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In 2008, Michigan State University was selected to establish the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB). Construction of the FRIB accelerator was completed in January 2022. Phased accelerator commissioning with heavy ion beams started in 2017 with the normal-conducting ion source and radio-frequency quadrupole. In April 2021, the full FRIB driver linear accelerator (linac) was commissioned, with heavy ion beams accelerated to energies above 200 MeV/nucleon by 324 superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) resonators operating at 2 K and 4 K with liquid-helium cooling. In preparation for high-power operation, a liquid lithium charge stripper was commissioned with heavy ion beams up to uranium-238, followed by the simultaneous acceleration of multiple-charge-state heavy ion beams to energies above 200 MeV/nucleon. In December 2021, selenium-84 was produced with the FRIB target using a krypton-86 primary beam, demonstrating FRIB’s capability for scientific discovery.

Gaining in-situ access to relaxation dynamics of radiation induced defects will lead to a better understanding of materials and is important for the verification of theoretical models and simulations. We show preliminary results from experiments at the new Neutralized Drift Compression Experiment (NDCX-II) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory that will enable in-situ access to defect dynamics through pump-probe experiments. Here, the unique capabilities of the NDCX-II accelerator to generate intense, nanosecond pulsed ion beams are utilized. Preliminary data of channeling experiments using lithium and potassium ions and silicon membranes are shown. We compare these data to simulation results using Crystal Trim. Furthermore, we discuss the improvements to the accelerator to higher performance levels and the new diagnostics tools that are being incorporated., Comment: CAARI 2014

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is working to address the needs of the primary scientific Grand Challenges now being considered by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences: we are exploring scientific discovery opportunities, and new areas of science, to be unlocked with the use of advanced photon sources. A partnership of several divisions at LBNL is working to define the science and instruments needed in the future. To meet these needs, we propose a seeded, high-repetition-rate, free-electron laser (FEL) facility. Temporally and spatially coherent photon pulses, of controlled duration ranging from picosecond to sub-femtosecond, are within reach in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) to soft X-ray regime, and LBNL is developing critical accelerator physics and technologies toward this goal. We envision a facility with an array of FELs, each independently configurable and tunable, providing a range of photon-beam properties with high average and peak flux and brightness.

A description of a new 2 m undulator is presented which was specially designed and manufactured for a SASE mode FEL experiment. It is a one section two plane focusing permanent magnet construction. The uniform period length is 2.06 cm, total number of periods is 98. The peak field on the axis is 5.4 kG for a 5 mm gap.

We employ intense and short pulses of energetic lithium (Li+) ions to investigate the relaxation dynamics of radiation induced defects in single crystal silicon samples. Ions both create damage and track damage evolution simultaneously at short time scales when we use the channeling effect as a diagnostic tool. Ion pulses, ∼20 to 600 ns long and with peak currents of up to ∼1 A are formed in an induction type linear accelerator, the Neutralized Drift Compression eXperiment at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. By rotating silicon () membranes of different thicknesses and changing the incident ion energy, the fraction of channeled ions in the transmitted beam could be varied. In preliminary experiments we find that the Li ion intensity is not high enough to generate overlapping cascades (in time and space) that would be necessary to measure a change in the shape of the current waveform of the transmitted ion beam. We discuss the concept of pump-probe type experiments with short ion beam pulses to access defect dynamics in materials and outline a path to increasing damage rates with heavier ions and by the application of longitudinal and lateral pulse compression techniques.

A test facility is established at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) to study RF power sources for linear colliders based on the relativistic klystron two-beam accelerator (RK-TBA) concept. A 24-m long prototype source, the RTA, will be constructed in this facility to study physics, engineering, and cost issues related to RK-TBAs. The RTA will generate 200-ns 180-MW RF (11.4-GHz) pulses from each of eight output ports. The major components of the RTA include a 2.8-MeV 1.2-kA induction injector, transverse beam modulator, adiabatic compressor, and RF extraction section. The beam energy is increased to 4 MeV and the RF bunch length is shortened from 240/spl deg/ to 110/spl deg/ in the adiabatic compressor. The 8-m long extraction section includes 40 induction accelerator cells to maintain beam energy at an average 4 MeV, eight equally spaced RF output structures, and a ppm quadrupole focusing system. In this paper, we describe the RTA and present results of component testing and computer simulations.

