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To compile this literature review, we studied at least 100 publications devoted to the genetic basis of clear cell, papillary, and chromophobic sporadic kidney cancer pathogenesis. Each of them considered the role of somatic gene and chromosomal mutations in the initiation, promotion, and tumor progression of sporadic renal cell carcinoma, emphasized the importance of determining the mutagenic profile of renal cell carcinoma for the future fate of patients.

Background. Currently, in men suffering from prostate cancer, histological examination of the material obtained during pelvic lymphadenectomy (PLAE) is the most accurate and reliable method for staging the tumor process and postoperative prognosis of disease outcomes, an important factor influencing the choice of the most rational treatment tactics after radical prostatectomy. However, today questions about the therapeutic (oncological) expediency of PLAE and its safety in terms of the development of intra- and postoperative complications remain debatable.Aim. To was to compare the perioperative and therapeutic (oncological) results of radical prostat ectomy performed in combination with standard or extended PLAE.Materials and methods. The study materials were the data of medical records of 812 men aged 43 to 78 years, at different times (from January 2009 to December 2018) who were hospitalized for localized or locally advanced prostate cancer in stages cT1a–cT3bN0M0. The research method was a retrospective analysis of the data contained in the selected medical records.Results and conclusion. The results of our studies, firstly, confirm the conclusions of the European Association of Urology (EAU) experts on the justification and necessity of performing an extended PLAE with radical prostatectomy in order to diagnose metastatic lesions of the pelvic lymph nodes in individuals with an intermediate or high risk of prostate cancer progression; secondly, they indicate a higher therapeutic efficacy of extended PLAE compared to that for standard PLAE, which is expressed in a statistically significantly three times lower incidence of biochemical relapses and an 11.4 % longer relapse-free period after extended PLAE than after standard PLAE. Extended PLAE, performed in one surgical session with radical prostatectomy, is not a risk factor for the development of various intra- and postoperative complications, with the exception of the lymphocele, which is formed in 3.7–13.5 % of cases of extended PLAE due to intraoperative transection of lymphatic vessels and lymph accumulation at the site of the removed adipose tissue.

While performing surgical treatment of the localized form of renal cell cancer by means of open or laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, renal warm ischemia is an important issue. Using renal warm ischemia allows to prevent parenchymal bleeding, to optimize conditions for resection of the tumor and to increase significantly the efficiency of hemostasis. However, an important problem is the probability of ischemic hypoxic damage of the remaining part of the kidney tissue during renal warm ischemia and renal functional impairment in the postoperative period.To compare nephroprotective activity of sodium fumarate, mannitol and furosemide using experimental model of 30- and 60-minute renal warm ischemia in rabbits.The experiments were carried out on 360 conventional male-rabbits of the "Chinchilla" breed weighed 2,6+/-0,3 kg which were allocated into 10 groups. The control group No1 included intact animals, the control group No2 included the rabbits in which renal artery was not clamped. For the animals from the trial groups (No3-No10) the experimental model of 30- and 60-minute renal warm ischemia was used. In groups No3 and No4 no drugs were provided. Other rabbits undergone renal warm ischemia with a protection by sodium fumarate (groups No5 and No6 - 1,5 ml/kg IV), lasix (groups No7 and No8 - 3,0 mg/kg IV) and mannitol (No9 and No10 - 1,0 g/kg IV). The influence of renal warm ischemia on the renal tissue ultrastructure and the levels of NGAL, Cystatin-C and creatinine in blood and urine were studied.During experimental pharmacologically uncorrected 30-minute renal warm ischemia in animals, edema of the terminal part of microvilli of the proximal tubules epithelium, an increase of lysosome number in the hyaloplasm of epithelial cells, appearance of flaky content of medium electronic density in the lumens of distal tubules and collecting tubules, as well as sharp peak-like increase of NGAL and cystatin-C in blood and urine were observed. Increasing the time of ischemia up to 60 minutes was accompanied by more severe disturbances. In groups where sodium fumarate, lasix and mannitol were used the observed ultrastructural disturbances were expressed to lesser extent, whereas sodium fumarate demonstrated the best nephroprotective activity. After using mannitol the severity of disturbances was less than in the groups where mannitol, lasix or sodium fumarate were not given. Lasix and sodium salt of fumaric acid showed a higher nephroprotective activity. The best results were received in the animals received sodium fumarate.The studied drugs provided a nephroprotective effect regarding ischemia of rabbit kidney. The effect of sodium fumarate was the most pronounced, followed by furosemide and, to a lesser extent, mannitol. Use of sodium fumarate allows to protect and stimulate the kidney tissue effectively during oxygen deprivation under ischemic state.

