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The aim of this article is to depict the role of removable appliances in current, con- impermanent orthodontics, and to examine how this job has changed as of late. For the reasons for this article we will not talk about removable appliances that are utilized consistently and effectively for development modication (Functional appliances) or retention (retainers). This article will zero in on removable utilized as dynamic appliances. How removable appliances work. Removable appliances work by straightforward tipping developments of the crowns of the teeth about a support near the center of the Tooth. They likewise permit differential emission of teeth, for instance by utilizing nibble planes. They contrast from xed appliances, which are equipped for complex developments of multiple teeth, including in essence movement, root force and revolution.

There are many kinds of orthodontic movements that make the clinical schedule a genuine test. With the appearance of the skeletal anchorage, it became more straightforward to take care of numerous issues, like anchorage, tipping, interruption among others. The reason for this article was to survey outright anchorage, including signs, implantation site, and any kind of orthodontic element.

Calculus formation in salivary glands (sialolithiasis) is one of the most widely recognized disease of the salivary gland is most usually found in the submandibular Disease. these stones can be small and found inside the duct & they likewise get larger and reside with is duct. We can easily appreciate submandibular sialolithiasis performing the oor of the mouth in patients who have this diseases for years and not falcing proper treatment.the medical literature suggests it's a transoral normal. Sialoliths are second most defect of salivary organs. They are most usually seen in submandibular glands due to different anatomic and physiologic reasons. They might show clinical signs and symptoms. Additionally, the visibility on plain radiographs is dependant upon the size and level of calcications. CT and MRI structure the main examinations in current situation. Essential imaging techniques for sialolithiasis are: X-ray pictures, X-ray sialography, ultrasonography, CT and so on. Sialoendoscopy, which is likewise a therapeutic method, is turning out to be common. To review the effect of CT and US on the administration of sialolithiasis managed with sialendoscopy alone and through combined approaches. This article managed the modalities can be used to upgrade the result of sialendoscopy and used as combined approaches. The purpose of this article is to decide the benet of imaging the salivary duct calculi.

In this paper, ZnO thin film transistors were simulated and fabricated. The TFTs fabricated are of bottom gate configuration. Initially, the structure of the TFT is simulated by using Silvaco TCAD tool and the input and output characteristics are determined and the theoretical threshold voltage of the device is also calculated. Material characterization techniques such as SEM, XRD and EDS were performed to optimize the gate oxide layer and the oxide layer. The different materials are used in the fabrication of the thin film are Aluminium (Al) as the gate, source, and drain material. Aluminium oxide (Al$_{2} O_{3}$) as the gate oxide layer and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) as channel layers. PVD techniques such as sputtering and electron beam deposition are used to deposit the gate layer, gate oxide layer and the channel layer. Thermal evaporation is used to deposit the drain and source layer. After the deposition, the device is tested at a probing station to find out the input and output characteristics and verify if they match with the simulated values obtained from TCAD simulations.

Ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of e-caprolactone (CL) had been performed at 160 °C in the presence of drug molecules such as penicillin g (Pen), streptavidin (Strep) and terramicin (Ter) as a lone chemical initiator using the catalyst, stannous octoate (SO) under N2 atmosphere. The prepared drug bridged poly (e-caprolactone) (PCL) was further copolymerized with tetrahydrofuran (THF) and the diblock copolymers were examined using the various analytical tools (FT-IR, DSC, TGA, SEM, FE-SEM, EDX, UV-visible and GPC). The functionalities of the drug bridged diblock copolymers were concluded by FT-IR spectra. The formation of the diblock copolymer was further understood from the increase in Mw. The drug release activity of homo and diblock copolymer had been tested with the drug release model and mechanism. The mechanical properties are also studied.

Ring opening polymerization of e-caprolactone and tetrahydrofuran were carried out by bulk polymerization technique in the presence of a drug molecule as an initiator at 160 °C for 2 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The synthesized homo and diblock copolymer was characterized by various analytical techniques. Further, the sustainable drug release study was carried out at gastric pH of 7.2. The diblock copolymer formation was confirmed by the appearance of aromatic C=O stretching around 1680 cm−1. Due to the hydrophilic nature the diblock copolymer exhibited lower melting temperature. The drug release study confirmed the first order drug release model.

