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To promote rational drug use in developing countries, it is important to assess drug use pattern, using the World Health Organisation (WHO) drug indicators. The aim of this study was to assess the prescription patterns at the primary healthcare centres in Khartoum locality, compare prescription habits between consultants and medical officers and identify polypharmacy and its effect on prescription quality using WHO drug indicators. The study was descriptive and cross-sectional. The sample was selected using systematic random sampling. Five hundred and four patient prescriptions were reviewed. The study showed that the average number of drugs prescribed per encounter was 2.4%, the percentage of drugs' generic name was 49.8% the percentage of encounter with antibiotic was 34.1%. Other important components for completeness of prescription including prescribers name were mentioned in almost all encounters, whereas the patient's age was stated in 38.3%. Drug strength, quality and doses frequency were stated in 64.1%, 69.4% and 70.4%, respectively. Consultant tendency towards polypharmacy prescription was in 14.9% compared to medical officers (85.1%). The quality of prescriptions was classified as complete, incomplete or deficient with 29.4%, 60.7% and 9.9%, respectively.

‘Karandafi’ is a landrace of sorghum with identified antisickling property and rich in 3-deoxyanthocyanidin but mutant in nature. This tends to limit large scale production of this important drug used for the treatment of sickle cell aneamia. Sorghum bicolor is very rich in various phytochemicals and its extract is used in combination with other medicinal plants to treat sickle cell anaemia. This work is designed to study the effect of different concentrations of hormone alone or in combination with elicitor on the production of pigment in Karandafi in vitro. Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal media was fortified with different concentrations of 2, 4-D (0, 2 and 4 mg/L) alone or in combination with 0.5 mg/L NAA or KN for callus induction using mature seeds as explant while MS media supplemented BAP (0-3 mg/L) alone or in combination with 1 mg/L KN, NAA or 50 mg/L yeast extract (Y.E) was used for pigment production. Data was collected on percentage callus formation, callus fresh weight, nature of callus induced, % shoot and root formation, number of root, shoot and root length. Highly significant difference was observed for all the traits measured. Media fortified with 2 mg/L 2,4-D alone or in combination with 0.5 mg/L NAA and KN are optimum concentrations of hormone that can be used for callus induction while better callus growth was obtained in the media fortified with 4 mg/L 2,4-D +0.5 mg/LKN (3.43 g). Pigment production was observed from the media fortified with BAP alone or in combination NAA, KN or yeast extract in Karandafi but with extraction and quantification the best treatment with highest content of 3-deoxyanthocyanindin can be determined.

Adontomerus amygdali (Boucek, 1958) (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) is recorded for the first time in Iraq, parasitizing almond fruits wasp, Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein, 1907 (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) infesting fruits of almond trees Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb (=Amygdalus communis Linn.) growing in Koysinjaq district, Erbil, Iraq. A short morphological description of this species is presented.

Background sepsis, a syndrome of physiologic, pathologic, and biochemical abnormalities induced by infection, is a major public health concern; There is overlap between clinical and laboratory criteria induced by sepsis and hemophagocytosis Aim of the Work to compare HLH by its known criteria among patients with neonatal sepsis admitted to NICU and childhood sepsis admitted to PICU and compare the outcome of patients with and without HLH criteria. Patients and Methods a cross-sectional study including 50 neonates and children with severe sepsis and/or septic shock was performed in Ain Shams University, Pediatric Hospital; 25 of patients were admitted to neonatal ICU and 25 to pediatric ICU. Clinical and laboratory data together with criteria for hemaophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis were analysed and studied in relation to patients outcome. Results the young age of our enrolled patients ranging from neonatal to pediatric age with mean age of 30 days in neonatal group and 1.5 years in pediatric group, with 4% fulfilled 5 criteria, 2% fulfilled 4 criteria, 18% fulfilled 3 criteria. All patients who fulfilled 3 or more criteria for HLH died, there was no difference in mortality rate or age groups neonates versus pediatrics according to HLH criteria. Conclusion some criteria of HLH were positive among patients with sepsis with no difference between pediatric and neonatal group. However, patients fulfilling 5 criteria of HLH were 4% in our study with no difference in mortality between those with 5 criteria positive and negative ones.