Background. Restoring the quality of life of patients to a level comparable to that of practically healthy people is the most important task of medicine in general. At this stage of development of science, the main goal in the treatment of malignant diseases remains the preservation of life. However, now in oncological practice, methods whose potential allows not only to preserve life as such, but also to ensure the high quality of this life in all its manifestations, are acquiring greater and greater significance.The objective of the study is to compare the quality of life of persons with localized kidney cancer in the early and late periods after surgical treatment by radical nephroectomy and laparoscopic resection of renal tissue.Materials and methods. A questionnaire survey using SF-36 (Short Form-36), designed for a comprehensive assessment of the quality of life associated with health.Results. The quality of life of patients with localized kidney cancer before treatment is reduced due to a number of physical and mental nature, limiting labor, domestic and social activity and causing a feeling of dissatisfaction with their lives in general. These problems are disorders of physical, social and emotional functioning, physical pain, deterioration of general and mental health, limitations of role functioning due to physical and emotional state. After surgical treatment with laparoscopic resection, complete satisfaction of patients with the quality of their life was achieved during the first 1–3 postoperative months; after radical nephroectomy – not earlier than 1–3 years.Conclusion. One of the advantages of laparoscopic resection over radical nephroectomy is a higher quality of life of patients in the early and late periods after the intervention.

The ATLAS silicon tracker detectors are designed to sustain a high dose integrated over several years of operation. The radiation hardness should also favor the survival of the detector in case of accidental beam losses. In 2006, a measurement published for the ATLAS Pixel detector modules (silicon planar hybridly coupled with FE-I3 electronics) established that they could survive to beam losses (1.5 × 1 0 10 protons/cm2 in a single bunch) with minimal or no deterioration of performance. In this paper, preliminary results are shown, reporting the effect of a very intensive proton beam releasing a high instantaneous dose in two IBL pixel and one ITk strip module detectors at the HiRadMat facility at CERN.

The choice of method of surgical treatment for endophytic kidney tumors depends on the precise definition of the location and size, the extent of invasion into adjacent tissues and the type of vascularization. Intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) in combination with 3D-CT allow to receive this information. The aim of this study was to compare the laparoscopic-assisted extracorporeal partial nephrectomy and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with IOUS and visualization in Full HD, 3D Full HD and 4K modes.A total of 77 patients aged 43-75 years with endophytic renal tumors were included in the study. They were undergone either extracorporeal partial nephrectomy or laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with IOUS. We compared the rate of positive surgical margins, early postoperative bleeding, de novo renal failure or aggravation of preexisting renal failure and stricture of vesico-ureteric anastomosis.The rate of early postoperative bleeding, chronic kidney failure and pathologically-proven positive surgical margin in patients who underwent extracorporeal partial nephrectomy followed by kidney autotransplantation was 23.1%, 13.4% and 13.4%, respectively. After laparoscopic partial nephrectomy these values were 12%, 16.7% and 8.3%, respectively. The best outcomes were achieved in patients who underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with IOUS and with a use of visualization in Full HD, 3D Full HD and 4K modes.

International audience; We have developed ultrasonic instrumentation to simultaneously monitor flow and composition in a variety of gas mixtures. Flow and mixture composition are respectively derived from measurements of the difference and average of sound transit times in two opposite directions in a flowing process gas blend. Gas composition is then determined from an automated comparison of the measured sound velocities with a velocity/composition database. Continuous, real-time precision measurements of binary gas mixtures are required in many applications. While the most natural application of this instrumentation is in the analysis of such mixtures, analysis of mixtures with additional components is also possible, as discussed in this paper. In the ATLAS experiment at CERN, several instruments are presently used in the Detector Control System. Three instruments monitor octafluoropropane (C3F8, R218) and carbon dioxide (CO2, R744) coolant leaks into the nitrogen-purged envelopes surrounding elements of the inner silicon tracker. Precision in molar concentration of better than 2.10−5 is routinely seen in mixtures of C3F8 in nitrogen in the presence of known concentrations of the third party gas CO2. Two further instruments are used to monitor the new 60 kW thermosiphon C3F8 evaporative coolant recirculator which exploits the 90 m depth of the ATLAS pit to circulate coolant without the need for pumps or compressors in the primary loop. These instruments are used to verify the absence of air leaks in the thermosiphon cooling circuit and to measure the vapour-phase coolant flow in real-time. This instrumentation is also used to measure zeotropic fluorocarbon blends containing C3F8 and up to 25% hexafluoroethane (C2F6, R116), achieving a precision around 0.16% in the range 0–25% C2F6. We also report on measurements of heat transfer coefficient in these blends: our experimental data were compared to several empirical correlations, with typical differences less than 10%. This analysis technique, targeting binary pairs of gases of dissimilar molecular weight, is particularly promising for mixtures of anesthetic gases, including in the developing area of anesthesia using xenon. The instrument and its various applications will be discussed.

