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Background: Green syntheses of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts have potential anti- cancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties, among other aspects. The aim of the present study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Vernonia cinerea plant extract. Methods: The AgNPs were successfully prepared and characterized using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, particle size, Zeta potential, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry. The in vitro cytotoxicity study was performed using neuroblastoma SHSY-5Y cell lines. Moreover, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity studies were also performed for AgNPs. Results: The size of AgNPs determined through the dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique was 49.5 nm and the zeta potential was -36.8 mV. The synthesized AgNPs were checked using UV-Visible spectroscopy at ƛmax 439 nm. The color was changed from green to dark brown, indicating the formation of AgNPs. The TEM study revealed that the nanoparticles were spherical in shape. The XRD pattern of AgNPs produced in this experiment was apparently crystalline. The results of FTIR study revealed that the majority of the obtained peaks correspond to the polyphenols, triterpenoids, and alkaloids which were abundant in the corresponding to the V. cinerea leaf extract and support to the formation of AgNPs. The cytotoxicity effect of the V. cinerea plant extract and biosynthesized AgNPs was found to be dosedependent. From the results of antimicrobial studies, it was reported that the gram negative bacteria were found to be more susceptible compared to the gram positive bacteria. Moreover, the results of antioxidant study revealed that the AgNPs showed good antioxidant activity (77.21%) in comparison to the V. cinerea plant extract (56.13%). Conclusion: Based on the results, it could be concluded that the green synthesized silver nanoparticles showed promising anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-bacterial activities as compared to the plain V. cineria plant extract.

Morquio syndrome is a progressive lysosomal storage disorder leading to accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in the soft tissue, cartilage, and bone causing skeletal dysplasia. : We present a four-year-old child diagnosed with right side inguinal hernia posted for herniotomy. He had a large head with short neck and kyphoscoliosis. Pre-operative MRI whole spine shows a hypoplastic dens causing canal stenosis, indenting the cord at C1 level. General Anesthesia was planned. With a video laryngoscope on standy by, patient was induced after stabilizing the neck with a custom neck collar and the airway was secured with a Proseal Laryngeal Mask Airway.: The airway management can be challenging because of accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in the soft tissue of upper airway and limited mouth opening due to involvement of temporo mandibular joints. A thorough pre-operative evaluation of airway must be done and a well planned anaesthetic technique must be executed.

Purpose This paper aims to analyse various failures that Indian innovative start-ups (ISs) are exposed to and proposes interventions from management accounting tools (MATs) that can tackle their failure-causing risks. This paper justifies the applicability of contingency theory (CT) for applying MATs for failure prevention and risk management. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses multimethod research while undertaking two sequential studies. The methods include a Survey via semi-structured interviews of 51 specialists and media reports and the Delphi method. Findings Reasons for the failures of Indian ISs have been identified and grouped based on eight broad underlying risk factors. Appropriate MATs relevant to ISs have been identified and examined by relating them with the risk factors underlying failure. Applicability of CT is shown while using the MATs for failure prevention and risk management of ISs. Research limitations/implications This study is limited to the Indian context. Empirical validation of the applicability of MATs for each type of failure along the lifecycle stages of ISs needs to be undertaken. Practical implications Founders/owners of ISs can use this conceptual framework to tackle the risks underlying the failure of their firms. Policymakers can introduce appropriate policies to enhance the survival of ISs. Researchers can further explore the application of CT for failure prevention and risk management of ISs. Originality/value A conceptual framework has been developed relating failure-causing risk factors relevant to ISs and appropriate MATs, which justifies the applicability of CT.

This case focuses on how a lifestyle enterprise has used strategies to survive amidst the COVID-19 crisis. It explores how a lifestyle enterprise, ‘The Square Inch’, a quilting studio, (a) conducts teaching workshops, (b) stitches and sells quilts and (c) sells raw materials and accessories, including sewing machines required for quilting. The case provides a detailed account of the risks, uncertainties and crises faced by a lifestyle enterprise and its entrepreneur during its founding and growth. This case also highlights how resilience, entrepreneurial orientation and innovation can be used as survival strategies to overcome challenges. The case engages students to understand the survival strategies employed by a lifestyle entrepreneur in times of crisis.

