. Zabolotsky, L. Zaccarian, R. Zagorski, F. S. Zaitsev, S. Zajac, L. Zakharov, R. Zanino, V. Zaroschi, K. D. Zastrow, I. Zatz, B. Zefran, W. Zeidner, M. Zerbini, T. Zhang, Y. Zhu, E. Zilli, O. Zimmermann, V. Zoita, S. Zoletnik, W. Zwingman, JET EFDA Contributors, ALBANESE, Raffaele, AMBROSINO, GIUSEPPE, BELLIZIO, TERESA, CARANNANTE, GIUSEPPE, COCCORESE, VINCENZO, DE TOMMASI, GIANMARIA, MIANO, GIOVANNI, PIRONTI, ALFREDO, QUERCIA, ANTONIO, RUBINACCI, GUGLIELMO, J., Pamela, EMILIA R., Solano, AND JET EFDA, Contributor, J. M., Adam, G., Agarici, M., Agarici, H., Akhter, Albanese, Raffaele, Romanelli, F., Laxaback, F., Abel, I., Afanesyev, V., Agarici, G., Aggarwal, K. M., Airila, M., Akers, R., Alarcon, T. h., Alexeev, A., Alfier, A., Allan, P., Almaviva, S., Alonso, A., Alonso, M., Alper, B., Altmann, H., Alves, D., Ambrosino, Giuseppe, Amosov, V., Anda, G., Andersson, F., Andersson Sund́en, E., Andreev, V., Andrew, Y., Angelone, M., Anghel, M., Anghel, A., Angioni, C., Apruzzese, G., Arcis, N., Arena, P., Argouarch, A., Ariola, M., Armitano, A., Armstrong, R., Arnoux, G., Arshad, S., Artaserse, G., Artaud, J. F., Ash, A., Asp, E., Asunta, O., Atanasiu, C. V., Atkins, G., Axton, M. D., Ayres, C., Baciero, A., Bailescu, V., Baiocchi, B., Baker, R. A., Balboa, I., Balorin, C., Balshaw, N., Banks, J. W., Baranov, Y. F., Barbier, D., Barlow, I. L., Barnard, M. A., Barnsley, R., Barrena, L., Barrera, L., Baruzzo, M., Basiuk, V., Bateman, G., Batistoni, P., Baumgarten, N., Baylor, L., Bazylev, B., Beaumont, P. S., Beausang, K., B́ecoulet, M., Bekris, N., Beldishevski, M., Bell, A. C., Belli, F., Bellinger, M., Bellizio, Teresa, Belo, P. S. A., Belonohy, ́. E., Bennett, P. E., Benterman, N. A., Berger By, G., Bergsåker, H., Berk, H., Bernardo, J., Bertrand, B., Beurskens, M. N. A., Bieg, B., Bienkowska, B., Biewer, T., Biewer, T. M., Bigi, M., Bilato, R., Bird, J., Bizarro, J., Blackman, T. R., Blanchard, P., Blanco, E., Blum, J., Bobkov, V., Boboc, A., Boilson, D., Bolshakova, I., Bolzonella, T., Boncagni, L., Bonheure, G., Bonnin, X., Borba, D., Borthwick, A., Botrugno, A., Boulbe, C., Bouquey, F., Bourdelle, C., Bovert, K. v., Bowden, M., Boyce, T., Boyer, H. J., Bozhenkov, A., Brade, R. J., Bradshaw, J. M. A., Braet, J., Braic, V., Braithwaite, G. C., Brault, C., Braune, H., Breizman, B., Bremond, S., Brennan, P. D., Brett, A., Breue, J., Brezinsek, S., Bright, M. D. J., Briscoe, F., Brix, M., Brombin, M., Brown, B. C., Brown, D. P. D., Bruschi, A., Brzozowski, J., Bucalossi, J., Buckley, M. A., Budd, T., Budny, R., Budny, R. V., Bunting, P., Buratti, P., Burcea, G., Butcher, P. R., Buttery, R. J., Caç̃ao, R., Calabr`o, G., Callaghan, C. P., Caminade, J. P., Camp, P. G., Campling, D. C., Canik, J., Cannas, B., Capel, A. J., Carannante, Giuseppe, Card, P. J., Cardinali, A., Carlstrom, T., Carman, P., Carralero, D., Carraro, L., Carter, T., Carvalho, B. B., Carvalho, P., Casati, A., Castaldo, C., Caughman, J., Cavazzana, R., Cavinato, M., Cecconello, M., Cecil, F. E., Cenedese, A., Centioli, C., Cesario, R., Challis, C. D., Chandler, M., Chang, C., Chankin, A., Chapman, I. T., Child, D. J., Chiru, P., Chitarin, G., Chugonov, I., Chugunov, I., Ciric, D., Clairet, F., Clarke, R. H., Clay, R., Clever, M., Coad, J. P., Coates, P. A., Coccorese, Vincenzo, Cocilovo, V., Coda, S., Coelho, R., Coenen, J., Coffey, I., Colas, L., Cole, M., Collins, S., Combs, S., Compan, J., Conboy, J. E., Conroy, S., Cook, N., Cook, S. P., Coombs, D., Cooper, S. R., Corre, Y., Corrigan, G., Cortes, S., Coster, D., Counsell, G. F., Courtois, X., Cox, M., Craciunescu, T., Cramp, S., Crisanti, F., Croft, O., Crombe, K., Crowley, B. J., Cruz, N., Cupido, L., Curuia, M., Cusack, R. A., Czarnecka, A., Dalley, S., Daly, E. T., Dalziel, A., Darrow, D., David, O., Davies, N., Davis, J. J., Day, I. E., Day, C., De