The ATLAS detector community is entering in the final stages of sensor development for the future upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). An increase by an order of magnitude of the LHC luminosity, up to 1035 cm−2s−1, will lead to an increased radiation dose delivered to the detector, especially for the devices located in the Inner Tracker. In 2018, an experimental study of the damages induced by a beam-loss over silicon strip detectors was done in the High-Radiation to Materials facility at CERN. A progressive number of proton bunches was extracted from the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron, and focused directly over the strip sensor, in order to emulate the large amount of charge typically generated in a beam-loss failure. This work presents the results obtained during this experiment, showing that Punch-Through Protection effectively protects the AC-coupling capacitors of the silicon sensors from large charge accumulations, but still this scenario could induce damages on the read-out electronics.

We describe a combined ultrasonic instrument for continuous gas flow measurement and simultaneous real-time binary gas mixture analysis. In the instrument, sound bursts are transmitted in opposite directions, which may be aligned with the gas flow path or at an angle to it, the latter configuration being the best adapted to high flow rates. The combined flow measurement and mixture analysis algorithm exploits the phenomenon whereby the sound velocity in a binary gas mixture at known temperature and pressure is a unique function of the molar concentration of the two components. The instrument is central to a possible upgrade to the present ATLAS silicon tracker cooling system in which octafluoropropane (C F ) evaporative cooling fluid would be replaced by a blend containing up to 25% hexafluoroethane (C 2 F 6 ). The instrument has been developed in two geometries following computational fluid dynamics studies of various mechanical layouts. An instrument with 45 crossing angle has been installed for commissioning in the ATLAS silicon tracker cooling system. It can be used in gas flows up to 20 000 l.min -1 and has demonstrated a flow resolution of 2.3% of full scale for linear flow velocities up to 10 m.s in preliminary studies with air. Other instruments are currently used to detect low levels of C 2 F 8 vapor leaking into the N 2 environmental gas surrounding the ATLAS silicon tracker. A long-duration continuous study of more than a year has demonstrated a sensitivity to mixture variation of better than 5.10 -5 .

We describe an ultrasonic instrument for continuous real-time analysis of the fractional mixture of a binary gas system. The instrument is particularly well suited to measurement of leaks of a high molecular weight gas into a system that is nominally composed of a single gas. Sensitivity < 5 × 10−5 is demonstrated to leaks of octaflouropropane (C3F8) coolant into nitrogen during a long duration (18 month) continuous study. The sensitivity of the described measurement system is shown to depend on the difference in molecular masses of the two gases in the mixture. The impact of temperature and pressure variances on the accuracy of the measurement is analysed. Practical considerations for the implementation and deployment of long term, in situ ultrasonic leak detection systems are also described. Although development of the described systems was motivated by the requirements of an evaporative fluorocarbon cooling system, the instrument is applicable to the detection of leaks of many other gases and to processes requiring continuous knowledge of particular binary gas mixture fractions.

International audience; Custom ultrasonic instruments have been developed for continuous monitoring and real-time measurement of composition and flow in binary gas mixtures. These characteristics are derived from measurements of sound transit time along two opposite directions - parallel or tilted to the gas flow direction. The flow rate is then calculated from the transit time difference while the average is used to compute sound velocity by comparison with a sound velocity/composition database. Five devices are integrated in the Detector Control System of the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Three instruments monitor C3F8 and CO2 coolant leaks into the nitrogen-purged envelopes of the inner silicon tracker; respectively with precisions better than ±2´10-5 and ±10-4. Two further instruments are used to monitor the new thermosiphon C3F8 evaporative coolant recirculator. One of these measures C3F8 vapour return flow to the condenser while the other tracks air ingress into the condenser with a precision better than 10-3. The precision of these instruments highlights their potential in other applications requiring continuous binary gas composition monitoring.

