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Introduction: Dental Treatment for an anxious child has always been a challenge to the pediatric dentist. Nitrous oxide has been documented as a safe and effective pharmacological mean of behaviour management which results in anxiolytic and analgesic effects along with slight amnesic effect. The objective of the study is to evaluate the amnesic effects of nitrous oxide during treatment at 30% and 50% concentrations of nitrous oxide and after 100% oxygen for 3 minutes. Materials and method: 30 Healthy Children (ASA I) of age group 7-12 years undergoing extraction were included in the study. Amnesic effects were evaluated visually by showing various cartoon pictures before the start of the treatment (A1) and subsequently asking the child to recognise them after 30% (A2), 50% (A3) nitrous oxide and after 100% oxygen (A4). Results: Nitrous oxide showed amnesic effects at various titration levels. Discussion: Any invasive dental intervention makes even a cooperative child uncooperative in the subsequent visits. However, any substance having amnesic effect results in no negative memory of the painful procedure performed.Nitrous oxide seems to be promising as a safe and potent amnesic agent. Conclusion: Nitrous oxide shows amnesic effects which can be helpful as it won’t let the child create any traumatic memory of the treatment.

The pathogenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 virus responsible for COVID-19 disease is ever unravelling. Researchers are continuously generating evidence regarding the mechanism of the infection and its complications. There is also an attempt to understand the role of various biomolecules in preventing or treating COVID-19 disease and its complications. Trials show that Vitamin D decreases the rate of admission in ICU. Vitamin C is known to exert the positive influence in decreasing the intensity of viral infections and severe sepsis. Vitamin B12 plays a pivotal role in gut microbiome management. Dietary supplementation of micronutrients with defined roles in immune function can streamline the balance of the body’s immune reaction, lessening the incidence of infections and ICU hospital stay. The focus of this review is to apply our modern knowledge of vitamin D, B12 and C as micronutrients & facilitator of immune competence. We suggest that vitamins D, B12 and C may serve as attenuators to COVID-19 symptoms. Large randomized trials are required to confirm this hypothesis.

Mrk 590 is a known changing-look AGN which almost turned off in 2012, and then in 2017 partially re-ignited into a repeat flaring state, unusual for an AGN. Our \emph{Swift} observations since 2013 allow us to characterise the accretion-generated emission and its reprocessing in the central engine of a changing-look AGN. The X-ray and UV variability amplitudes are higher than those typically observed in `steady-state' AGN at similar moderate accretion rates; instead, the variability is similar to that of highly accreting AGN. The unusually strong X-ray to UV correlation suggests that the UV-emitting region is directly illuminated by X-ray outbursts. We find evidence that the X-rays are reprocessed by two UV components, with the dominant one at $\sim$3 days and a faint additional reprocessor at near-zero lag. However, we exclude a significant contribution from diffuse broad line region continuum, known to contribute for bona-fide AGN. A near-zero lag is expected for a standard `lamp-post' disk reprocessing model with a driving continuum source near the black hole. That the overall UV response is dominated by the $\sim$3-day lagged component suggests a complicated reprocessing geometry, with most of the UV continuum not produced in a compact disk, as also found in recent studies of NGC 5548 and NGC 4151. Nonetheless, the observed flares display characteristic timescales of $\sim$100 rest-frame days, consistent with the expected thermal timescale in an accretion disk., Comment: 25 pages; published in MNRAS, Dec 2nd 2022. Updated to correct incorrect citation in bibliography, Jan 2nd 2023

Cavernous venous malformations of the cavernous sinus are rare, benign tumors that account for 2%‐3% of all cavernous sinus lesions. An accurate pretreatment diagnosis is important due to the highly vascular nature of these lesions and the risk of major intraoperative hemorrhage. A shifting preference toward radiosurgery as a primary treatment, increasingly without a pretreatment biopsy, further underscores the need for an accurate imaging diagnosis. The aim of this pictorial review is to illustrate the imaging findings of cavernous sinus venous malformations on CT and MR imaging, the use of red blood cell scintigraphy as an adjunct imaging technique, relevant differential diagnoses, and management.Learning Objective: To describe the main imaging features of cavernous sinus venous malformations using CT, MR imaging, and red blood cell scintigraphy to differentiate them from other common lesions of the cavernous sinus