Angelis, R., Dearcas, G., de Baar, M. R., Delacal, E., de la Luna, E., de Pablos, J. L., De Temmerman, G., DE TOMMASI, Gianmaria, de Vries, P. C., Degli Agostini, F., Delabie, E., del Castillo Negrete, D., Delpech, L., Denisov, G., Denyer, A. J., Denyer, R. F., Devaux, S., Devynck, P., Di Matteo, L., Dipace, L., Dirken, P. J., Dnestrovskiy, A., Dodt, D., Dominiczak, K., Dorling, S. E., Douai, D., Down, A. P., Doyle, P. T., Drake, J. R., Dreischuh, T., Drozdov, V., Dumortier, P., Dunai, D., Duran, I., Durodíe, F., Dylst, K., Eaton, R., Edlington, T., Edwards, A. M., Edwards, D. T., Edwards, P. K., Eich, T. h., Ekedahl, A., Elevant, T., Elfimov, A., Ellingboe, B., Elsmore, C. G., Emmoth, B., Ericsson, G., Eriksson, L. G., Eriksson, A., Esposito, B., Esser, H. G., Estrada, T., Evangelidis, E. A., Evans, G. E., Ewart, G. D., Ewers, D. T., Falchetto, G., Falie, D., Fanthome, J. G. A., Farina, D., Farthing, J. W., Fasoli, A., Faugeras, B., Fedorczak, N., Felton, R. C., Fenzi, C., Fernandes, H., Ferreira, J. A., Ferreira, J., Ferron, J., Fessey, J. A., Figini, L., Figueiredo, A., Figueiredo, J., Finburg, P., Finken, K. H., Fischer, U., Fitzgerald, N., Flanagan, J., Fleming, C., Fonseca, A., Forbes, A. D., Ford, O., Formisano, A., Fraboulet, D., Francis, R. J., Frassinetti, L., Fresa, R., Friconneau, J. P., Frigione, D., Fuchs, J. C., Fullard, K., Fundamenski, W., Furno Palumbo, M., Gafert, J., Ǵal, K., Galṽao, R., Garavaglia, S., Garbet, X., Garcia, J., Gar cia Munoz, M., Gardner, W., Garibaldi, P., Garnier, D., Garzotti, L., Gatu Johnson, M., Gaudio, P., Gauthier, E., Gaze, J. W., Gear, D. F., Gedney, J., Gee, S. J., Gelfusa, M., Genangeli, E., Gerasimov, S., Geraud, A., Gerbaud, T., Gherendi, M., Ghirelli, N., Giacalone, J. C., Giacomelli, L., Gibson, C. S., Gil, C., Gilligan, S. J., Gimblett, C. G., Gin, D., Giovannozzi, E., Giroud, C., Giruzzi, G., Glowacz, S., Godwin, J., Goff, J. K., Gohil, P., Goloborod’Ko, V., Gonçalves, B., Goniche, M., Gonzales, S., Gonźalezde Vicente, S. M., Goodyear, A., Gorelenkov, N., Gorini, G., Goulding, R., Graham, B., Graham, D., Graham, M. E., Granucci, G., Graves, J., Green, N. R., Greuner, H., Grigore, E., Griph, F. S., Grisolia, C., Gros, G., Grossetti, G., Groth, M., Gr̈unhagen, S., Gryaznevich, M. P., Guirlet, R., Gulejova, B., Gunn, J., Gupta, A., Guzdar, P., Hacek, P., Hackett, L. J., Hacquin, S., Haist, B., Hakola, A., Hall, S. J., Hallworthcook, S. P., Hamilton, D. T., Han, H., Handley, R. C., Harding, S., Harling, J. D. W., Harting, D., Harvey, M. J., Haupt, T. D. V., Havlickova, E., Hawkes, N. C., Hawryluk, R., Hay, J. H., Hayashi, N., Haydon, P. W., Hayward, I. R., Hazel, S., Heesterman, P. J. L., Heidbrink, W., Heikkinen, J., Hellesen, C., Hellsten, T., Hemming, O. N., Hender, T. C., Henderson, M., Hennig, C., Hennion, V., Hidalgo, C., Higashijima, S., Hill, J. W., Hill, M., Hill, K., Hillairet, J., Hillis, D., Hirai, T., Hitchin, M., Hobirk, J., Hogan, C., Hogben, C. H. A., Hogeweij, G. M. D., Hollingham, I. C., Holyaka, R., Homfray, D. A., Honeyands, G., Hong, S. H., Hopf, C., Horn, B. A., Horton, A. R., Horton, L. D., Hotchin, S. P., Hough, M. R., Houlberg, W., Howell, D. F., Hron, M., Huber, A., Huddleston, T. M., Hudson, Z., Hughes, M., Ḧuhnerbein, M., Hume, C. C., Hunt, A. J., Hunter, C. L., Hutchinson, T. S., Huygen, S., Huysmans, G., Hyn̈onen, V., Ide, S., Igreja, R., Illescas, C., Imbeaux, F., Ivanova, D., Ivings, E., Jachmich, S., Jackson, G., Jacquet, P., Jakubowska, K., Jakubowski, M., James, P. V., Jaspers, R. J. E., Jednorog, S., Jenkins, I., Jennison, M. A. C., Jeskins, C., Jin