Start-ups are entrepreneurial ventures, having a high risk of failure (Bortolini et al., 2018; Spender et al., 2017). The risk of failures of Start-ups can be minimized if they are characterized well, and the appropriate macro- and micro-level policy interventions can be introduced. Our literature review (LR) on Start-ups reveals that they are addressed by different names, namely, Hi-Tech firms, University spin-offs, Innovative Start-ups (ISs), Lean Start-ups, Silicon Valley Start-ups and New Technology-Based Firms (NTBF). (Tripathi, Seppanen et al., 2018; Silva et al., 2020; Wiesenberg et al., 2020). It is also observed that Start-ups are referred to as small business and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). A systematic literature review (SLR) of Start-ups is presented here and used as the basis for characterizing them. We propose (proposition-1) that these Start-up firms, addressed by different names, as referred above, can be grouped, characterized and identified as ISs. Based on a robust characterization of ISs, this article proposes that ISs are a subset of MSMEs. From a comparative study of ISs and MSME, we propose (proposition-2) a framework that shows MSMEs can be conceptually split into ISs and Conventional MSMEs (C-MSMEs), with an intersection between ISs and C-MSME. This study has also identified four new research areas related to Start-ups and MSMEs. The above characterization and differentiation of ISs from other entrepreneurial ventures will help policymakers, entrepreneurs, and investors to understand ISs and C-MSMEs better and develop suitable policy interventions and risk mitigation strategies.

Nowadays environmental conditions are monitored using distributed sensors that react to the environment conditions and send the collected data over wireless channels. Every sensor’s availability on...

This article investigates both the negative and positive impacts of a crisis on Entrepreneurial Ventures. The behaviour of Entrepreneurial Ventures during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis is studied by undertaking a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) using Bibliometrics of 154 related publications. After analyzing the literature, the behaviour of Entrepreneurial Ventures during the crisis is synthesized and presented as a Phenomenon Structure Diagram, which highlights a combination of Entrepreneurial Actions (EAs) and Entrepreneurial Orientations (EOs), with Entrepreneurial Supports (ESs) employed by them to manage the crisis. This combination of EAs and EOs with ESs is contingent on the surrounding environment, and they aid in minimizing the risk of failure as well as leverage new opportunities. We propose and develop a conceptual model that a combination of EAs and EOs with ESs, referred to as Entrepreneurial Interventions, can better manage a crisis or disaster and improve organizational resilience. This multi-disciplinary study contributes towards theory development that Entrepreneurial Interventions can be made as a crisis and disaster management strategy.

The recent research in biocompatible materials has been useful in replacing and supporting the fractured natural human bones/joints. Under some condition, negative reaction like release of ions from the bare metal toward the human body fluid leads to corrosion. In this proposed research paper, the biocompatibility of the laser surface-modified austenitic stainless steel (SS316L) and nickel-based superalloy (Inconel 718) was studied. The investigation on laser-modified surfaces is evaluated through electrochemical polarization analysis using simulated body fluid (SBF). The samples subjected to electrochemical polarization analysis were characterized by optical image analysis, SEM, EDS, and XRD analysis. It was inferred that laser surface-modified materials provided enhanced corrosion resistance and bare nickel alloy is more susceptible to corrosion by SBF.

Speech enhancement is a challenging problem due to the diversity of noise sources and their effects in different applications. The goal of speech enhancement is to improve the quality and intelligibility of speech by reducing noise. Many research works in speech enhancement have been accomplished in English and other European Languages. There has been limited or no such works or efforts in the past in the context of Tamil speech enhancement in the literature. The aim of the proposed method is to reduce the background noise present in the Tamil speech signal by using wavelets. New modified thresholding function is introduced. The proposed method is evaluated on several speakers and under various noise conditions including White Gaussian noise, Babble noise and Car noise. The Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Mean Square Error (MSE) and Mean Opinion Score (MOS) results show that the proposed thresholding function improves the speech enhancement compared to the conventional hard and soft thresholding methods.