AT2019pev is a nuclear transient in a narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy at $z=0.096$. The archival ultraviolet, optical and infrared data showed features of both tidal disruption events (TDEs) and active galactic nuclei (AGNs), and its nature is not fully understood. We present detailed X-ray observations of AT2019pev taken with Swift, Chandra and NICER over 173 days of its evolution since the first Swift XRT epoch. The X-ray luminosity increases by a factor of five in five days from the first Swift XRT epoch to the lightcurve peak. The lightcurve decays by a factor of ten over $\sim$75 days and then flattens with a weak re-brightening trend at late times. The X-ray spectra show a "harder-when-brighter" trend before peak and a "harder-when-fainter" trend after peak, which may indicate a transition of accretion states. The archival ground-based optical observations show similar time evolution as the X-ray lightcurves. Beyond the seasonal limit of the ground-based observations, the Gaia lightcurve is rising toward an equally bright or brighter peak 223 days after the optical discovery. Combining our X-ray analysis and archival multi-wavelength data, AT2019pev more closely resembles an AGN transient., 14 pages, 6 figures; submitted to MNRAS

The photometric time series of solar-like stars can exhibit rotational modulation due to active regions co-rotating with the stellar surface, allowing us to constrain stellar rotation and magnetic activity. In this work we investigate the behavior, particularly the variability, of the photometric magnetic activity of Kepler solar-like stars and compare it with that of the Sun. We adopted the photometric magnetic activity proxy Sph, which was computed with a cadence of 5 x the rotation period, Prot. The average Sph was taken as the mean activity level, and the standard deviation was taken as a measure of the temporal variation of the magnetic activity over the observations. We also analyzed Sun-as-a-star photometric data from VIRGO. Sun-like stars were selected from a very narrow parameter space around the solar properties. We also looked into KIC 8006161 (HD 173701), an active metal-rich G dwarf, and we compared its magnetic activity to that of stars with similar stellar parameters. We find that the amplitude of Sph variability is strongly correlated with its mean value, independent of spectral type. An equivalent relationship has been found for ground-based observations of chromospheric activity emission and magnetic field strength, but in this work we show that photometric Kepler data also present the same behavior. While, depending on the cycle phase, the Sun is among the less active stars, we find that the solar Sph properties are consistent with those observed in Kepler Sun-like stars. KIC 8006161 is, however, among the most active of its peers, which tend to be metal-rich. This results from an underlying relationship between Prot and metallicity and supports the following interpretation of the magnetic activity of KIC 8006161: its strong activity is a consequence of its high metallicity, which affects the depth of the convection zone and, consequently, the efficiency of the dynamo., Published in A&A; 12 pages including 11 figures and 3 tables (main text); 10 additional pages including 17 figures and 5 tables (appendix)

Legends and Methods

Supplemental Figure: Differential activation of p38 in breast and colon cancer cell lines

Optoelectronic devices based on metal halide perovskites continue to show a improved performance, and solution based coating techniques pave the way for large area applications. However, not all parameters influencing the thin film formation process of metal halide perovskites are identified and entirely rationalised over their full compositional range, thus hampering optimised thin film fabrication. Furthermore, while the perovskite deposition via spin coating and annealing is an easily accessible technique, more profound insights into the chemical formation process are still lacking. Varying the precursor solution concentration is commonly used to vary the resulting thin film thickness. This study shows that varying the precursor solution concentration also affects the thin film morphology and optoelectronic quality. Hence, we herein investigate the influence of the precursor solution concentration on the formation process of a pure bromide based triple cation perovskite Cs0.05MA0.10FA0.85PbBr3 by fiber based optical in situ measurement. During the spin coating process, in situ UV vis and PL measurements reveal formation kinetics are strongly dependent on the concentration. Furthermore, we identify delayed nucleation and retarded growth kinetics for more concentrated precursor solutions. In addition, we quantify the shifting chemical equilibrium of colloidal pre coordination in the precursor solution depending on concentration. Namely, colloids are pre organised to a higher degree and higher coordination lead bromide complexes tend to form in more concentrated precursor solutions. Thus, the modified solution chemistry rationalises retarded perovskite formation kinetics and highlights the precursor concentration as an influential and optimisable parameter for solution based thin film deposition

