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1. Recent and Historic Andean Snowpack and Streamflow Variations and Vulnerability to Water Shortages in Central-Western Argentina

Author

M.H. Masiokas, R. Villalba, B.H. Luckman, E. Montaña, E. Betman, D. Christie, C. Le Quesne, and S. Mauget

Subjects
Water resources, Geography, Climatology, Streamflow, Snowmelt, Vulnerability, Structural basin, Snowpack, Snow, Natural (archaeology)
Abstract

The accumulation of snow during winter and its subsequent melting during warmer months provide most of the water needed for the human populations located along the semiarid western and eastern slopes of the Andes in central Chile and central-western Argentina. The societies in these regions can be characterized as ‘hydraulic societies,’ as social tissues are strongly associated with intensive use of water resources that historically have been adapted to ‘control’ a hostile natural environment. This chapter first discusses various empirical analyses of snowpack and streamflow records that demonstrate (1) the dominant influence of snowmelt on the hydrologic regimes of the main rivers of the region, (2) the impressive similarities in these records at interannual and interdecadal timescales, and (3) the strong relationships that exist with El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) features in the tropical Pacific. The authors also use the snowpack and streamflow records available to identify the most severe dry and wet periods in this portion of the Andes over the past 100 years. Two recently developed snowpack reconstructions that extend the instrumental records for several centuries are subsequently discussed in an attempt to provide evidence that may help assess the recent patterns observed in the instrumental records in a long-term perspective. This evidence may also be used to test the time stability of the relationships with large-scale ocean–atmosphere features and to validate the results from global and local modeling exercises intended to project future hydroclimatic changes in this region. The final discussion is on the inherent vulnerabilities associated with the scarce water resources of the inhabitants of the Rio Mendoza Basin in Argentina. This exercise allows an interesting analysis to better understand the historic, current, and possibly future socioeconomic situation of the different players of this hydraulic society. Comprehensive assessments integrating results from natural and social studies are suggested as an innovative approach to anticipate future vulnerabilities to water shortages and to develop adaptation strategies toward resilience.

Published
2013
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2. List of Contributors

