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Ethnic racial identity and critical consciousness frame how youth of color understand themselves in their racialized worlds. Although both may be salient in the lives of youth of color, little work investigates how ethnic racial identity and critical consciousness development overlap to promote positive outcomes during adolescence. This theoretical paper contributes to this effort, providing an overview of research on both phenomena and mapping their potential areas of congruence. This article concludes with suggestions of how the two processes might influence one another to foster positive developmental outcomes among youth of color. This work urges researchers to examine the intersections of ethnic racial identity and critical consciousness processes among youth of color that can lead to a more holistic understanding of how youth of color draw upon these processes to resist and challenge racial marginalization, as well as navigate diverse sociopolitical contexts.

Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) at Sandia National Laboratories involves a laser preheating stage where a few-ns laser pulse passes through a few-micron-thick plastic window to preheat gaseous fusion fuel contained within the MagLIF target. Interactions with this window reduce heating efficiency and mix window and target materials into the fuel. A recently proposed idea called “Laser Gate” involves removing the window well before the preheating laser is applied. In this article, we present experimental proof-of-principle results for a pulsed-power implementation of Laser Gate, where a thin current-carrying wire weakens the perimeter of the window, allowing the fuel pressure to push the window open and away from the preheating laser path. For this effort, transparent targets were fabricated and a test facility capable of studying this version of Laser Gate was developed. A 12-frame bright-field laser schlieren/shadowgraphy imaging system captured the window opening dynamics on microsecond timescales. The images reveal that the window remains largely intact as it opens and detaches from the target. A column of escaping pressurized gas appears to prevent the detached window from inadvertently moving into the preheating laser path.

The Michigan Accelerator for Inductive Z-pinch Experiments (MAIZE) is a single-stage, 1-MA linear transformer driver at the University of Michigan. The MAIZE facility has been the site of various experimental studies, including wire array Z-pinches for X-ray source development and cylindrical foil loads for implosion stability analysis. In order to better understand and investigate these and other experiments, a 4-frame extreme ultraviolet camera was implemented, the optical stability of a 12-frame laser shadowgraphy system was improved, B-dot probes were upgraded, and a Rogowski coil was constructed. New conical load hardware was also developed to reduce the inductance of the transmission line and thus improve the current delivered to the loads.

The objectives of this tutorial are as follows: 1) to help students and researchers develop a basic understanding of how pulsed-power systems are used to create high-energy-density (HED) matter; 2) to develop a basic understanding of a new, compact, and efficient pulsed-power technology called linear transformer drivers (LTDs); 3) to understand why LTDs are an attractive technology for driving HED physics (HEDP) experiments; 4) to contrast LTDs with the more traditional Marx-generator/pulse-forming-line approach to driving HEDP experiments; and 5) to briefly review the history of LTD technology as well as some of the LTD-driven HEDP research presently underway at universities and research laboratories across the globe. This invited tutorial is part of the Mini-Course on Charged Particle Beams and High-Powered Pulsed Sources, held in conjunction with the 44th International Conference on Plasma Science in May of 2017.

Wire arrays were widely studied as loads for Z-pinch generators in order to be used for multiple scientific applications. More recently, tungsten double planar wire arrays (DPWAs), which consist of two parallel planes of wires at a distance of a few millimeters, were suggested and tested for indirect drive inertial confinement fusion. Tungsten DPWAs have previously demonstrated the highest (among planar wire arrays) radiation yield (up to 30 kJ), compact size (few millimeters), and strong electron beam production on university-scale high-impedance Marx bank Zebra generator at University of Nevada, Reno. During the last few years, we have reported on the outcome of the experiments with uniform and mixed Al and stainless steel DPWAs on the low-impedance linear transformer driver (LTD) Michigan accelerator for inductive Z-Pinch experiments (MAIZE) generator at University of Michigan. Here, we present the results of the most recent campaigns with tungsten DPWA loads, where the successful implosion of W wire arrays on a university-scale LTD MAIZE generator was demonstrated and analyzed. These implosions were recorded using filtered X-ray diodes, X-ray spectrometers, and pinhole cameras, and a 12-frame optical shadowgraphy system. In particular, tungsten DPWAs with a mass up to $87~\mu \text{g}$ /cm arranged in various configurations were successfully imploded at a peak current of 0.5 MA during ~190–215 ns. The experimentally estimated changes of tungsten DPWA plasma region inductance and total load inductance were correlated qualitatively in time with X-ray bursts. In addition, on shots that demonstrated strong plasma pinching process and Faraday cup signals time were correlated with the appearance of the minimum current-carrying radius of the plasma column. In addition, analysis of soft (4–7 A) and hard (1–2.4 A) line radiation indicate keV M-shell tungsten (W) plasma and the presence of electron beams.

