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This article shows the possibility of applying short-term (fast) indicators of economic security to analyze crisis phenomena in the economy of Russia. The system includes the indicators adopted in the Strategy for the Economic Security of the Russian Federation up to 2030. It is proposed to jointly analyze these indicators through new nonlinear normalizing functions that contain their threshold and target values as parameters. The fast indicators system is used to analyze four economic crises in Russia, including their prerequisites and the pace and depth of the recession and subsequent recovery of the real economy and other sectors, such as the financial and social sectors, and foreign trade. Integral indices are synthesized for these sectors, the composite index of economic security is calculated, and the patterns of their joint movement are considered. The RTS index is singled out among the forward-looking indices that can be potential forerunners of a crisis.

A system of short-term indicators of economic security of Russia has been suggested for possible use in predicting the origin of crises. A comparative analysis of the 1998–1999, 2008–2009, and 2014–2015 crises has been performed. The formative premises of the crises and their impact on financial sector, real economy, foreign trade, and social welfare have been considered. A technique of synthesizing average indexes in different projections of economic security system has been suggested, and the particularities of their joint combined dynamics have been considered.

This paper offers a study of economic security of the Volga Federal District based on the case study of economic security of the regions it comprises. Shows indicative system of region economic security containing twenty indicators grouped into four projections (economic, social, innovation, ecology). The document offers a method of monitoring the economic security indicators based on reducing the same to dimensionless form and comparing the resulting indices with the relevant threshold values. This method allows to analyze at the same time various aspects of economic security and conduct the comparative analysis of regions, using rated indicators. The use of difficult normalizing functions allowed to expand the dynamic range of results visualization and define economically viable «risk zones», removals of indicators reflecting the degree from their threshold values. For each indicator, the comparative analysis of regions of the Volga Federal District is provided. The tools offered in the article can be used for an assessment of economic security of regions and the federal districts of Russia.

We discuss the results of studies of natural and artificial small-scale turbulence in the upper ionosphere. The first data on the spectrum of sizes of irregularities at altitudes 240–340 km were obtained in the 1970s by the method of aspect scattering of radio waves and the method of radio-raying of the ionosphere by radio signals from Earth-orbiting satellites. New data on the irregularities with a size of about 20 m were obtained by the method of backscattering of radio waves in the period 2009–2011 using the “Sura” facility radar. The radar measurements allow one to complement the empirical model of irregularities in the F layer of the ionosphere.

This paper proposes a balanced scorecard (BSC) of sustainable development in the region, including economic, environmental, social indicators and indicators of innovational development. The analysis of the dynamics of sustainable development indicators of Nizhny Novgorod region for the period 2000-2009 was made in comparison with the corresponding average figures for Russia. In addition to the detailed analysis of each indicator used in the BSC, the index approach which allows exploring major trends in sustainable socio-economic system as a whole was used. Since all parameters of the BSC have different dimensions, the technique of nonlinear transformation of these parameters on a single dimensionless scale was suggested, its chosen interval was [0,1]. This technique allows to describe the mapping parameters as compared with those of the same system in the base period (the "dynamic model") and average values of the corresponding indicator for a group of similar objects in the same period ("comparative model"). Analysis of the indexes makes it possible to assess the sustainability of each projection of the BSC. Additionally, you can instantly calculate the composite index as the sum of the indices of all components of the BSC with regard to their significance. Basing on the results of the analysis, key challenges to sustainable development in the region were identified.

The signals of radio-wave backscattering from small-scale irregularities located at the altitudes from 200 to 400 km were first recorded by the “Sura” facility radar in 2006. The experiments with the “Sura” facility were repeated in the summer of 2009. Radar signals scattered in the altitude range 300–500 km were observed in 10% of the cases. Pronounced variation in the radar-signal intensity was observed during modification of the ionosphere by high-power radio waves. We discuss the possibility of an experimental study of the spectrum of small-scale turbulence in the upper ionosphere by the modified method of backscattering of HF waves.

We present the results of numerical simulation and physical experiments to verify the possibility of generating a virtual superluminal VLF source by HF ionospheric heating with a scanning beam.

The results of an investigation of VLF radiation generated by a mobile ionospheric source are presented. Radiation at frequency F appears due to the operation of two powerful HF transmitters at frequencies f and f±F fed to two space-separated antennas. The intensity of the signals received at the ground depends on the location of the source with respect to the receiving point and is determined by the sign and value of the frequency shift F. The proposed model of the phenomena satisfactorily explains the experimental results.

The essence of the correlation-sounding method is to take the correlation function of direct and ionosphere-reflected signals.

Partial realization of such a control algorithm allowed us in a number of experiments to increase the registration time and intensity of scattered ultrashort waves