Author

E.A. Abayomi, A. AghaKouchak, M. Ahmed, A.S. Akanda, V.P. Aneja, I. Annesi Maesano, S.R. Archer, J.S. Ayivor, A.K.M. Azad Hossain, D. Baldocchi, L.T. Barnard, A.P. Barros, R.J. Barthelmie, P. Bates, B.M. Beamon, D. Becker, R. Becker, A. Beckingham, H. Belhouchette, K.M. Best, B.T. Bestelmeyer, E. Betman, T. Blenckner, G. Blöschl, C. Boisvenue, S. Bolton, M. Borga, F. Booker, L.S. Borma, B. Bornstein, M.L. Brooks, J. Brown, R. Buckley, S.J. Burian, L. Burkle, C.D. Butler, M.F. Cardoso, L. Cecchi, F.S. Chapin, J. Chen, N. Chhetri, K. Chouinard, D. Christie, T. Chuluun, A.B. Cinderich, N.-E. Clausen, H. Cloke, J.E. Compton, A.C. Comrie, M. Convertino, I.M. Côté, T. Cull, D. Darko, E.S. Darling, M.A. Davis, S.D. Ddumba, M. De Felice, A.M. Degu, R. Dennis, J.H. Diaz, D. Doubler, G. D’Amato, G. Eilerts, R.W. Elmore, N. Emery, C.M. Fang, B.M. Fekete, L.P. Fong, C. Funk, H.E. Gall, K.A. Galvin, X. Gao, A.S. Gebregiorgis, A.T. Ghebreegziabhe, G. Giebel, H.R. Gimblett, J.H. Goldstein, J. Gonzalez Cruz, C. Gordon, P.Y. Groisman, S. Hajat, E. Hanna, L. Hanna, M. Hashizume, K.M. Havstad, Y. He, Z. He, B. Hill, M.T. Hoffman, T. Holcombe, F. Hossain, J.T. Hoverman, K. Hsu, G. Husak, S. Islam, S. Jha, P.T.J. Johnson, A.K. Joshi, S. Jules-Plag, A.S. Jutla, M. Kafatos, A.J. Kalyanapu, E.M. Karlsson, C. Katsman, G.A. Kiker, S.-H. Kim, W. Kimmerer, T.G.F. Kittel, T. Kjellstrom, A. Klein Tank, R.W. Knight, S. Koranteng, S. Kovats, C. Kremen, R. Lal, R.B. Lammers, M.A. Lange, S.G. Larsen, J.J. Lawler, B. Lemke, M.C. Lemos, G. Lenderink, D.J. LePoire, C. Le Quesne, I. Linkov, Z. Liu, L.H. Logan, L. López-Hoffman, C. Lowe, B.H. Luckman, S.M. Mahbubur Rahman, A.S. Mahiny, D. Manful, A.S. Mase, M.H. Masiokas, S. Mauget, A.M. Mensah, S. Mihaltcheva, A. Milewski, C.A. Miller, V. Mishra, C. Mitra, P. Modak, S.A. Moges, U.C. Mohanty, Y. Molina, S.L. Molloy, H.C. Monger, E. Montaña, A. Montanari, R. Munoz-Carpena, F. Nardi, S. Niiranen, J. Nikolic, B. Nishat, J. Niu, D. Niyogi, C.A. Nobre, D. Nukpezah, B.D. Ofori, D.S. Ojima, G.S. Okin, J.D. Olden, F.O. Otieno, P. Owens, O. Pabi, A. Papalexopoulos, F. Pappenberger, J. Park, B. Parkes, S.H. Paull, T. Pearce, D. Penna, null Perdinan, R. Perry-Hill, D.P.C. Peters, R. Picon, J. Pillich, P. Pinson, H.-P. Plag, A.M. Pollyea, W. Powers, L.S. Prokopy, S.C. Pryor, A. Rango, M. Rao, P.S.C. Rao, H. Rashid, Y.A. Rawade, D.K. Ray, A.L. Renaud, M. Rodell, A.A. Rosenberg, J. Rowland, J. Rudek, S.W. Running, P.M. Ruti, D.J. Sailor, O.E. Sala, Z. Samaras, N. Sarafoglou, O.J. Schmitz, R.J. Scholes, D. Scott, T.R. Seastedt, P. Sequera, S.M. Shah-Newaz, A. Shakeela, J.M. Shepherd, A.I. Shiklomanov, S.S. Shinde, C.K. Shum, A.H.M. Siddique-E-Akbor, K. Smart, B. Smit, M.D. Smith, E.J. Soper, S. Sorooshian, I. Souissi, B. Spencer, G. Sreckovic, R. Steiger, T.J. Stohlgren, N. Sturchio, K.N. Suding, M. Sultan, L. Sun, D.K. Swain, D.R. Taub, A. te Linde, N. Temani, L. Thompson, S.W. Todd, A. Troccolli, A.G. Tsikalakis, M.R. Tuinstra, C.E. Tweedie, E. Tweneboah-Lawson, J.M. Tylianakis, V. Vaddella, B. van den Hurk, V. Venugopal, J. Verdin, A. Viglione, R. Villalba, K. Vincent, E.R. Vivoni, J.G. Voss, I. Vouitsis, Z.N. Vrontisi, J. Wahr, T. Walsh, X. Wang, M.J. Weaver, F. Wetterhall, J.A. Winkler, A.T. Woldemichael, A.W. Wood, E. Yan, W. Yigzaw, D. Yirenya-Tawiah, D.R. Young, A.M. Zaman, C. Zavalloni, W. Zhang, and O.G. Zolina

Published
2013
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3. Streamflow variations across the Andes (18°-55°S) during the instrumental era.

Author

Masiokas MH, Cara L, Villalba R, Pitte P, Luckman BH, Toum E, Christie DA, Le Quesne C, and Mauget S

Abstract

The rivers originating in the southern Andes (18°-55°S) support numerous ecosystems and a large number of human populations and socio-economic activities in the adjacent lowlands of Chile, Argentina and Bolivia. Here we show that ca. 75% of the total variance in the streamflow records from this extensive region can be explained by only eight spatially coherent patterns of variability. Five (three) of these Andean patterns exhibit extreme dry (wet) conditions in recent years, with strong interannual variations in northern Chile; long-term drying trends between 31° and 41°S; a transitional pattern in the central Patagonian Andes; and increasing trends in northwestern Argentina and southern Bolivia, the Fueguian Andes, and the eastern portion of the South Patagonian Icefield. Multivariate regression analyses show that large-scale indices of ENSO variability can predict 20% to 45% of annual runoff variability between 28° and 46°S. The influence of Antarctic and North Pacific indices becomes more relevant south of 43°S and in northwestern Argentina and southern Bolivia, respectively, but their overall skill as predictors of Andean streamflows is weak. The analyses provide relevant new information to improve understanding of the spatial coherence, the main temporal features, and the ocean-atmospheric forcings of surface runoff across the southern Andes.

Published
2019
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