The MAIZE Linear Transformer Driver consists of 40 capacitor-switch-capacitor "bricks" connected in parallel. When these 40 bricks are charged to ±100-kV and then discharged synchronously, the MAIZE facility generates a 1-MA current pulse with a 100-ns rise time into a matched load impedance. Discharging each of the capacitors in a brick is carried out by the breakdown of a spark-gap switch, a process that results in the emission of light. Monitoring this output light with a fiber optic coupled to a photomultiplier tube (PMT) and an oscilloscope channel provides information on switch performance and timing jitter-whether a switch fired early, late, or in phase with the other switches. However, monitoring each switch with a dedicated detector-oscilloscope channel can be problematic for facilities where the number of switches to be monitored (e.g., 40 on MAIZE) greatly exceeds the number of detector-oscilloscope channels available. The technique of using fibers to monitor light emission from switches can be optimized by treating a PMT as a binary digit or bit and using a combinatorial encoding scheme, where each switch is monitored by a unique combination of fiber-PMT-oscilloscope channels simultaneously. By observing the unique combination of fiber-PMT-oscilloscope channels that are turned on, the prefiring or late-firing of a single switch on MAIZE can be identified by as few as six PMT-oscilloscope channels. The number of PMT-oscilloscope channels, N, required to monitor X switches can be calculated by 2N = X + 1, where the number "2" is selected because the PMT-oscilloscope acts as a bit. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of this diagnostic technique on MAIZE. We also present an analysis of how this technique could be scaled to monitor the tens of thousands of switches proposed for various next generation pulsed power facilities.

Additional file 1. Detailed methodology and information for the distribution of nonpoint building emissions and onroad emissions.

In previous studies using the University of Nevada, Reno's (UNR's) high-impedance Zebra Marx generator (1.9 Ω, 1.7 MA, 100 ns), Double Planar Wire Arrays (DPWAs) proved to be excellent radiators, and Double Planar Foil Liners (DPFLs) proved useful for future inertial confinement fusion applications. This article presents the results of joint UNR/UM (University of Michigan) experiments with aluminum (Al) DPWAs, Al DPFLs, and tungsten (W) DPWAs using UM's Michigan Accelerator for Inductive Z-Pinch Experiments (MAIZE) generator, a low-impedance Linear Transformer Driver (LTD) (0.1 Ω, 0.5–1 MA, and 100–250 ns). The main goals of this study were twofold: the first was a pioneering effort to test whether a relatively heavy Al DPFL could successfully be imploded on a low-impedance university-scale LTD like the MAIZE generator, and, if so, to analyze the results and make comparisons to the optimized, lighter DPWA configurations that have been previously studied. The DPWAs consisted of two planes of micrometer-scale diameter Al or W wires, while the DPFLs consisted of two planes of micrometer-scale thickness Al foils. Diagnostics include filtered Si-diodes, an absolutely calibrated filtered PCD, x-ray pinhole cameras, spectrometers, and gated optical self-emission imaging. The implosion dynamics and radiative properties of Al DPWAs and DPFLs and W DPWAs on the MAIZE LTD are discussed and compared. Time-dependent load inductance calculations derived from measurements of the load current and a MAIZE circuit model provide a relative measurement of pinch strength. In experiments on MAIZE, W planar wire arrays exhibited a higher peak load inductance throughout the pinch than Al DPWAs and DPFLs, while x-ray pulses from Al DPFLs had the longest emission duration.