Dehydration is a significant depletion of body water and electrolytes. The awareness of dehydration signs is essential, and in-home mothers' practice and responses towards professional medical help are crucial. The study is a cross-sectional study enrolled 222 mothers with children under 5 years, and 198 of them participate in a semi-structured questionnaire that involves information of dehydration signs, oral rehydration solution and preparation and in-home practice and remedies used by mothers in the management of dehydration. Fifty-eight participants (29.3%) were found in the age group of 26-30 years, 78 participants (39.4%) received primary school education and 92 (46.5%) had one child under 5 years, whereas 17.7% received educational workshop or counselling. Main management practices performed by the mothers were over-the-counter medications (36.4%) and rice water (33.8%). The majority (88%) of the participants were aware about dehydration signs, which were significantly associated with educational levels, and workshop or counselling received from professional.

Lead iodide thin films were deposited on a glass substrate using a spin coating technique. Powder of with a concentration (0.2M) was dissolved in a solution of Dimethylformamide (DMF). the thickness of the prepared films was controlled through the time of deposition and the spinning speed. the X-ray patterns show that the PbI2 thin films have hexagonal structures The bandgap of the thin films was measured optically and found to be about 2.45 eV. The FTIR measurements depicted the vibration modes from 1650 to 700 cm−1; the energy bandgap from the diffused reflectivity measurements was 2.4 eV; which is in a good agreement with energy gap from Tauc plot. (FESEM) images shows the nano rod shape of particles with large pores and non uniform distribution of particles

Field experiments were conducted at the National Horticultural Research Institute, Bagauda in the Sudan Savannah and Institute for Agricultural Research, Samaru in the Northern Guinea Savanna ecological zones of Nigeria between July-October, 2014 rainy season to estimates heterosis for fruit yield and heat tolerance traits of tomato under field conditions. The experiment comprised two heat tolerant (Icrixina and Rio Grande) and four heat susceptible tomato (Tima, Tropimech, Petomech and Roma Savana) which were crossed using half diallel mating design in the screen house. The resultant 15 hybrids, their parental lines along with four checks were laid out in partially balanced lattice design with three replications. Analysis of variance revealed significant variation among the genotypes for all traits except fruit diameter and cell membrane thermostability, indicating sufficient variability existed among the genotypes. The cross combinations Icrixina × Rio Grande, Icrixina × Tima, Icrixina × Roma Savana and Icrixina × Petomech were found heterotic over better parent for fruit yield and heat tolerance traits (Number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of flowers per cluster, number of fruits per cluster, number of fruits per plant, percentage fruit set and chlorophyll content) among the hybrids. These hybrids were superior over better parent have the potentiality to be exploited for developing commercial heat tolerant tomato hybrid under field conditions.

The objective of this study is to determine the role of carbohydrates on the toxic effect of parasporal inclusion proteins isolated from Malaysian mosquitocidal Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains on erythrocytes (human and rat). Dose response analyses on the effect of these parasporal inclusions on human and rat erythrocytes suggest that toxin action is selective depending on bacterial strains and source of erythrocytes. Results from this study suggest Bt toxin is a lectin which recognizes specific plasma membrane glycoconjugate receptor(s) with a terminal residue of either D-mannose (Man), N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc), N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) or even a combination of these monosaccharides.

We studied some clinical, biochemical and haematological variables in Desert (Najdi) sheep acutely stressed in the course of individual road transportation, and the influence thereon of pretreatment with tyrosine. Transportation for 30 min resulted in variable but statistically insignificant increases in heart, pulse and respiratory rates. It also caused significant increases in the plasma concentration of cortisol (from 43.5 to 101.7 mmol/L) and glucose (from 3.1 to 4.5 mmol/L), and a decrease in that of magnesium (from 0.85 to 0.72 mmol/L). The endogenous thiocyanate level was unaffected. The transportation stress also decreased the haematocrit (PCV) and the number of lymphocytes, and increased the concentration of haemoglobin. Pretreatment of sheep with tyrosine at a dose of 100 mg/kg by the intravenous route significantly ameliorated the stress-induced clinical, biochemical and haematological changes. The treatment caused no overt adverse effects.

7075 Background: Racial health disparities have been reported in NSCLC staging and therapeutic outcomes (Lathan, et al JCO 2006). We investigated whether such disparities exist in the era of modern...