Kwon, O., Joffrin, E., Johnson, M. F., Johnson, R., Johnson, T., Jolovic, D., Jonauskas, V., Jones, E. M., Jones, G., Jones, H. D., Jones, T. T. C., Jouvet, M., Juṕen, C., Kachtchouk, I., Kaczmarczyk, J., Kallenbach, A., K̈allne, J., Kalupin, D., Ḱalvin, S., Kamelander, G., Kamendje, R., Kappatou, A., Karttunen, S., Kasparek, W., Katramados, I., Kaufmann, M., Kaveney, G., Kaye, A. S., Kear, M. J., Keeling, D. L., Kelliher, D., Kempenaars, M., Khilar, P., Kidd, N. G., Kiisk, M., Kim, K. M., King, R. F., Kinna, D. J., Kiptily, V., Kirnev, G., Kirneva, N., Kirov, K., Kirschner, A., Kisielius, R., Kislov, D., Kiss, G., Kiviniemi, T., Kizane, G., Klein, A., Klix, A., Knaup, M., Kneuper, K., Kneupner, H., Knight, P. J., Knipe, S. J., Kocan, M., K̈ochl, F., Kocsis, G., Konz, C., Koppitz, T., Korotkov, A., Koslowski, H. R., Kotov, V., Kovari, M. D., Kovarik, K., Kramer, G., Krasilnikov, A., Krasilnikov, V., Kraus, S., Kreter, A., Krieger, K., Kritz, A., Krivchenkov, Y., Kruezi, U., Krychowiak, M., Krylov, S., Ksiazek, I., Kubic, M., Kuhn, S., K̈uhnlein, W., Kurki Suonio, T., Kurowski, A., Kuteev, B., Kuyanov, A., La Haye, R., Laan, M., Labate, C., Lachichi, A., Lam, N., Lang, P., Large, M. T., Lassiwe, I., Last, J. R., Lawson, K. D., Laxåback, M., Layne, R. A., Lazzaro, E., Leguern, F., Leblanc, B., Leggate, H. J., Lehnen, M., Leigheb, M., Lengar, I., Lennholm, M., Lerche, E., Lescure, C. N., Li, Y., Li Puma, A., Liang, Y., Likonen, J., Lin, Y., Linke, J., Linstead, S. A., Lipshultz, B., Litaudon, X., Litvak, A. G., Liu, Y., Loarer, T., Loarte, A., Lobel, R. C., Lomas, P. J., Long, F. D., L̈onnroth, J., Looker, D. J., Lopez, J., Lotte, P. h., Loughlin, M. J., Loving, A. B., Lowry, C., Luce, T., Lucock, R. M. A., Lukanitsa, A., Lungu, A. M., Lungu, C. P., Lyssoivan, A., Macheta, P., Mackenzie, A. S., Macrae, M., Maddaluno, G., Maddison, G. P., Madsen, J., Maget, P., Maggi, C., Maier, H., Mailloux, J., Makowski, M., Manning, C. J., Mansfield, M., Manso, M. E., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Maraschek, M., Marchetto, C., Marchitti, M. A., Mardenfeld, M., Marechal, J. L., Marinelli, M., Marinoni, A., Marinucci, M., M̈arki, J., Marocco, D., Marren, C. A., Martin, D., Martin, D. L., Martin, G., Martin, Y., Mart́ın Soĺıs, J. R., Masaki, K., Masiello, A., Maslov, M., Maszl, C., Matilal, A., Mattei, M., Matthews, G. F., Maviglia, F., May, C. R., Mayer, M., Mayoral, M. L., Mazon, D., Mazzotta, C., Mazzucato, E., Mccarthy, P., Mcclements, K. G., Mccormick, K., Mccullen, P. A., Mccune, D., Mcdonald, D. C., Mcgregor, R., Mckivitt, J. P., Meakins, A., Medina, F., Meigs, A. G., Menard, M., Meneses, L., Menmuir, S., Merrigan, I. R., Mertens, P. h., Messiaen, A., Meyer, H., Miano, Giovanni, Miele, M., Migliucci, P., Miller, A. G., Mills, S. F., Milnes, J. J., Min Kim, K., Mindham, T., Mirizzi, F., Mirones, E., Mironov, M., Mitteau, R., Mlynar, J., Mollard, P., Monakhov, I., Monier Garbet, P., Mooney, R., Moradi, S., Moreau, D., Moreau, P. h., Moreira, L., Morgan, A., Morgan, P. D., Morlock, C., Moro, A., Morris, A. W., Mort, G. L., Mrozek, C., Mueck, A., M̈uller, H. W., Murakami, M., Murari, A., Mustata, I., Nabais, F., Nardon, E., Nash, G., Naulin, V., Nave, M. F. F., Nazikian, R., Nedzelski, I., Negus, C. R., Neilson, J. D., Neto, A., Neu, R., Neubauer, O., Newbert, G. J., Newman, M., Nicholls, K. J., Nicolai, A., Nicolas, L., Nieckchen, P., Nielsen, P., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, S. K., Nielson, G., Nieto, J., Nightingale, M. P. S., Noble, C., Nocente, M., Nora, M., Nordman, H., Norman, M., Noterdaeme, J. M., Nowak, S., Nunes, I., Ognissanto, F., O’Gorman, T., Olariu, S., Oleynikov, A., O’Mullane, M., Ongena, J., Orsitto, F., Oswuigwe, O. I., Ottaviani, M., Oyama, N., Pacella, D., Paget, K., Palazzo, S., Pamela, J., Pamela, S., Panek, R., Pangione, L., Panin, A., Panis, T. h., Pankin, A., Pantea, A., Parail, V., Parisot, T. h., Parkin, A., Parsloe, A., Parsons, B. T., Pasqualotto, R., Pastor, P., Paterson, R., Paul, M. K., Peach, D., Pearce, R. J. H., Pearson, B. J., Pearson, I. J., Pedrick, L. C., Pedrosa, M. A., Pegourie, B., Pereira, R., Perelli