Context The most common way of pricing beef carcasses is through a price grid. Most processors make greater profit from higher-quality carcasses, which are those with higher meat yield and eating quality. Aims The aim of this study was to calculate the value of diverse carcasses and compare pricing mechanisms on their ability to discriminate variation in meat yield and predicted eating quality. Methods Hereford cross steer carcasses (153) were boned out to record saleable meat and yield. Six methods were used to calculate carcass price (AU$/kg). All were adjusted to the same average carcass value to allow comparisons, assuming that the overall payment does not change, but comparing the effect of having greater premiums and discounts. The six prices were based on a commercial grid, grid plus eating quality premium, yield of saleable meat only (constant price for all saleable meat), yield with eating quality premium, then the yield prices with optimum (quadratic) weight and fatness penalties based on grid optimums. Key results Measurements of meat quality (eye muscle area and marble score) or saleable meat yield accounted for no variation in the grid price. However, measurement of yield accounted for substantial variation in prices calculated from yield and eating quality. Conclusions The current grids do not encourage high-quality meat production and, assuming that yield and eating quality are important to processors, an actual measurement of yield is crucial to guide processing decisions (e.g. cutting plans) to maximise carcass value and feed market signals back to beef producers. Implications Improved measurement of meat yield is required if carcass prices are to reflect carcass quality or the potential value captured.

We begin with a brief review of the work on x-ray spectroscopy and imaging of tungsten (W) single wires, wire arrays, X-pinches and their applications [1]–[6], and move on to the most recent results. Two sets of the new experiments performed in 2017 on two university-scale Z-pinch generators with different architecture will be considered: W Double Planar Wire Arrays (DPW A) at the University of Michigan's (UM) low-impedance Linear Transformer Driver (LTD) MAIZE generator and W X-pinches at the University of Nevada, Reno's (UNR) high-impedance Marx bank Zebra generator. Though a comprehensive set of diagnostics was implemented in both types of experiments, here we will focus mostly on x-ray spectroscopy and imaging results and their interpretation, as well as applications to electron beam studies and spectropolarimetry of W pulsed-power plasmas. Two axially-resolved spectrometers were implemented: the first was the x-ray convex crystal spectrometer with a potassium acid phthalate (KAP) crystal (2d = 26.63 A and R=51 mm) for the spectral region between 4 - 10A and another spectrometer with a lithium fluoride (LiF) convex crystal (2d = 4.027 A and R=25.4 mm) for hard x-ray radiation in a spectral band 1 - 2.4 A. X-ray time-integrated pinhole cameras recorded the images with cutoff energies of 1.4 and 3.5 keV. The very complex soft x-ray M-shell W spectra recorded by the KAP spectrometers are modeled and studied in detail to provide valuable information about “hot” W plasmas and electron beams. The analysis of the hard L-shell W spectra recorded by the LiF spectrometers from much cooler W plasma as well as from the anode is applied to the studies of electron beams, and to explore the possible development of hard x-ray spectropolarimetry of W plasmas. In this regard, the results for W DPW As on UM-MAIZE and W X-pinches on Zebra at UNR are evaluated, compared, and discussed.

X-pinch radiography is a simple but effective technique for diagnosing imploding cylindrical plasmas [1]. Two or more crossed wires are placed in the return current path, which causes these wires to “pinch” and emit a burst of x-rays. These x-rays create a radiographic image that can provide a view into the structure of the imploding plasma column. The work presented here discusses the hardware upgrades that were necessary to implement this diagnostic on the MAIZE facility, a 1-MA, 100-ns rise time pulsed power machine at the University of Michigan. We will also present preliminary results from using this diagnostic during imploding cylindrical foil experiments, where the magnetic field uniformity at the surface of the foil has been varied from one experiment to the next.

In Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF), pressurized fuel inside of a cylindrical metal tube (or “liner”) is preheated with a laser pulse. The laser enters the pressurized fuel region through a thin laser entrance window (LEW). The LEW contains the pressurized fuel inside of the liner until the few-ns preheating laser pulse is applied, which ablates the LEW and preheats the fuel. Energy losses are thought to occur at the laser entrance window (LEW) as a result of laser-plasma interactions (LPI). Additionally, simulations are presently unable to reliably model the LPI losses.1 To reduce energy losses and computational uncertainties, the LEW could be weakened and removed very early in time, well before the preheating laser pulse arrives at the LEW.2 This general concept of removing the LEW very early in time is referred to as “Laser Gate.”2 One proposed implementation of Laser Gate, which we are working on at the University of Michigan, is to break the LEW very early in time by driving an electrical current through a thin wire that is wrapped around the perimeter of the LEW.2 The electrical current heats and melts the perimeter of the LEW, allowing the fuel pressure to push open the LEW. As the LEW is broken, it opens away from the contained fuel and out of the laser path. Before a significant amount of fuel has time to escape the liner, the preheating laser pulse is applied. Doing this successfully should reduce fuel-window mixing and LPI in MagLIF. For our experiments at UM, the pulsed electrical current is driven through the thin wire by a 13-kV mini-pulser. Additionally, a laser backlighting system is being developed to image the dynamics of the LEW as it opens. We will report on our first experimental tests of this implementation of Laser Gate.

Cylindrical liner implosions and ablations are susceptible to the magneto Rayleigh-Taylor (MRT) instability and general magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) instabilities, such as the $m=0$ “sausage” and the $m=1$ “kink” instabilities, where $m$ is the azimuthal mode number. Previous work has experimentally shown the effects of long pulse axial magnetic fields on these instabilities in both cylindrical liner ablations and implosions1. Simulations have also shown the effects of a time dependent helical magnetic field on the MRT instability using a dynamic screw pinch2, We have modeled and fabricated a helical return current path to set up such a field configuration (a predicted peak axial field of $B_{z}=2\mathrm{T}$ for a peak current of $I_{max}=600$ kA). This poster will present simulation results on the expected magnetic field profile as well as experimental measurements of the magnetic field values achieved.

The results of the 2017 experiments with tungsten (W) Double Planar Wire Arrays (DPWA) at the University of Michigan's (UM) low-impedance Linear Transformer Driver (LTD) MAIZE generator ( $(0.1 \Omega, 0.5-1 Ma$ , and 100–250 ns) are presented and analyzed. For these experiments, the peak of generator current was typically near 500 kA. Observations were made previously and tested for Al DPWAs on MAIZE1. It was earlier determined that DPWA implosion dynamics depend strongly on the aspect ratio $\phi,$ defined as array width to inter-planar gap, which ranged from 0.82 to 2.33, with array masses ranging from 55 to $76 \mu \mathrm{g}/\text{cm}$ . New calculations were made to derive the time-dependent inductance throughout implosions on the MAIZE generator (using the formalism in ref.2), which were then used to calculate implosion characteristics and the dynamic plasma radius. This information can be used to better optimize future DPWA loads and measure the strength of the pinch. The diagnostics include an absolutely calibrated filtered photoconducting detector - PCD (>2.4 keV, time resolution 0.5 ns) and Si-diodes (> 1.4 ke V, time resolution > 1 ns), x -ray pinhole cameras, spectrometer, and 12-frame optical shadowgraphy system. The results are compared to those obtained earlier at the University of Nevada, Reno's (UNR) high-impedance Marx bank Zebra generator ( $1.9 \Omega, 1 \text{MA}, 100 \text{ns}$ ).