International audience; Precision ultrasonic measurements in binary gas systems provide continuous real-time monitoring of mixture composition and flow. Using custom microcontroller-based electronics, we have developed sonar instruments, with numerous potential applications, capable of making continuous high-precision sound velocity measurements. The instrument measures sound transit times along two opposite directions aligned parallel to - or obliquely crossing - the gas flow. The difference between the two measured times yields the gas flow rate while their average gives the sound velocity, which can be compared with sound velocity vs. molar composition look-up curves to obtain the binary mixture at a given temperature and pressure. The look-up curves may be generated from prior measurements in known mixtures of the two components, from theoretical calculations, or from a combination of the two. We describe the instruments and their performance within numerous applications in the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The instruments can be of interest in other areas where continuous in-situ binary gas analysis and flowmetry are required.

Custom ultrasonic instruments have been developed for simultaneous monitoring of binary gas mixture and flow in the ATLAS Inner Detector. Sound transit times are measured in opposite directions in flowing gas. Flow rate and sound velocity are respectively calculated from their difference and average. Gas composition is evaluated in real-time by comparison with a sound velocity/composition database, based on the direct dependence of sound velocity on component concentrations in a mixture at known temperature and pressure. Five devices are integrated into the ATLAS Detector Control System. Three instruments monitor coolant leaks into N2 envelopes of the silicon microstrip and Pixel detectors. Resolutions better than ±2×10−5±2×10−5 and ±2×10−4±2×10−4 are seen for C3F8 and CO2 leak concentrations in N2 respectively. A fourth instrument detects sub-percent levels of air ingress into the C3F8 condenser of the new thermosiphon coolant recirculator. Following extensive studies a fifth instrument was built as an angled sound path flowmeter to measure the high returning C3F8 vapour flux View the MathML source(∼1.2kgs−1). A precision of

The transition radiation tracker of the ATLAS setup, which is one of the two multipurpose detectors at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), its design, and the tasks it performs are described. The tracker is fully assembled and commissioned. The first physical results obtained by the tracker in the ATLAS cosmic muon runs are presented.

Precision ultrasonic measurements in binary gas systems provide continuous real-time monitoring of mixture composition and flow. Using custom microcontroller-based electronics, we have developed an ultrasonic instrument, with numerous potential applications, capable of making continuous high-precision sound velocity measurements. The instrument measures sound transit times along two opposite directions aligned parallel to — or obliquely crossing — the gas flow. The difference between the two measured times yields the gas flow rate while their average gives the sound velocity, which can be compared with a sound velocity vs. molar composition look-up table for the binary mixture at a given temperature and pressure. The look-up table may be generated from prior measurements in known mixtures of the two components, from theoretical calculations, or from a combination of the two. We describe the instrument and its performance within numerous applications in the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The instrument can be of interest in other areas where continuous in-situ binary gas analysis and flowmetry are required.

The Transition Radiation Tracker (TRT) sits at the outermost part of the ATLAS Inner Detector, encasing the Pixel Detector and the Semi-Conductor Tracker (SCT). The TRT combines charged particle track reconstruction with electron identification capability. This is achieved by layers of xenon-filled straw tubes with periodic radiator foils or fibers providing TR photon emission. The design and choice of materials have been optimized to cope with the harsh operating conditions at the LHC, which are expected to lead to an accumulated radiation dose of 10 Mrad and a neutron fluence of up to 2middot1014 n/cm2 after ten years of operation. The TRT comprises a barrel containing 52 000 axial straws and two end-cap parts with 320 000 radial straws. The total of 420 000 electronic channels (two channels per barrel straw) allows continuous tracking with many projective measurements (more than 30 straw hits per track). The assembly of the barrel modules in the US has recently been completed, while the end-cap wheel construction in Russia has reached the 50% mark. After testing at the production sites and shipment to CERN, all modules and wheels undergo a series of quality and conformity measurements. These acceptance tests survey dimensions, wire tension, gas-tightness, high-voltage stability and gas-gain uniformity along each individual straw. This paper gives details on the acceptance criteria and measurement methods. An overview of the most important results obtained to-date is also given

The silicon tracker of the ATLAS experiment at CERN Large Hadron Collider will operate around –15°C to minimize the effects of radiation damage. The present cooling system is based on a conventional evaporative circuit, removing around 60 kW of heat dissipated by the silicon sensors and their local electronics. The compressors in the present circuit have proved less reliable than originally hoped, and will be replaced with a thermosiphon. The working principle of the thermosiphon uses gravity to circulate the coolant without any mechanical components (compressors or pumps) in the primary coolant circuit. The fluorocarbon coolant will be condensed at a temperature and pressure lower than those in the on-detector evaporators, but at a higher altitude, taking advantage of the 92 m height difference between the underground experiment and the services located on the surface. An extensive campaign of tests, detailed in this paper, was performed using two small-scale thermosiphon systems. These tests confirmed the design specifications of the full-scale plant and demonstrated operation over the temperature range required for ATLAS. During the testing phase the system has demonstrated unattended long-term stable running over a period of several weeks. The commissioning of the full scale thermosiphon is ongoing, with full operation planned for late 2015.