Cippo, E., Pereverzev, G., Perevezentsev, A., Perezvonthun, C. h., Pericoli Ridolfini, V., Perona, A., Perrot, Y., Peruzzo, S., Peschanyy, S., Petravich, G., Petrizzi, L., Petrov, V., Petrzilka, V., Philipps, V., Piazza, G., Piccolo, F., Pietropaolo, A., Pillon, M., Pinches, S. D., Pinna, T., Pintsuk, G., Piovesan, P., Pironti, Alfredo, Pisano, F., Pitts, R., Plaum, B., Plyusnin, V., Polasik, M., Poli, F. M., Pomaro, N., Pompilian, O., Poncet, L., Pool, P. J., Popovichev, S., Porcelli, F., Porfiri, M. T., Portafaix, C., Pospieszczyk, A., Possnert, G., Prestopino, G., Prior, P., Prokopowicz, R., Proverbio, I., Pugno, R., Puiatti, M. E., Purahoo, K., Pustovitov, V., P̈utterich, T. h., P̈uttmann Kneupner, D., Quercia, Antonio, Rachlew, E., Rademaker, R., Rafiq, T., Rainford, M. S. J., Ramogida, G., Rantam̈aki, K., Rapp, J., Rasmussen, J. J., Ratt́a, G., Ravera, G., Reich, M., Reichle, R., Reiser, D., Reiss, R., Reiter, D., Rendell, D., Reux, C., Rewoldt, G., Ribeiro, T. T., Riccardo, V., Richards, D., Rigollet, F., Rimini, F. G., Rios, L., Riva, M., Roberts, J. E. C., Robins, R. J., Robinson, D. S., Robinson, S. A., Robson, D. W., Roche, H., R̈odig, M., Rodionov, N., Rohde, V., Rolfe, A., Romanelli, M., Romano, A., Romero, J., Ronchi, E., Rosanvallon, S., Roux, C. h., Rowe, S., Rubel, M., Rubinacci, Guglielmo, Ruchko, L., Ruiz, M., Ruset, C., Russell, M., Ruth, A., Ryc, L., Rydzy, A., Ryter, F., Rzadkiewicz, J., Saarelma, S., Sabathier, F., Sabot, R., Sadakov, S., Sagar, P., Saibene, G., Saille, A., Saint Laurent, F., Salmi, A., Salomaa, R., Salzedas, F., Samm, U., Sanchez, P., Sanders, S., Sanders, S. G., Sandford, G., Sandland, K., Sandquist, P., Sands, D. E. G., Santala, M. I. K., Sartori, F., Sartori, R., Sauter, O., Savelyev, A., Savtchkov, A., Scales, S. C., Scarabosio, A., Schaefer, N., Schlatter, C. h., Schmidt, V., Schmidt, A., Schmitz, O., Schmuck, S., Schneider, M., Scholz, M., Scḧopf, K., Schweer, B., Schweinzer, J., Scott, B., Seki, M., Semeraro, L., Semerok, A., Sergienko, G., Serra, F., Sertoli, M., Shannon, M. M. J., Sharapov, S. E., Shaw, S. R., Shevelev, A., Sievering, R., Silva, C. A., Simmons, P. A., Simonetto, A., Simpson, D., Sipila, S., Sips, A. C. C., Sirinelli, A., Sj̈ostrand, H., Skopintsev, D., K. S. l. a. b. k. o. w. s. k. a., Smith, P. G., Snipes, J., Snoj, L., Snyder, S., Soare, S., Solano, E. R., Soldatov, S., Soleto, A., Solomon, W., Soltane, C., Sonato, P., Sopplesa, A., Sorrentino, A., Sousa, J., Sowden, C. B. C., Sozzi, C., Sp̈ah, P., Spelzini, T., Spence, J., Spineanu, F., Spuig, P., Sẗabler, A., Stagg, R. D., Stamp, M. F., Stancalie, V., Stangeby, P., Stan Sion, C., Starkey, D. E., Stead, M. J., Stephen, A. V., Stevens, A. L., Stober, J., Stokes, R. B., Stork, D., Stoyanov, D., Strachan, J., Strand, P., Stransky, M., Strauss, D., Strintzi, D., Studholme, W., Suna, Y., Subba, F., Summers, H. P., Sun, Y., Surdu Bob, C., Surrey, E., Sutton, D. J., Svensson, J., Swain, D., Syme, B. D., Symonds, I. D., Szepesi, T., Szydlowski, A., Tabares, F., Takalo, V., Takenaga, H., Tala, T., Talbot, A. R., Taliercio, C., Tame, C., Tardini, G., Tardocchi, M., Taroni, L., Telesca, G., Terra, A., Terrington, A. O., Testa, D., Theis, J. M., Thomas, J. D., Thomas, P. D., Thomas, P. R., Thompson, V. K., Thomsen, H., Thomser, C., Thyagaraja, A., Tigwell, P. A., Tiseanu, I., Tivey, R., Todd, J. M., Todd, T. N., Tokar, M. Z., Tosti, S., Trabuc, P., Travere, J. M., Treutterer, W., Trimble, P., Trkov, A., Trukhina, E., Tsalas, M., Tsige