This note describes the design, fabrication and calibration of the NDCX-II capacitive beam position monitor.

Intense beams of heavy ions are capable of heating volumetric samples of matter to high energy density. Experiments are performed on the resulting warm dense matter (WDM) at the NDCX-I ion beam accelerator. The 0.3 MeV, 30 mA K(+) beam from NDCX-I heats foil targets by combined longitudinal and transverse neutralized drift compression of the ion beam. Both the compressed and uncompressed parts of the NDCX-I beam heat targets. The exotic state of matter (WDM) in these experiments requires specialized diagnostic techniques. We have developed a target chamber and fielded target diagnostics including a fast multichannel optical pyrometer, optical streak camera, laser Doppler-shift interferometer (Velocity Interferometer System for Any Reflector), beam transmission diagnostics, and high-speed gated cameras. We also present plans and opportunities for diagnostic development and a new target chamber for NDCX-II.

This milestone has been accomplished. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory has completed simulations of a fast correction scheme to compensate for chromatic and time-dependent defocusing effects in the transport of ion beams to the target plane in the NDCX-1 facility. Physics specifications for implementation in NDCX-1 and NDCX-2 have been established. This milestone has been accomplished. The Heavy Ion Fusion Science Virtual National Laboratory has completed simulations of a fast correction scheme to compensate for chromatic and time-dependent defocusing effects in the transport of ion beams to the target plane in the NDCX-1 facility. Physics specifications for implementation in NDCX-1 and NDCX-2 have been established. Focal spot differences at the target plane between the compressed and uncompressed regions of the beam pulse have been modeled and measured on NDCX-1. Time-dependent focusing and energy sweep from the induction bunching module are seen to increase the compressed pulse spot size at the target plane by factors of two or more, with corresponding scaled reduction in the peak intensity and fluence on target. A time-varying beam envelope correction lens has been suggested to remove the time-varying aberration. An Einzel (axisymmetric electric) lens system has been analyzed and optimized for generalmore » transport lines, and as a candidate correction element for NDCX-1. Attainable high-voltage holdoff and temporal variations of the lens driving waveform are seen to effect significant changes on the beam envelope angle over the duration of interest, thus confirming the utility of such an element on NDCX-1. Modeling of the beam dynamics in NDCX-1 was performed using a time-dependent (slice) envelope code and with the 3-D, self-consistent, particle-in-cell code WARP. Proof of concept was established with the slice envelope model such that the spread in beam waist positions relative to the target plane can be minimized with a carefully designed Einzel lens waveform and transport line. WARP simulations have verified the efficacy of the Einzel lens while including more detailed beam physics. WARP simulations have also indicated some unpredicted transittime effects, and methods are currently being explored to compensate and reduce this complication. We have explored the use of an Einzel lens, or system of Einzel lenses, to compensate for chromatic aberrations in the beam focal spot in the NDCX-2 target plane. The final beam manipulations in NDCX-2 (linear velocity ramp, charge neutralization, high field final focus solenoid) are similar to NDCX-1 though the NDCX-2 beam has much higher energy and current. The most relevant distinctions are that the pulse duration at the entrance to the drift compression section is tenfold shorter, and that the beam energy tenfold higher, than in NDCX-1. Placing a time-dependent, envelope angle correcting element at the neutralized drift region entrance presents a very significant challenge to voltage holdoff and voltage swing V(t) in a single Einzel lens. Placing the Einzel lens(es) further upstream reduces the required voltage risetime V'(t) to effect the necessary envelope correction, while increasing the duration over which the timedependent voltage must vary. While this simplifies the technological challenge of designing and operating a Einzel lens in NDCX-2, it does require much finer control of the correcting waveform and measurements of its effect on space-charge dominated beams over a much longer axial path length to target than in the NDCX-1.« less