L’article décrit brièvement une série de facteurs politiques et économiques qui ont contribué à la montée du néo-conservatisme aux États-Unis. Il dresse un bilan critique des orientations économiques promues par l’administration Reagan, dénonce l’offensive dont l’État-providence est l’objet, souligne les liens qui existent entre la production de la pauvreté et les processus de restructuration économique. Il s’interroge sur l’ampleur du soutien populaire dont jouit l’administration Reagan et propose une série de stratégies susceptibles de prévenir le désastre économique et politique vers lequel s’acheminent les États-Unis., This article briefly describes a series of factors which have contributed to the rise of neo-conservativism in the U.S. The authors criticize the economic policies of the Reagan administration as part of an overall attack on the welfare state. They also emphasize the links that exist between poverty and the governement's policies for economic growth. An attempt is made to analyse the extent and nature of popular support for Reagan's policies and a series of suggestions are made to try to prevent the economic and political disaster which seems at hand., El artículo describe brevemente una serie de factores políticos y económicos que han contribuído al aumento del neoconservatismo en los Estados Unidos. AI trazar un balance crítico de las orientaciones económicas promovidas por la administración Reagan, él denuncia la ofensiva contra el Estado-Providencia, y subraya los lazos que existen entre la producción de la pobreza y los procesos de reestructuración económica. El autor también se interroga sobre la amplitud del apoyo popular de que goza la administración Reagan, y propone una serie de estrategias susceptibles de evitar el desastre económico y político hacia el que se encaminan los Estados Unidos.

Magnetized liner inertial fusion (MagLIF) [1, 2] is a pulsed-power driven approach to inertial confinement fusion. Electrothermal instabilities (ETI) are thought to seed Magneto-Rayleigh Taylor (MRT), sausage mode, and kink mode instabilities in the imploding liner of MagLIF [3]. Understanding ETI may provide a way to improve fusion performance in MagLIF through instability mitigation. A single-capacitor pulsed power device was built with a low peak current of 4 kA and a long risetime of 600 ns to lengthen the transition time from the solid phase to the vapor phase. We have studied ETI growth rates on this facility. These growth rates have good agreement with ETI theory [4]. Preliminary results have shown the value of this facility and a need to investigate ETI further. We report on recent modifications and improvements to the facility and plans for future ETI studies.

Sharks are important exhibit animals at aquariums worldwide. Restraint is often necessary for physical examination, diagnostic evaluation, medical treatment and/or surgical procedures. Manual restraint is often used for simple procedures but may result in dangerous contact for the shark and the handler and, when used alone, is not sufficient for painful procedures. Limited reports describe the use of tricaine methane sulfonate, ketamine, or tiletamine–zolazepam in sharks. This study evaluates the clinical and cardiorespiratory effects of propofol in spotted bamboo sharks (Chylloscyllium plagiosum). Nine, wild-caught, adult female spotted bamboo sharks weighing 1.75–2.5 kg were used in this study. The sharks were housed in individual portable plastic containers during data collection. Water chemistries and temperature were maintained within normal limits. An initial physical examination was performed using manual restraint. Propofol (2.5 mg kg−1) was administered IV in the caudal tail vein over 30 seconds. The HR, RR, time to relaxation, resistance to handling, fin movement, loss of righting reflex, and response to painful stimuli (fin pinch) were evaluated and recorded at baseline and 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 minutes after propofol administration. Surgical anesthesia was thought to be achieved when a shark lost its righting reflex, did not respond to painful stimuli, and no longer resisted handling. The HR and RR were evaluated over time using Friedman's nonparametric analysis of repeated data. A significant difference was determined at p

The quality of warm dense matter samples created by magnetic compression can be largely affected by material ablation. When the ablated material carries currents, local instabilities can grow, which can lead to nonuniformities in the final magnetic pressure. Extending the previous work by Peterson et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 135002 (2014)], Awe et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 065001 (2016)], and Hutchison et al. [Phys. Rev. E 97, 053208 (2018)], the experiments reported here demonstrate that the expansion of the ablated material can be significantly reduced by using a simple aerosol spray technique. Coating the current-carrying surfaces with a 30–60-μm layer of polyurethane reduced the expansion of the ablated material by a factor of 2 and eliminated material ejections from sharp corners. This technique, tested at the Michigan Accelerator for Inductive Z-Pinch Experiments pulsed power facility at the University of Michigan with currents up to 400 kA, could allow the production of homogeneous warm dense matter samples on pulsed-power drivers. Because of the simplicity of this method, this work brings forth an important contribution to pulsed-power-driven experiments designed to study nuclear fusion, material properties, and radiation science.