Tamirat, H., Tsitrone, E., Tskhakaya jun, D., Tudisco, O., Tugarinov, S., Turner, M. M., Turri, G., Tyrrell, S. G. J., Umeda, N., Unterberg, B., Urano, H., Urquhart, A. J., Uytdenhouwen, I., Vaccaro, A., Vadgama, A. P., Vagliasindi, G., Valcarcel, D., Valisa, M., Vallory, J., Valovic, M., Van Eester, D., van Milligen, B., van Rooij, G. J., Varandas, C. A. F., Vartanian, S., Vdovin, V., Vega, J., Verdoolaege, G., Verger, J. M., Vermare, L., Verona, C., Versloot, T. h., Vervier, M., Vicente, J., Villari, S., Villedieu, E., Villone, F., Vince, J. E., Vine, G. J., Viola, B., Vitale, E., Vitelli, R., Vlad, M., Voitsekhovitch, I., Vrancken, M., Vulliez, K., Waldon, C. W. F., Walker, M., Walsh, M. J., Waterhouse, J., Watkins, M. L., Watson, M. J., Wauters, T., Way, M. W., Webb, C. R., Weiland, J., Weisen, H., Weiszflog, M., Wenninger, R., West, A. T., Weulersse, J. M., Weyssow, B., Wheatley, M. R., Whiteford, A. D., Whitehead, A. M., Whitehurst, A. G., Widdowson, A. M., Wieggers, R. C., Wiegmann, C., Wiesen, S., Wilson, A., Wilson, D., Wilson, D. J., Wilson, H. R., Wischmeier, M., Witts, D. M., Wolf, R. C., Wolowski, J., Woscov, P., Wright, G. M., Wright, J., G. S., Xu, Yavorskij, V., Yerashok, V., Yorkshades, J., Young, C., Young, D., Young, I. D., Yuhong, X., Zabeo, L., Zabolotsky, A., Zaccarian, L., Zagorski, R., Zaitsev, F. S., Zajac, S., Zakharov, L., Zanino, R., Zaroschi, V., Zastrow, K. D., Zatz, I., Zefran, B., Zeidner, W., Zerbini, M., Zhang, T., Zhu, Y., Zilli, E., Zimmermann, O., Zoita, V., Zoletnik, S., Zwingman, W., JET EFDA Contributors, Romanelli, F, Laxaback, M, Abel, I, Afanesyev, V, Agarici, G, Aggarwal, K, Airila, M, Akers, R, Alarcon, T, Albanese, R, Alexeev, A, Alfier, A, Allan, P, Almaviva, S, Alonso, A, Alonso, M, Alper, B, Altmann, H, Alves, D, Ambrosino, G, Amosov, V, Anda, G, Andersson, F, Andersson Sunden, E, Andreev, V, Andrew, Y, Angelone, M, Anghel, M, Anghel, A, Angioni, C, Apruzzese, G, Arcis, N, Arena, P, Argouarch, A, Ariola, M, Armitano, A, Armstrong, R, Arnoux, G, Arshad, S, Artaserse, G, Artaud, J, Ash, A, Asp, E, Asunta, O, Atanasiu, C, Atkins, G, Axton, M, Ayres, C, Baciero, A, Bailescu, V, Baiocchi, B, Baker, R, Balboa, I, Balorin, C, Balshaw, N, Banks, J, Baranov, Y, Barbier, D, Barlow, I, Barnard, M, Barnsley, R, Barrena, L, Barrera, L, Baruzzo, M, Basiuk, V, Bateman, G, Batiston, P, Baumgarten, N, Baylor, L, Bazylev, B, Beaumont, P, Beausang, K, Becoulet, M, Bekris, N, Beldishevski, M, Bell, A, Belli, F, Bellinger, M, Bellizio, T, Belo, P, Belonohy, E, Bennett, P, Benterman, N, Berger By, G, Bergsaker, H, Berk, H, Bernardo, J, Bertrand, B, Beurskens, M, Bieg, B, Bienkowska, B, Biewer, T, Bigi, M, Bilato, R, Bird, J, Bizarro, J, Blackman, T, Blanchard, P, Blanco, E, Blum, J, Bobkov, V, Boboc, A, Boilson, D, Bolshakova, I, Bolzonella, T, Boncagni, L, Bonheure, G, Bonnin, X, Borba, D, Borthwick, A, Botrugno, A, Boulbe, C, Bouquey, F, Bourdelle, C, Bovert, K, Bowden, M, Boyce, T, Boyer, H, Bozhenkov, A, Brade, R, Bradshaw, J, Braet, J, Braic, V, Braithwaite, G, Brault, C, Braune, H, Breizman, B, Bremond, S, Brennan, P, Brett, A, Breue, J, Brezinsek, S, Bright, M, Briscoe, F, Brix, M, Brombin, M, Brown, B, Brown, D, Bruschi, A, Brzozowski, J, Bucalossi, J, Buckley, M, Budd, T, Budny, R, Bunting, P, Buratti, P, Burcea, G, Butcher, P, Buttery, R, Cacao, R, Calabro, G, Callaghan, C, Caminade, J, Camp, P, Campling, D, Canik, J, Cannas, B, Capel, A, Carannante, G, Card, P, Cardinali, A, Carlstrom, T, Carman, P, Carralero, D, Carraro, L, Carter, T, Carvalho, B, Carvalho, P, Casati, A, Castaldo, C, Caughman, J, Cavazzana, R, Cavinato, M, Cecconello, M, Cecil, F, Cenedese, A, Centioli, C, Cesario, R, Challis, C, Chandler