New generation accelerator-based X-ray light sources require high quality beams with high average brightness. Normal conducting L- and S-band photo injectors are limited in repetition rate and D-C (photo)injectors are limited in field strength at the cathode. We propose a low frequency normal-conducting cavity, operating at 50 to 100 MHz CW, to provide beam bunches of up to the cavity frequency. The photoinjector uses a re-entrant cavity structure, requiring less than 100 kW CW, with a peak wall power density less than 10 W/cm2. The cavity will support a vacuum down to 10 picoTorr, with a load-lock mechanism for easy replacement of photocathodes. The photocathode can be embedded in a magnetic field to provide correlations useful for emittance exchange. Beam dynamics simulations indicate that normalized emittances smaller than 1 mm-mrad are possible with gap voltage of 750 kV, with fields up to 20 MV/m at the photocathode, for 1 nanocoulomb charge per bunch after acceleration and emittance compensation. Long-bunch operation (10's of picosecond) is made possible by the low cavity frequency, permitting low bunch current at the 750 kV gap voltage.

In this paper, we present a three-dimensional quasistatic model for high brightness beam dynamics simulation in rf/dc photoinjectors, rf linacs, and similar devices on parallel computers. In this model, electrostatic space-charge forces within a charged particle beam are calculated self-consistently at each time step by solving the three-dimensional Poisson equation in the beam frame and then transforming back to the laboratory frame. When the beam has a large energy spread, it is divided into a number of energy bins or slices so that the space-charge forces are calculated from the contribution of each bin and summed together. Image-charge effects from conducting photocathode are also included efficiently using a shifted-Green function method. For a beam with large aspect ratio, e.g., during emission, an integrated Green function method is used to solve the three-dimensional Poisson equation. Using this model, we studied beam transport in one Linac Coherent Light Sources photoinjector design through the first traveling wave linac with initial misalignment with respect to the accelerating axis.

Quantum Efficiency (QE) measurements of single photon photoemission from a Cu(111) single crystal and a Cu polycrystal photocathodes, irradiated by 150 fs-6.28 eV laser pulses, are reported over a broad range of incidence angle, both in s and p polarizations. The maximum QE (\simeq 4\times10^{-4}) for polycrystalline Cu is obtained in p polarization at an angle of incidence {\theta} = 65deg. We observe a QE enhancement in p polarization which can not be explained in terms of optical absorption, a phenomenon known as vectorial photoelectric effect. Issues concerning surface roughness and symmetry considerations are addressed. An explanation in terms of non local conductivity tensor is proposed., Comment: 3 pages, 3 figures

A source of ultra-fast synchrotron radiation pulses based on a recirculating superconducting linac is proposed at LBNL. A flat beam will be produced in the low energy phase. High-brightness photocathode rf gun will produce electron beams in a solenoidal magnetic field. The electron beam will be transformed into flat beam with a large x/y emittance ratio by a skew-quadrupole-sequence adaptor. A theoretical model is shown and simulations have been done with PARMELA. Space charge effect and possible solenoid setup are reported

The Astra simulation code has been successfully used in the design of linac and rf photoinjector systems utilizing beams with azimuthal symmetry. We present recently implemented changes to Astra that allow tracking of beams in beamlines without the assumption of any symmetry. The changes especially include a 3D mesh space charge algorithm and the possibility to import 3D electromagnetic field maps from eigensolver programs.

This is a description of the first tests of the Elliptically Polarizing Undulator (EPU) on the SPEAR storage ring at SSRL. The EPU is the first device of its type; it is capable of producing plane polarized light in the vertical and horizontal, and right and left circularly polarized light in the 500-1000 eV range. Tests of the EPU were done to characterize its effect on the electron beam in SPEAR. Even at minimum gap, motion of the EPU magnets to vary the polarization of the output radiation caused negligible changes in the tune or the steering of the electron beam, even with no compensation of the steering trim coils. We also measured the polarization of x-rays generated by the EPU using a newly developed multilayer polarimeter built to be efficient in the EPU`s energy range. The EPU produces nearly 100% plane and circularly polarized x-rays. Using left and right circularly polarized radiation, we also performed tests of magnetic circular dichroism on magnetic multilayers.