Introduction: The percentage of patients initiating dialysis at an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≤9 mL/min/1.73 m2 decreased between 2000 and 2018 in the USA. Clinical practice guidelines recommend basing the decision to initiate dialysis primarily on uremic signs and symptoms rather than on a particular level of kidney function. However, what signs and symptoms currently practicing nephrologists consider “uremic,” how they weigh eGFR and other factors in the decision to initiate dialysis have not been reported. Methods: The study was an online survey of 255 US nephrologists, conducted between August and October 2021. Results: Nearly half of respondents (49.8%) had an absolute lower eGFR (8.4 [95% CI: 7.6, 9.2] mL/min/1.73 m2) at which they would initiate dialysis in an asymptomatic patient. The top 5 symptoms that would trigger a recommendation to initiate dialysis were loss of appetite/nausea/vomiting (17%), low eGFR (10%), shortness of breath (10%), declining physical ability/function (9%), and generalized weakness (9%). Poor nutritional status and physical function decline were considered very important in the decision to initiate dialysis by 64% and 55% of respondents, respectively. Nephrologists surveyed significantly shortened the time to dialysis initiation in response to declining physical function in an otherwise asymptomatic (hypothetical) patient. Conclusions: Nearly half of nephrologists sometimes based their decision to initiate dialysis on eGFR alone. The eGFR threshold at which they did so was lower than has been examined in randomized controlled trials of dialysis initiation. Initiatives designed to safely delay dialysis through aggressive medical management could focus on modifiable factors that are the most important drivers of the decision to initiate dialysis.

Efficient ethanol production using dilute acid pretreated rice straw was investigated in multiple-fed simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (mf-SSCF) for producing high titer ethanol at a low cost. The mf-SSCF was performed at very high solid loading (29.5% w/v) by multiple feeding of dilute acid pretreated rice straw without any detoxification, solid-liquid separation, and sterilization. After 72 h, an ethanol titer of 68.72 g L−1 was attained with higher ethanol yield (0.42 g g−1) and productivity (0.95 g L−1 h−1). Only magnesium sulfate (6 g L−1) was added as nutrient component and aqueous ammonia was used for pH adjustment of pretreated slurry to 5, which also provides ammonium ions as a nitrogen source for yeast during ethanol fermentation. Almost no water was added in the mf-SSCF process; therefore, higher ethanol titer (8.7 % v/v) was achieved, which further reduce distillation, water input, and treatment cost. These results suggest that the mf-SSCF process has great potential for the production of high titer ethanol on a commercial scale due to the consolidation and simplification of the process at a low cost.

NGC 5273 is a known optical and X-ray variable AGN. We analyze new and archival IR, optical, UV, and X-ray data in order to characterize its long-term variability from 2000 to 2022. At least one optical changing-look event occurred between 2011 and 2014, when the AGN changed from a Type 1.8/1.9 Seyfert to a Type 1. It then faded considerably at all wavelengths, followed by a dramatic but slow increase in UV/optical brightness between 2021 and 2022. Near-IR (NIR) spectra in 2022 show prominent broad Paschen lines that are absent in an archival spectrum from 2010, making NGC 5273 one of the few AGNs to be observed changing-look in the NIR. We propose that NGC 5273 underwent multiple changing-look events between 2000 and 2022 -- starting as a Type 1.8/1.9, NGC 5273 changes-look to a Type 1 temporarily in 2002 and again in 2014, reverting back to a Type 1.8/1.9 by 2005 and 2017, respectively. In 2022, it is again a Type 1 Seyfert. We characterize the changing-look events and their connection to the dynamic accretion and radiative processes in NGC 5273, and propose that the variable luminosity (and thus, Eddington ratio) of the source is changing how the broad line region (BLR) reprocesses the continuum emission., 19 pages, 13 figures, 5 tables, accepted to MNRAS

