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Hip fractures cases are common in elderly population. After a hip fracture, around 80% of patients were unable to carry out at least one independent activity of daily living (ADL). This review attempted to provide an evidence-based literature on ADL of elderly hip fracture patients. A computerised literature search using Medline (OVID) and Scopus databases were conducted to identify relevant studies on ADL of elderly hip fracture patients that was assessed with Katz ADL score. Only articles that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in this review. Initial search identified 314 potentially relevant articles but after careful screening, only 5 full-text articles were selected for the present review. Three studies showed an increase dependent level of the patients' ADL after hip fractures. Two studies showed not more than half of the patients were unable to regain their pre-fracture ADL level after one year of hip fracture incidence. Feeding/eating showed the highest independent activity while bathing was the lowest independent activity among patients. In conclusion, elderly hip fracture patients have declined ADL with the risk that they may never regain their pre-fracture ADL level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoporosis is known as a silent disease because bone density slowly decreases with advancing age and without symptoms. The incidence of osteoporosis is increasing yearly worldwide. Measuring bone mineral density (BMD) using conventional bone densitometry (DXA) is practical in diagnosis of osteoporosis but the cost is high and cannot be implemented in community. However, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is a modern technique to measure the bone density and also for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. It is comparatively easy, reliable, less costly, and a safe method compared to other techniques. QUS consists of two main parameters which are known as broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and speed of sound (SOS). QUS can also predict fracture risk of BMD. QUS showed significantly associated with BMD, bone micro architecture and mechanical parameters for In vitro studies and in human studies, QUS were found to be associated with BMD. Hence, QUS is capable to be new technique for bone assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]