Berkeley Lab has proposed to build a recirculating linac based X-ray source for ultra-fast dynamic studies [J. Corlett, et. al., "A Recirculating Linac-Based Facility for Ultrafast X-ray Science", Proc. 2003 Part. Accel. Conf., Portland, 2003.]. This machine requires a flat electron beam with a small vertical emittance and large x/y emittance ratio to allow for compression of spontaneous undulator emission of soft and hard x-ray pulses, and a low-emittance, round electron beam for coherent emission of soft x-rays via the FEL process based on cascaded harmonic generation [W. Fawley, et. al., "Simulation Studies of an XUV/Soft X-Ray Harmonic-Cascade FEL for the Proposed LBNL Recirculating Linac;, Proc. 2003 Part. Accel. Conf., Portland, 2003.]. We propose an injector system consisting of two high gradient high repetition rate photocathode guns [J. Staples, et. al., "The LBNL Femtosource 10 kHz Photoinjector', Proc. 2003 Part. Accel. Conf., Portland, 2003.] (one for each application), a /spl sim/120 MeV superconducting linear accelerator, a 3rd harmonic cavity for linearization of the longitudinal phase space, and a bunch compressor. We present details of the design and the results of particle tracking studies using several computer codes.

Experiments to study beam dynamics for relativistic klystrons (RK) are being performed with a 1-MeV, 600-A induction accelerator beam. The RK is a RF power source based on induction accelerator technology and conventional resonant output structures. Capable of generating 100's of MW/m at frequencies up to the K-band, the RK has been proposed as a driver for a future linear collider in one version of a two-beam accelerator. A critical feasibility issue remaining to be demonstrated is suppression of the transverse instability of the drive beam. This kiloampere beam must transit about a hundred resonance output structures and many hundreds of induction accelerator cavities for the RK to achieve competitive efficiency and cost with respect to other proposed power sources. The RK's strong focusing used to contain the beam in the small aperture resonant structures, repetitive geometry, and reacceleration allow the resonant output structures to be spaced at a betatron phase advance of 360/spl deg/. This phase advance (or any integral multiple of 180/spl deg/) is beneficial in linear accelerators as the instability growth changes from exponential to linear. In our experiment the beam is contained in a solenoidal focusing channel, RF cavities are spaced every 60 cm, and growth in the transverse motion is measured as a function of phase advance. Details of the experiments and results are presented.

The visible-infrared self-amplified spontaneous emission amplifier (VISA) free electron laser (FEL) is an experimental device designed to show self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) to saturation in the near infrared to visible light energy range. It generates a resonant wavelength output from 800\char21{}600 nm, so that silicon detectors may be used to characterize the optical properties of the FEL radiation. VISA is designed to show how SASE FEL theory corresponds with experiment in this wavelength range, using an electron beam with emittance close to that planned for the future Linear Coherent Light Source at SLAC. VISA comprises a 4 m pure permanent magnet undulator with four 99 cm segments, each of 55 periods, 18 mm long. The undulator has distributed focusing built into it, to reduce the average beta function of the 70\char21{}85 MeV electron beam to about 30 cm. There are four FODO cells per segment. The permanent magnet focusing lattice consists of blocks mounted on either side of the electron beam, in the undulator gap. The most important undulator error parameter for a free electron laser is the trajectory walk-off, or lack of overlap of the photon and electron beams. Using pulsed wire magnet measurements and magnet shimming, we were able to control trajectory walk-off to less than $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}50\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ per field gain length.

A critical issue for a Two-Beam accelerator based upon extended relativistic klystrons is controlling the cumulative dipole instability growth. We describe a theoretical scheme to reduce the growth from an exponential to a more manageable linear rate, and a new experiment to test this concept. The experiment utilizes a 1-MeV, 600-Amp, 200-ns electron beam and a short beamline of periodically spaced RF dipole pillbox cavities and solenoid magnets for transport. Descriptions of the RTA injector and the planned beamline are presented, followed by theoretical studies of the beam transport and dipole mode growth.