Full list of authors: Valtonen, Mauri J.; Dey, Lankeswar; Zola, S.; Ciprini, S.; Kidger, M.; Pursimo, T.; Gopakumar, A.; Matsumoto, K.; Sadakane, K.; Caton, D. B.; Nilsson, K.; Komossa, S.; Bagaglia, M.; Baransky, A.; Boumis, P.; Boyd, D.; Castro-Tirado, A. J.; Debski, B.; Drozdz, M.; Escartin Perez, A.; Fiorucci, M.; Garcia, F.; Gazeas, K.; Ghosh, S.; Godunova, V; Gomez, J. L.; Gredel, R.; Grupe, D.; Haislip, J. B.; Henning, T.; Hurst, G.; Janik, J.; Kouprianov, V. V.; Lehto, H.; Liakos, A.; Mathur, S.; Mugrauer, M.; Naves Nogues, R.; Nucciarelli, G.; Ogloza, W.; Ojha, D. K.; Pajdosz-Smierciak, U.; Pascolini, S.; Poyner, G.; Reichart, D. E.; Rizzi, N.; Roncella, F.; Sahu, D. K.; Sillanpaa, A.; Simon, A.; Siwak, M.; Soldan Alfaro, F. C.; Sonbas, E.; Tosti, G.; Vasylenko, V.; Webb, J. R.; Zielinski, P., OJ 287 is a BL Lacertae type quasar in which the active galactic nucleus (AGN) outshines the host galaxy by an order of magnitude. The only exception to this may be at minimum light when the AGN activity is so low that the host galaxy may make quite a considerable contribution to the photometric intensity of the source. Such a dip or a fade in the intensity of OJ 287 occurred in 2017 November, when its brightness was about 1.75 mag lower than the recent mean level. We compare the observations of this fade with similar fades in OJ 287 observed earlier in 1989, 1999, and 2010. It appears that there is a relatively strong reddening of the B− V colours of OJ 287 when its V-band brightness drops below magnitude 17. Similar changes are also seen in V− R, V− I, and R− I colours during these deep fades. These data support the conclusion that the total magnitude of the host galaxy is V = 18.0 ± 0.3, corresponding to MK = −26.5 ± 0.3 in the K-band. This is in agreement with the results, obtained using the integrated surface brightness method, from recent surface photometry of the host. These results should encourage us to use the colour separation method also in other host galaxies with strongly variable AGN. In the case of OJ 287, both the host galaxy and its central black hole are among the biggest known, and its position in the black hole mass–galaxy mass diagram lies close to the mean correlation. © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Astronomical Society., SZ would also like to acknowledge support of the NCN grant no. 2018/29/B/ST9/01793, and KM JSPS KAKENHI grant no. 19K03930., With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709.

Study question What is cut-off value for peripheral and uterine natural killer (pNK, uNK) cells and any correlation between them in fertile and RIF women? Summary answer Cut-off values were 7% for uNK and 11.6% for pNK in fertile controls. No significant correlation observed among fertile and infertile women with RIF. What is known already Association of uNK and pNK cells with infertility is debatable. It is not clear whether measuring NK cell levels in RIF has a role. pNk cell levels however has been used in various studies to guide the need of immunotherapy in RIF women. Definition of normal range of uNK cell numbers has also not been stated clearly because of lack of standardised protocol. Literature reveals the cut off values for pNk cells to be 12% or 18% and for uNK cells between 5-12.9%. Correlation between uNK and pNK cells in fertile or RIF women has not been studied earlier. Study design, size, duration A prospective study was conducted at ART Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at tertiary care institute during a period from January 2019 to January 2021. Thirty women with RIF and fifty fertile controls with age Participants/materials, setting, methods Subjects included women with RIF with age 20-35 years, tubal and unexplained factors, normal ovarian reserve, normal karyotype and normal uterine cavity. In both subjects and controls, midluteal endometrial biopsy sample was taken for Immunohistochemistry staining of CD 56+ cells to determine uNK cells. Peripheral venous blood was also obtained at the time of biopsy for flow cytometry in peripheral blood mononuclear cells to determine pNK cells. Cut off values were derived from fertile controls. Main results and the role of chance The mean age and BMI were comparable between fertile control and study group(29.45±3.3 vs 31.17±3.3 years, 22.97±1.89 vs 23.21±2.2 kg/m2; p-value >0.05). The control group had median value of 7% for uNK cell levels and 11.6% for pNK cell levels. In RIF subjects, the median value for uNK cells was 13.5% and even though higher compared to controls it was not statistically significant(p-value >0.05) . The median pNK values were comparable among controls and RIF group (11.6% vs. 12%). All RIF subjects did not have elevated NK cell levels. 18 (60%) subjects had elevated uNK cell levels (more than 7%) whereas 40% had below the reference value. pNK cells were also elevated in only 53.3% of subject population. There was positive correlation found between uNK and pNK cell levels in RIF subjects, however it was not statistically significant (r 0.312, p-value 0.09). In fertile controls, there was insignificant negative correlation between uNK and pNK cell levels (r -0.231, p-value 0.33). Limitations, reasons for caution The small sample size is the foremost limitation of study. Wider implications of the findings uNK cell testing may be worthwhile in women with unexplained RIF so as to guide immunotherapy to improve pregnancy outcomes. As no significant correlation has been found between pNK and uNK cells in fertile and RIF women, pNK cell testing in RIF women may be done with caution. Trial registration number Not Applicable