We investigate and address the performance limitations of the ATLAS silicon tracker fluorocarbon evaporative cooling system operation in the cooling circuits of the barrel silicon microstrip (SCT) sub-detector. In these circuits the minimum achievable evaporation temperatures with C(3)F(8) were higher than the original specification, and were thought to allow an insufficient safety margin against thermal runaway in detector modules subject to a radiation dose initially foreseen for 10 years operation at LHC. We have investigated the cooling capabilities of blends of C(3)F(8) with molar admixtures of up to 25% C(2)F(6), since the addition of the more volatile C(2)F(6) component was expected to allow a lower evaporation temperature for the same evaporation pressure.A custom built recirculator allowed the in-situ preparation of C(2)F(6)/C(3)F(8) blends. These were circulated through a representative mechanical and thermal setup reproducing an as-installed ATLAS SCT barrel tracker cooling circuit. Blend molar compositions were verified to a precision of 3.10(−)(3) in a custom ultrasonic instrument.Thermal measurements in a range of C(2)F(6)/C(3)F(8) blends were compared with measurements in pure C(3)F(8). These indicated that a blend with 25% C(2)F(6) would allow a reduction in evaporation temperature of around 9(o)C to below -15(o)C, even at the highest module power dissipations envisioned after 10 years operation at LHC. Such a reduction would allow more than a factor two in safety margin against temperature dependant leakage power induced thermal runaway.Furthermore, a blend containing up to 25% C(2)F(6) could be circulated without changes to the on-detector elements of the existing ATLAS inner detector evaporative cooling system.

Precision sound velocity measurements can simultaneously determine binary gas composition and flow. We have developed an analyzer with custom microcontroller-based electronics, currently used in the ATLAS Detector Control System, with numerous potential applications. Three instruments monitor C(3)F(8) and CO(2) coolant leak rates into the nitrogen envelopes of the ATLAS silicon microstrip and Pixel detectors. Two further instruments will aid operation of the new thermosiphon coolant recirculator: one of these will monitor air leaks into the low pressure condenser while the other will measure return vapour flow along with C(3)F(8)/C(2)F(6) blend composition, should blend operation be necessary to protect the ATLAS silicon tracker under increasing LHC luminosity. We describe these instruments and their electronics.

We describe a combined ultrasonic instrument for continuous gas flow measurement and simultaneous real-time binary gas mixture analysis. In the instrument, sound bursts are transmitted in opposite directions, which may be aligned with the gas flow path or at an angle to it, the latter configuration being the best adapted to high flow rates. Custom electronics based on Microchip® dsPIC and ADuC847 microcontrollers transmits 50kHz ultrasound pulses and measures transit times in the two directions together with the process gas temperature and pressure. The combined flow measurement and mixture analysis algorithm exploits the phenomenon whereby the sound velocity in a binary gas mixture at known temperature and pressure is a unique function of the molar concentration of the two components. The instrument is central to a possible upgrade to the present ATLAS silicon tracker cooling system in which octafluoropropane (C3F8) evaporative cooling fluid would be replaced by a blend containing up to 25% hexafluoroethane (C2F6). Such a blend will allow a lower evaporation temperature and will afford the tracker silicon substrates a better safety margin against leakage current-induced thermal runaway caused by cumulative radiation damage as the luminosity profile at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) increases. The instrument has been developed in two geometries following computational fluid dynamics studies of various mechanical layouts. An instrument with 45° crossing angle has been built in stainless steel and installed for commissioning in the ATLAS silicon tracker evaporative fluorocarbon cooling system. It can be used in gas flows up to 20000 l.min-1, and has demonstrated a flow resolution of 2.3% of full scale for linear flow velocities up to 10 m.s-1 in preliminary studies with air. Other instruments are currently used to detect low levels of C3F8 vapour leaking into the N2 environmental gas surrounding the ATLAS silicon tracker. Gas from several parts of the tracker is aspirated through two instruments and analyzed. A long duration continuous study of more than a year has demonstrated a sensitivity to mixture variation of better than 5.10-5. The developed instrument has many applications where continuous knowledge of binary gas composition is required. Such applications include anaesthesia, the analysis of hydrocarbon mixtures, and vapour mixtures for semiconductor manufacture.