, M, Chang, C, Chankin, A, Chapman, I, Child, D, Chiru, P, Chitarin, G, Chugonov, I, Ciric, D, Clairet, F, Clarke, R, Clay, R, Clever, M, Coad, J, Coates, P, Coccorese, V, Cocilovo, V, Coda, S, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Coffey, I, Colas, L, Cole, M, Collins, S, Combs, S, Compan, J, Conboy, J, Conroy, S, Cook, N, Cook, S, Coombs, D, Cooper, S, Corre, Y, Corrigan, G, Cortes, S, Coster, D, Counsell, G, Courtois, X, Cox, M, Craciunescu, T, Cramp, S, Crisanti, F, Croft, O, Crombe, K, Crowley, B, Cruz, N, Cupido, L, Curuia, M, Cusack, R, Czarnecka, A, Dalley, S, Daly, E, Dalziel, A, Darrow, D, David, O, Davies, N, Davis, J, Day, I, Day, C, De Angelis, R, de Arcas, G, de Baar, M, de la Cal, E, de la Luna, E, de Pablos, J, De Temmerman, G, De Tommasi, G, de Vries, P, Degli Agostini, F, Delabie, E, del Castillo Negrete, D, Delpech, L, Denisov, G, Denyer, A, Denyer, R, Devaux, S, Devynck, P, Di Matteo, L, Di Pace, L, Dirken, P, Dnestrovskiy, A, Dodt, D, Dominiczak, K, Dorling, S, Douai, D, Down, A, Doyle, P, Drake, J, Dreischuh, T, Drozdov, V, Dumortier, P, Dunai, D, Duran, I, Durodie, F, Dylst, K, Eaton, R, Edlington, T, Edwards, A, Edwards, D, Edwards, P, Eich, T, Ekedahl, A, Elevant, T, Elfimov, A, Ellingboe, B, Elsmore, C, Emmoth, B, Ericsson, G, Eriksson, L, Eriksson, A, Esposito, B, Esser, H, Estrada, T, Evangelidis, E, Evans, G, Ewart, G, Ewers, D, Falchetto, G, Falie, D, Fanthome, J, Farina, D, Farthing, J, Fasoli, A, Faugeras, B, Fedorczak, N, Felton, R, Fenzi, C, Fernandes, H, Ferreira, J, Ferron, J, Fessey, J, Figini, L, Figueiredo, A, Figueiredo, J, Finburg, P, Finken, K, Fischer, U, Fitzgerald, N, Flanagan, J, Fleming, C, Fonseca, A, Forbes, A, Ford, O, Formisano, A, Fraboulet, D, Francis, R, Frassinetti, L, Fresa, R, Friconneau, J, Frigione, D, Fuchs, J, Fullard, K, Fundamenski, W, Furno Palumbo, M, Gafert, J, Gal, K, Galvao, R, Garavaglia, S, Garbet, X, Garcia, J, Garcia Munoz, M, Gardner, W, Garibaldi, P, Garnier, D, Garzotti, L, Gatu Johnson, M, Gaudio, P, Gauthier, E, Gaze, J, Gear, D, Gedney, J, Gee, S, Gelfusa, M, Genangeli, E, Gerasimov, S, Geraud, A, Gerbaud, T, Gherendi, M, Ghirelli, N, Giacalone, J, Giacomelli, L, Gibson, C, Gil, C, Gilligan, S, Gimblett, C, Gin, D, Giovannozzi, E, Giroud, C, Giruzzi, G, Glowacz, S, Godwin, J, Goff, J, Gohil, P, Goloborod'Ko, V, Goncalves, B, Goniche, M, Gonzales, S, Gonzales de Vicente, S, Goodyear, A, Gorelenkov, N, Gorini, G, Goulding, R, Graham, B, Graham, D, Graham, M, Granucci, G, Graves, J, Green, N, Greuner, H, Grigore, E, Griph, F, Grisolia, C, Gros, G, Grossetti, G, Groth, M, Gruenhagen, S, Gryaznevich, M, Guirlet, R, Gulejova, B, Gunn, J, Gupta, A, Guzdar, P, Hacek, P, Hackett, L, Hacquin, S, Haist, B, Hakola, A, Hall, S, Hallworth Cook, S, Hamilton, D, Han, H, Handley, R, Harding, S, Harling, J, Harting, D, Harvey, M, Haupt, T, Havlickova, E, Hawkes, N, Hawryluk, R, Hay, J, Hayashi, N, Haydon, P, Hayward, I, Hazel, S, Heesterman, P, Heidbrink, W, Heikkinen, J, Hellesen, C, Hellsten, T, Hemming, O, Hender, T, Henderson, M, Hennig, C, Hennion, V, Hidalgo, C, Higashijima, S, Hill, J, Hill, M, Hill, K, Hillairet, J, Hillis, D, Hirai, T, Hitchin, M, Hobirk, J, Hogan, C, Hogben, C, Hogeweij, G, Hollingham, I, Holyaka, R, Homfray, D, Honeyands, G, Hong, S, Hopf, C, Horn, B, Horton, A, Horton, L, Hotchin, S, Hough, M, Houlberg, W, Howell, D, Hron, M, Huber, A, Huddleston, T, Hudson, Z, Hughes, M, Huehnerbein, M, Hume, C, Hunt, A, Hunter, C, Hutchinson, T, Huygen, S, Huysmans, G, Hynoenen, V, Ide, S, Igreja, R, Illescas, C, Imbeaux, F, Ivanova, D, Ivings, E, Jachmich, S, Jackson, G, Jacquet, P, Jakubowska, K, Jakubowski, M, James, P, Jaspers, R, Jednorog, S, Jenkins, I, Jennison, M, Jeskins, C, Jin