The botanical composition, intake and digestibility of the diet consumed by mature lactating and non-lactating cows grazing a native white grass (Cortaderia pilosa) plant community in the Falkland Islands was measured in four periods between September 1998 and June 1999. Five lactating and five non-lactating cows were used in the summer, autumn and winter; five non-lactating cows were used in the spring. Different cows were used in each period. Plant cuticle patterns in the faeces of cattle were used, in conjunction with the patterns of concentrations of n-alkanes in the faeces, to estimate the botanical composition of the diet and predicted concentrations of C32- and C33-alkanes in the herbage allowed herbage intake and digestibility to be estimated using the n-alkane technique. White grass, sedges and rushes comprised 0·78, 0·64 and 0·63 of the diet in autumn, winter and spring respectively. Fine grasses, smooth-stalked meadow grass (Poa pratensis L.), annual meadow grass (Poa annua L.), bent grass (Agrostis capillaris L.), native fescue (Festuca magellanica Lam.), Yorkshire fog (Holcus lanatus L.), wavy hair grass [Deschampsia flexuosa (L) Trin.] and early hair grass (Aira praecox L.), were consumed at the expense of sedges and rushes in summer and this coincided with the period of greatest estimated metabolizable energy and crude protein intakes by cows. Lactating cows suffered substantial liveweight loss during autumn and winter and this reflected the low quality of the diet consumed. Phosphorus intakes were insufficient and there was an estimated deficiency of vitamin D in the winter and early spring in cattle that were grazed with the experimental cows. The nutrient restrictions imposed on cattle by the low quality of native pasture during autumn and winter are likely to impair the reproductive potential of breeding females and methods should be investigated to improve the diet consumed by cows during these critical periods if cattle systems are to become sustainable in the Falkland Islands.

The botanical composition, intake and digestibility of the diet consumed by 1-year-old weaner sheep grazing a native white grass plant community in the Falkland Islands was measured in five periods between June 1998 and March 1999. Five different sheep were used in each period. Two methods were used for estimating the botanical composition of the diet: plant cuticle patterns in the faeces of the sheep and the patterns of concentrations of n-alkanes in the faeces of sheep. These methods were used to predict the concentrations of C32- and C33-alkanes in the herbage to allow the estimation of herbage intake and digestibility using the n-alkane technique. It was concluded that the n-alkane technique gave more accurate estimates of diet composition based on the comparison with estimates of nutrient intake derived from liveweight gains of sheep. The dominant pasture species, Cortaderia pilosa, was the predominant species consumed during the cooler periods of the year. In the summer, when the highest liveweight gains of sheep occur, the proportion of fine grass species, including Poa spp., Festuca magellanica and Agrostis capillaris, and herbs and sedges in the diet was highest. Herbage intake was the highest during the summer periods when digestibility was also at its peak. Estimated nutritional deficiencies of metabolizable energy, crude protein, phosphorus and vitamin D3 that limit the growth and development of weaner sheep were evident for up to 9 months of the year. Targeted supplementation regimes that counter specific nutrient deficiencies could be developed on the basis of these results to address critical periods in the growth of young sheep.