Precision sound velocity measurements can simultaneously determine binary gas composition and flow. We have developed an analyzer with custom electronics, currently in use in the ATLAS inner detector, with numerous potential applications. The instrument has demonstrated ~0.3% mixture precision for C3F8/C2F6 mixtures and < 10-4 resolution for N2/C3F8 mixtures. Moderate and high flow versions of the instrument have demonstrated flow resolutions of +/- 2% F.S. for flows up to 250 l.min-1, and +/- 1.9% F.S. for linear flow velocities up to 15 ms-1; the latter flow approaching that expected in the vapour return of the thermosiphon fluorocarbon coolant recirculator being built for the ATLAS silicon tracker., Paper submitted to TWEPP2012; Topical Workshop on Electronics for Particle Physics, Oxford, UK, September 17-21, 2012. KEYWORDS: Sonar; Saturated fluorocarbons; Flowmetry; Sound velocity, Gas mixture analysis. 8 pages, 7 figures

An upgrade to the ATLAS silicon tracker cooling control system may require a change from C3F8 (octafluoro-propane) evaporative coolant to a blend containing 10-25% of C2F6 (hexafluoro-ethane). Such a change will reduce the evaporation temperature to assure thermal stability following radiation damage accumulated at full LHC luminosity. Central to this upgrade is a new ultrasonic instrument in which sound transit times are continuously measured in opposite directions in flowing gas at known temperature and pressure to deduce the C3F8/C2F6 flow rate and mixture composition. The instrument and its Supervisory, Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) software are described in this paper. Several geometries for the instrument are in use or under evaluation. An instrument with a pinched axial geometry intended for analysis and measurement of moderate flow rates has demonstrated a mixture resolution of 3.10-3 for C3F8/C2F6 molar mixtures with 20%C2F6, and a flow resolution of 2% of full scale for mass flows up to 30gs-1. In mixtures of widely-differing molecular weight (mw), higher mixture precision is possible: a sensitivity of, 30 pages, 24 figures, 3 tables KEYWORDS: Sonar; Saturated fluorocarbons; Flowmetry; Sound velocity, Gas mixture analysis

The transition radiation tracker (TRT) is one of three particle tracking detectors now under construction for the ATLAS experiment, whose goal is to exploit the highly exciting new physics potential at CERN's next accelerator, the so called Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The TRT consists of 370000 straw proportional tubes of 4 mm diameter with a 30 micron thick anode wire, which will be operated with a Xe/CO2 /O2 gas mixture at a high voltage of approximately 1.5 kV. While the construction of the TRT is now well under way, a number of interesting and challenging questions need to be solved with regard to wire aging phenomena, which are induced by pollution originating from very small amounts of silicon-based vacuum materials in some components of the gas system. Finally a guideline to avoid aging in wire chamber detectors in high luminosity experiments is given

This paper describes the evaporative system used to cool the silicon detector structures of the inner detector sub-detectors of the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The motivation for an evaporative system, its design and construction are discussed. In detail the particular requirements of the ATLAS inner detector, technical choices and the qualification and manufacture of final components are addressed. Finally results of initial operational tests are reported. Although the entire system described, the paper focuses on the on-detector aspects. Details of the evaporative cooling plant will be discussed elsewhere. © 2008 IOP Publishing Ltd and SISSA.

The ATLAS silicon tracker detectors are designed to sustain high dose integrated over several years of operation. This very substantial radiation hardness should also favour the survival of the detector in case of accidental beam losses. An experiment performed in 2006 showed that ATLAS pixel detector modules (silicon planar hybridly coupled with FE-I3 electronics) could survive to beam losses up to $1.5 \cdot 10^{10}$ protons/cm$^{2}$ in a single bunch with minimal or no deterioration of performance. The upgrade of LHC to even higher luminosity (HL-LHC) calls for a new test of these properties. Two test beam campaigns have been done in 2017 and 2018 at the High-Radiation to Materials (HiRadMat) Facility of the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron in order to establish for the first time the damage threshold of different types of ATLAS IBL pixel and ITk strip detectors under very intense proton beam irradiation.