Kwon, O, Joffrin, E, Johnson, M, Johnson, R, Johnson, T, Jolovic, D, Jonauskas, V, Jones, E, Jones, G, Jones, H, Jones, T, Jouvet, M, Jupen, C, Kachtchouk, I, Kaczmarczyk, J, Kallenbach, A, Kaellne, J, Kalupin, D, Kalvin, S, Kamelander, G, Kamendje, R, Kappatou, A, Karttunen, S, Kasparek, W, Katramados, I, Kaufmann, M, Kaveney, G, Kaye, A, Kear, M, Keeling, D, Kelliher, D, Kempenaars, M, Khilar, P, Kidd, N, Kiisk, M, Kim, K, King, R, Kinna, D, Kiptily, V, Kirnev, G, Kirneva, N, Kirov, K, Kirschner, A, Kisielius, R, Kislov, D, Kiss, G, Kiviniemi, T, Kizane, G, Klein, A, Klix, A, Knaup, M, Kneuper, K, Kneupner, H, Knight, P, Knipe, S, Kocan, M, Koechl, F, Kocsis, G, Konz, C, Koppitz, T, Korotkov, A, Koslowski, H, Kotov, V, Kovari, M, Kovarik, K, Kramer, G, Krasilnikov, A, Krasilnikov, V, Kraus, S, Kreter, A, Krieger, K, Kritz, A, Krivchenkov, Y, Kruezi, U, Krychowiak, M, Krylov, S, Ksiazek, I, Kubic, M, Kuhn, S, Kuehnlein, W, Kurki Suonio, T, Kurowski, A, Kuteev, B, Kuyanov, A, La Haye, R, Laan, M, Labate, C, Lachichi, A, Lam, N, Lang, P, Large, M, Lassiwe, I, Last, J, Lawson, K, Layne, R, Lazzaro, E, Le Guern, F, Leblanc, B, Leggate, H, Lehnen, M, Leigheb, M, Lengar, I, Lennholm, M, Lerche, E, Lescure, C, Li, Y, Li Puma, A, Liang, Y, Likonen, J, Lin, Y, Linke, J, Linstead, S, Lipshultz, B, Litaudon, X, Litvak, A, Liu, Y, Loarer, T, Loarte, A, Lobel, R, Lomas, P, Long, F, Loennroth, J, Looker, D, Lopez, J, Lotte, P, Loughlin, M, Loving, A, Lowry, C, Luce, T, Lucock, R, Lukanitsa, A, Lungu, A, Lungu, C, Lyssoivan, A, Macheta, P, Mackenzie, A, Macrae, M, Maddaluno, G, Maddison, G, Madsen, J, Maget, P, Maggi, C, Maier, H, Mailloux, J, Makowski, M, Manning, C, Mansfield, M, Manso, M, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Maraschek, M, Marchetto, C, Marchitti, M, Mardenfeld, M, Marechal, J, Marinelli, M, Marinoni, A, Marinucci, M, Maerki, J, Marocco, D, Marren, C, Martin, D, Martin, G, Martin, Y, Martin Solis, J, Masaki, K, Masiello, A, Maslov, M, Maszl, C, 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Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, 52.55.Fa Tokamaks, spherical tokamak, Materials science, Tokamak, Physics and Astronomy (all), Condensed Matter Physics, Física [Ciências exactas e naturais], Cyclotron, law.invention, Bootstrap current, Physical sciences [Natural sciences], law, Physics::Plasma Physics, ITER, divertor, FIS/03 - FISICA DELLA MATERIA, Nuclear and High Energy Physic, Jet (fluid), Safety factor, Divertor, 52.50.Qt Plasma heating by radio-frequency field, Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, magnetic confinement, Magnetic confinement fusion, Física, 52.55.Rk Power exhaust, JET, overview, Settore FIS/07 - Fisica Applicata(Beni Culturali, Ambientali, Biol.e Medicin), Computational physics, Physical sciences, ICR, ICP, helicons, ___, JET, Beta (plasma physics), Atomic physics, tokamaks
Abstract: Since the last IAEA conference, the scientific programme of JET has focused on the qualification of the integrated operating scenarios for ITER and on physics issues essential for the consolidation of design choices and the efficient exploitation of ITER. Particular attention has been given to the characterization of the edge plasma, pedestal energy and edge localized modes (ELMs), and their impact on plasma facing components (PFCs). Various ELM mitigation techniques have been assessed for all ITER operating scenarios using active methods such as resonant magnetic field perturbation, rapid variation of the radial field and pellet pacing. In particular, the amplitude and frequency of type I ELMs have been actively controlled over a wide parameter range (q(95) = 3-4.8, beta(N)
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26 results on '"S. Rosanvallon"'