Three different groups of therapy leavers and current residents (total n = 80) from Dovegate Prison's Therapeutic Community (TC) were compared on various demographic, criminogenic and psychometric attributes. Statistically significant findings distinguished the leaver groups from current residents and differentiated between type of leavers. Those leavers judged as unsuitable for therapy were characterised by high scores of Psychopathy, Neuroticism, Criminality, Addiction, Venturesomeness, and Avoidant and Schizoid Personality Disorders. Those leavers who had elected to leave the TC were more likely to have a sexual index offence, significant scores on the Multiphasic Sex Inventory, and Paranoid and Depressive Personality Disorders. Logistic Regression analysis confirmed that particular personality disorders were predictive of therapy leaver group membership. Paranoid Personality Disorder was identified as a predictor of all types of drop-out. These findings provide a psychological profile of the different types of residents who have left a prison therapeutic community and can be used to support and inform selection and assessment practices.

Histoplasmosis is a rare but serious fungal infection commonly presenting as mucosal ulceration of the oral cavity. It is increasingly recognized in Australia but the source of infection remains obscure and it is likely to be under-diagnosed. We report a case of chronic mucosal ulceration which failed to fully respond to periodontal therapy. Histology and culture of a gingival biopsy was consistent with histoplasmosis, and the patient responded favourably to treatment with oral itraconazole. Histoplasmosis may present to general dental practitioners as chronic mucosal ulceration and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of such lesions. Diagnosis is best made by culture and histology of biopsy specimens.

Background People with intellectual disability (ID) are known to have a high prevalence of health needs, and to require access to specialist health services in addition to primary care and generic secondary care health services. However, there is no national database of each locality's specialist health service provision. Such a record would highlight variation in provision and enable benchmarking. Method A 15-item questionnaire was developed which included questions on ID health services and staffing levels. This was sent to the chief executive of each of the 15 identified National Health Service primary care trusts/health boards which provide ID services in Scotland. The same questionnaire was also sent to the lead clinician/clinical director of each service. The results were converted to per 100 000 population per trust and presented in cumulative frequency tables to allow benchmarking. Results A response rate of 100% was achieved. The results show a wide range in the type of services provided by each locality in Scotland. Only three services (21%) have completed the process of resettlement. There was a wide-ranging variability in the number of beds/day places and professionals employed per 100 000 population per trust. Conclusions There is widespread diversity in the service provision between different parts of Scotland. Geographical distances and responsibilities for service provision to remote and rural communities did not appear to account for these differences.

L'étude de la mobilité sociale s'est traditionnellement faite de façon statique. Le lien entre mobilité et politique sociale permettrait de renouveler la question. Trois types de politique sont envisagés : les réformes de l'éducation, les allocations (cash subsidies) et la mobilité collective (stratum mobility ). Pour chacune de ces approches, les auteurs examinent plusieurs politiques qu'ils critiquent ou qu'ils suggèrent : par exemple, l'Opération Head Start, l'éducation permanente, les mesures fiscales destinées à réduire effectivement les écarts entre strates. Le problème du pouvoir et des politiques économiques devrait retenir l'attention et rentrer danii la formation des sociologues., The study of social mobility has traditionally been made in a static fashion. The link between mobility and social policies makes it possible to reopen the question. Three types of policies : educational reform, cash subsidies, and stratum mobility, are involved. For each of these approaches, the authors examine several policies which they criticize or which they suggest, for example, Operation Head Start, adult education, and fiscal measures designed to effectively reduce the distance between strata. The problem of power and of economic policies should be part of the concern and of the training of sociologists., El análisis de la movilidad social se ha realizado tradicionalmente de manera estática. El vinculo entre movilidad y políticas sociales permitiría renovar dicha problemática. En particular, tres tipos de políticas deberían ser considerados : las reformas de la educación, los subsidios (cash subsidies), la movilidad collectiva {stratum mobility). Para cada uno de esos enfoques los autores examinan varias políticas posibles, que son sometidas a critica o bien sugeridas; por ejemplo, la operación Head Start, la educación permanente, las medidas fiscales destinadas a reducir efectivamente la distancia entre los estratos sociales. Según los autores el problema del poder y el de las políticas económicas merecerían ocupar un lugar de mayor importancia en la formación de los sociólogos.