The diversity of regulatory T (Treg) cells in health and in disease remains unclear. Individuals with colorectal cancer harbor a subpopulation of RORγt+ Treg cells with elevated expression of β-catenin and pro-inflammatory properties. Here we show progressive expansion of RORγt+ Treg cells in individuals with inflammatory bowel disease during inflammation and early dysplasia. Activating Wnt-β-catenin signaling in human and murine Treg cells was sufficient to recapitulate the disease-associated increase in the frequency of RORγt+ Treg cells coexpressing multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines. Binding of the β-catenin interacting partner, TCF-1, to DNA overlapped with Foxp3 binding at enhancer sites of pro-inflammatory pathway genes. Sustained Wnt-β-catenin activation induced newly accessible chromatin sites in these genes and upregulated their expression. These findings indicate that TCF-1 and Foxp3 together limit the expression of pro-inflammatory genes in Treg cells. Activation of β-catenin signaling interferes with this function and promotes the disease-associated RORγt+ Treg phenotype.

Several diphenyl and tributyl alkoxides of the type Ph2Ge(OR)2 and Bu3GeOR (where R=Me, Et. Prn. Pri, Bun, But and Bu3) have been prepared by passing ammonia gas as proton-acceptor) in a solution of Biphenyl- or tributyl-germanium chlorides in en excess of alcohol in presence of benzene. &nbsp

STUDY QUESTION We aim to develop, disseminate and implement a minimum data set, known as a core outcome set, for future male infertility research. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Research into male infertility can be challenging to design, conduct and report. Evidence from randomized trials can be difficult to interpret and of limited ability to inform clinical practice for numerous reasons. These may include complex issues, such as variation in outcome measures and outcome reporting bias, as well as failure to consider the perspectives of men and their partners with lived experience of fertility problems. Previously, the Core Outcome Measure for Infertility Trials (COMMIT) initiative, an international consortium of researchers, healthcare professionals and people with fertility problems, has developed a core outcome set for general infertility research. Now, a bespoke core outcome set for male infertility is required to address the unique challenges pertinent to male infertility research. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Stakeholders, including healthcare professionals, allied healthcare professionals, scientists, researchers and people with fertility problems, will be invited to participate. Formal consensus science methods will be used, including the modified Delphi method, modified Nominal Group Technique and the National Institutes of Health’s consensus development conference. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS An international steering group, including the relevant stakeholders outlined above, has been established to guide the development of this core outcome set. Possible core outcomes will be identified by undertaking a systematic review of randomized controlled trials evaluating potential treatments for male factor infertility. These outcomes will be entered into a modified Delphi method. Repeated reflection and re-scoring should promote convergence towards consensus outcomes, which will be prioritized during a consensus development meeting to identify a final core outcome set. We will establish standardized definitions and recommend high-quality measurement instruments for individual core outcomes. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work has been supported by the Urology Foundation small project award, 2021. C.L.R.B. is the recipient of a BMGF grant and received consultancy fees from Exscentia and Exceed sperm testing, paid to the University of Dundee and speaking fees or honoraria paid personally by Ferring, Copper Surgical and RBMO. S.B. received royalties from Cambridge University Press, Speaker honoraria for Obstetrical and Gynaecological Society of Singapore, Merk SMART Masterclass and Merk FERRING Forum, paid to the University of Aberdeen. Payment for leadership roles within NHS Grampian, previously paid to self, now paid to University of Aberdeen. An Honorarium is received as Editor in Chief of Human Reproduction Open. M.L.E. is an advisor to the companies Hannah and Ro. B.W.M. received an investigator grant from the NHMRC, No: GNT1176437 is a paid consultant for ObsEva and has received research funding from Ferring and Merck. R.R.H. received royalties from Elsevier for a book, consultancy fees from Glyciome, and presentation fees from GryNumber Health and Aytu Bioscience. Aytu Bioscience also funded MiOXYS systems and sensors. Attendance at Fertility 2020 and Roadshow South Africa by Ralf Henkel was funded by LogixX Pharma Ltd. R.R.H. is also Editor in Chief of Andrologia and has been an employee of LogixX Pharma Ltd. since 2020. M.S.K. is an associate editor with Human Reproduction Open. K.Mc.E. received an honoraria for lectures from Bayer and Pharmasure in 2019 and payment for an ESHRE grant review in 2019. His attendance at ESHRE 2019 and AUA 2019 was sponsored by Pharmasure and Bayer, respectively. The remaining authors declare no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) initiative registration No: 1586. Available at www.comet-initiative.org/Studies/Details/1586. TRIAL REGISTRATION DATE N/A. DATE OF FIRST PATIENT’S ENROLMENT N/A.