1. Recommendations for the future regulation of fusion power plants

2. Radiochemical Analysis of Tritium for ITER Type B Metallic Radwastes

3. Characterization of carbon and tungsten micro-particles mobilized by laser irradiation in order to develop an ITER dust removal technique

4. From eroded material to dust: An experimental evaluation of the mobilised dust production in Tore Supra

5. Dust limit management strategy in tokamaks

6. Experimental investigation on laser removal of carbon and tungsten particles

7. Dust control in tokamak environment

8. Waste Management for ITER and for a Fusion Reactor

9. Waste management within the framework of ITER in Cadarache

10. Steel Detritiation by Melting with Gas Bubbling

11. Clearance, recycling and disposal of fusion activated material

12. Steel detritiation, optimization of a process

13. Micro-particles in ITER: A comprehensive review

14. Investigation of steady-state tokamak issues by long pulse experiments on Tore Supra

15. Control of Dust Inventory in Tokamaks

16. Diagnostics for Dust Monitoring in Tokamak Environment

17. In situ Tokamak laser applications for detritiation and deposited layers studies

18. Progress in technology at JET

19. Overview of recent JET results in preparation for ITER operation: Interplay between technical and scientific progress

20. Mitigation of the hydrogen risk in fusion facilities: the first experimental results

21. ANALYSIS OF AN IN-SERVICE RUPTURE OF THE INNER FIRST WALL OF TORE SUPRA

22. Dust in ITER: Diagnostics and removal techniques

23. First results from dust detection during plasma discharges on Tore Supra

24. Deuterium inventory in Tore Supra: reconciling particle balance and post-mortem analysis

25. Overview of recent JET results in preparation for ITER operation: Interplay between technical and scientific progress

26. Overview of JET results

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26 results on '"S. Rosanvallon"'

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