Climate change drastically affects the cultivation of rice, and its production is affected significantly by water stress. Adaptation of a plant to water deficit conditions is orchestrated by efficient water uptake and a stringently regulated water loss. Transpiration remains the major means of water loss from plants and is mediated by microscopic pores called stomata. Stomatal aperture gating is facilitated by ion channels and aquaporins (AQPs) which regulate the turgidity of the guard cells. In a similar manner, efficient water uptake by the roots is regulated by the presence of AQPs in the plasma membrane of root cells. In this study, we compare the efficiency of transmembrane water permeability in guard cells and root protoplasts from drought-tolerant and sensitive varieties of Oryza sativa L. In this report, we studied the transmembrane osmotic water permeability (Pos) of guard cell and root protoplasts of drought-sensitive and tolerant cultivars. The guard cells isolated from the drought-sensitive lowland rice variety ADT-39 show significant low osmotic permeability than the drought-tolerant rice varieties of Anna (lowland) and Dodda Byra Nellu (DBN) (upland local land rice). There is no significant difference in relative gene expression patterns of PIPs (Plasma membrane Intrinsic Proteins "PIP1" and "PIP2" subfamilies) in guard cells isolated from ADT-39 and Anna. While the expression levels of AQP genes remain the same between ADT-39 and Anna, there is a drastic difference in their osmotic permeability in the guard cells in spite of a higher number of stomata in Anna and DBN, hinting at a more efficient gating mechanism of AQP in the stomata of the drought-tolerant varieties studied.

Anaesthesia for panfacial fracture reduction is a challenge to anaesthetist. Oral and nasal intubation makes good reduction difficult for the surgeon. Tracheostomy carries high risk. Submental intubation would be the better alternative for short term airway management. Using flexible broncoscope makes even difficult intubations successful.

This paper analyses the existing productivity measurement system for shipbuilding and brings out the gaps in the present system. In shipbuilding, often partial productivity is measured, due to the difficulties associated with calculating total productivity. Measurement of total productivity requires computation of multifactor efficiency and this can be evaluated using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), which is a mathematical linear programming technique. The need to measure multifactor efficiency for shipbuilding has been investigated in this paper. It is proposed that efficiency estimation using DEA by considering Compensated Gross Tonnage (CGT) of ships along with the shipbuilding effort using Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) would be a scientific method for measuring shipbuilding productivity.

China has today acquired the capability to build a plethora of warships, submarines and commercial ships and it has achieved this capability at a rapid pace. The achievement necessitates a study of both China's warships and commercial shipbuilding industry. This paper examines the Chinese shipbuilding industry and elucidates the roles performed by the shipyards, ancillary industries and the Government. It reveals that the primary reason for the success of Chinese shipbuilding industry is the supportive role performed by the Government, by way of introducing reforms in the economic and industrial policies and the timely moves on the part of the Chinese shipyards to improve their infrastructure and productivity.

In this ca se report, we present an event of a 65 - year - old man with a diagnosed that, increased spleen size 120×90mm with two hypo echoic lesion s with areas of cystic degeneration of sizes of 45×36mm ( 35 ml ) noted in upper poles and 49×40mm ( 65 ml ) noted in lower pol es of spleen by ultrasonograpic images . T he spleen absces s formation may due to infections , but the splenic hilum is normal . We expectantly managed the patient ’ s by treated with intravenous antibiotics for 7 days . Finally, the patient has extubated success fully and discharge from hospital . Treatment was well with, one month follow ed up . There has been no evidence of recurrent infection

Path Finding Robot or BEAM (Biological Electronic Aesthetic Mechanical) robot is an obstacle sensing robot, an application of embedded systems that changes its direction of motion when it senses the presence of obstacle in its path. It also acts as an Automatic Guided Vehicle (industrial applications) to handle materials. The obstacle is sensed by means of an infra red sensor placed in front end of the robot. When the obstacle is sensed the stepper motor changes the direction of motion of the robot as per the program embedded in it. The path is pre programmed as we know where we use the robot, the change in direction of motion when the obstacle is sensed can also be preprogrammed. We used ATMEL microcontroller (ATMEL 89c51) for controlling the robot. A servo motor is used for the motion of the robot. [1][2][3]The speed of robot's movement can be adjusted by using an appropriate gear set. The robot can be used to transport materials in hazardous environment where it is difficult for human beings to carry that operation. This can be modified slightly and it can be used as a vehicle for aiding blind people. Technology is revolutionizing the medical field with the creation of robotic devices and complex imaging. Though these developments have made operations much less invasive, robotic systems have their own disadvantages that prevent them from replacing surgeons. Robotic surgery can be further divided into three subcategories depending on the degree of surgeon interaction during the procedure, supervisory-controlled, telesurgical, and shared-control.

Let $ G $ be a graph of size $ q $ and $ a $, $ n $, $ d $ be positive integers for which $ \frac{n}{2}(2a+(n-1)d)\le q