The Visible-Infrared SASE Amplifier (VISA) undulator is an in-vacuum, 4-meter long, 1.8 cm period, pure-permanent magnet device, with a novel, strong focusing, permanent magnet FODO array included within the fixed, 6 mm undulator gap. The undulator magnet is constructed of 99-cm long segments, joined into a continuous structure. To attain maximum SASE gain requires establishing overlap of electron and photon beams to within 50 microns rms. This imposes challenging tolerances on mechanical fabrication and magnetic field quality, and necessitates use of laser straightness interferometry for calibration and alignment of the magnetic axes of the undulator segments. This paper describes the computerized magnet sorting, pulsed-wire magnetic measurements, trajectory shimming and magnetic axis calibration performed to meet this goal.

We introduce here a new technique for sorting magnets to minimize the field errors in permanent magnet insertion devices. Simulated annealing has been used in this role, but we find the technique of threshold acceptance produces results of equal quality in less computer time. Threshold accepting would be of special value in designing very long insertion devices, such as long free electron lasers (FELs). Our application of threshold acceptance to magnet sorting showed that it converged to equivalently low values of the cost function, but that it converged significantly faster. We present typical cases showing time to convergence for various error tolerances, magnet numbers, and temperature schedules.

We present here the design description of a new type of planar helical undulator, which we are constructing for the SPEAR storage ring at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. It comprises four rows of pure permanent magnet blocks, one row in each quadrant about the axis defined by the electron beam. Rows may be translated longitudinally with respect to each other to change the helicity of the magnetic field they create at the position of the beam. They may also be translated longitudinally to vary the energy of the x-rays emitted, unlike designs where this function is performed by varying the gap between the rows. This work includes numerical calculations of the fields, electron trajectories, and x-ray spectra, including off-axis effects.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

We present a planar helical undulator designed to produce elliptically-polarized light. Helical magnetic fields may be produced by a variety of undulators with four parallel cassettes of magnets. In our design, all cassettes are mounted in two planes on slides so that they may be moved parallel to the electron beam. This allows us to produce X-rays of left- or right-handed elliptical or circular polarization as well as horizontal or vertical linear polarization. In model calculations, we have found that by sliding the top pair of rows with respect to the bottom pair, or the left pair with respect to the right pair, we retain the polarization setting but change the magnetic field strength, and hence the X-ray energy. This allows us to select both energy and polarization by independent phase adjustments alone, without changing the gap between the rows. Such a design may be simpler to construct than an adjustable-gap machine. We present calculations that model its operation and its effects on an electron beam.

As a technique for heating matter to high energy density, intense beams of heavy ions are capable of delivering precise and uniform beam energy deposition to a relatively large sample. The US heavy ion fusion science program has developed techniques for heating and diagnosing warm dense matter (WDM) targets. We have developed a WDM target chamber and a suite of target diagnostics including a fast multi-channel optical pyrometer, optical streak camera, VISAR, and high-speed gated cameras. Initial WDM experiments heat targets by both the compressed and uncompressed parts of the NDCX-I beam, and explore measurement of temperature, droplet formation and other target parameters. Continued improvements in beam tuning, bunch compression, and other upgrades are expected to yield higher temperature and pressure in the WDM targets. Future experiments are planned in areas such as dense electronegative targets, porous target homogenization and two-phase equation of state.

The QRS transition zone to the right on the chest may occur in posterior fibrosis or necrosis, in right ventricular strain but also in a large number of non-cardiac people, some of them presenting a short P-R interval (93 patients with tall R waves in V3 from 331 with short P-R in our study). The incidence of right deviation of QRS transition zone was 28% in cases with short P-R interval and only 16% in cases with normal atrioventricular conduction. Our data suggest that right deviation of QRS transition zone in cases with short P-R interval may be produced by abnormal ventricular depolarisation--similar to that encountered in cases with patent accelerated atrioventricular conduction through accessory pathway (WPW type A).

In the flat beam experiment at Fermilab/NICADD Photoinjector Laboratory(FNPL), it is essential to have a nonvanishing longitudinal magnetic field on the photocathode. The canonical angular momentum of the electron beam generated by this magnetic field is an important parameter in understanding the round to flat beam transformation. In this paper, we report our measurements of the canonical angular momentum, which is directly related to the skew diagonal elements of the beam matrix before beam is made flat. The measurements of the other elements of the beam matrix are also reported.