Synthesis of a material for drug delivery application is a fascinating field of research. Folic acid (FA) is an anticancer drug and is used as an initiator for the ring opening polymerization of ϵ-caprolactone (CL) at 160°C for 2 h under N2 atmosphere. The FA end-capped PCL (P1) was used as an effective initiator for the ring opening polymerization of tetrahydrofuran (THF) in the presence of phthalic anhydride (PAH) as a comonomer (P2) at 45°C for 48 h under inert atmospheric condition with mild stirring. The obtained polymers were characterized by FTIR, NMR, DSC, TGA, FESEM, GPC, SEM, UV-visible spectrometry, and EDAX. Appearance of a peak at 1595 cm−1 confirmed the formation of copolymer through tetrahydrofuronium ion. The copolymer structure can be confirmed by noting a peak at 7.6 ppm in the 1H-NMR spectrum. The increase in weight average molecular weight of P2 confirmed the copolymer formation. The previously synthesized polymer was tested toward the splitting application and further confirmed by determining the tensile strength. The drug delivery study was also conducted. P1 and P2 exhibited the Hixson-Crowell and Higuchi model drug release mechanisms, respectively. The water contact angle measurement also confirmed the conversion of hydrophobic in to hydrophilic during the copolymer formation.

Structural modification of Cotton (Cot) fiber was carried out using e-caprolactone (CL) as a monomer and oxydianiline (ODA) as a Schiff base forming agent in the presence of V 2 O 5 catalyst in dimethylsulfoxide medium for 24 h under air atmosphere (0.10 MPa) at 80 °C. The obtained products were analyzed for the characteristics and also for its adsorption of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and rhodamine 6G (R6G) dye molecules. The 1 H NMR spectrum confirms the Schiff base formation at 8.7 ppm. The adsorption study confirms the Pseudo second order kinetics with Langmuir adsorption model. The structurally modified Cot fiber based Schiff base exhibited the highest adsorption behavior through chemical interaction forces. The thermodynamic parameters were determined and confirmed the endothermic adsorption process.

A 29 year old lady presented with vague right lower quadrant abdomen and thigh pain for the past 4 years. X-ray pelvis with both hips was remarkably normal, and MRI was suggestive of osteomyelitis in right ilium and proximal femur. Biopsy confirmed the lesion as tubercular. Isolated bone involvement by tuberculosis without a joint or pulmonary involvement is extremely rare in immunocompetent patients and has not been reported in literature so for. Tuberculosis should be suspected in patients presenting with multiple bone lesions, especially in endemic areas. Prompt surgical drainage and ATT forms the mainstay of treatment.

Bubble point temperatures at 95.5 kPa, over the entire composition range, are measured for the binary mixtures of N,N-dimethyl formamide with: acetophenone, aniline, bromobenzene, chlorobenzene and N,N-dimethyl acetamide, employing a Swietoslawski-type ebulliometer. Liquid phase mole fraction versus bubble point temperature measurements are well represented by the Wilson model. Computed values of the activity coefficients and excess Gibbs energy are presented and discussed.

UAV's are small remote operated or automated aerial surveillance systems without a human pilot aboard. UAV's generally finds its use in military and special operation application, a recent growing trend in UAV's finds its application in several civil and nonmilitary works such as inspection of power or pipelines. The objective of this paper is the augmentation of a UAV in order to replace the existing expensive sonar (Sound Navigation And Ranging) based equipment amongst small scale fisherman, for whom access to sonar equipment are restricted due to limited economic resources. The surveillance equipment's present in the UAV will relay data and GPS (Global Positioning System) location onto a receiver on the fishing boat using RF signals, using which the location of the schools of fishes can be found. In addition to this, an emergency beacon system is present for rescue operations and drone recovery., {"references":["Ferry Bachmanna, Ruprecht Herbstb, Robin Gebbersc, Verena V.\nHafnera: Micro UAV based georeferenced orthophoto generation in\nvis+nir For precision agriculture. International Archives of the\nPhotogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences,\nVolume XL-1/W2, 2013UAV-g2013, 4 – 6 September 2013, Rostock,\nGermany.","Dr. K. Senthil Kumar, Dr. G. Ramesh and K. V. Srinivasan: First Pilot\nView (FPV) flying UAV test bed for Acoustic and Image data\ngeneration, Symposium on Applied Aerodynamics and Design of\nAerospace Vehicle (SAROD 2011) November 16-18, 2011, Bangalore,\nIndia.","Brent Andrew Terwilliger, Dennis Vincenzi, David Ison: Unmanned\nAerial Systems: Collaborative Innovation to Support Emergency\nResponse, Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems, 10.1139/juvs-2015-\n0004, Feb 2015.","Hillje, Ernest R., \"Entry Aerodynamics at Lunar Return Conditions\nObtained from the Flight of Apollo 4 (AS-501),\" NASA TN D-5399,\n(1969).","Raymer, Daniel (2012). Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach (5th\ned.). New York: AIAA.","Loftin, LK, Jr. \"Quest for performance: The evolution of modern\naircraft. NASA SP-468\"","Tan Chang, Hu Yu, Improving Electric Powered UAVs' Endurance by\nIncorporating Battery Dumping Concept, \"APISAT2014\", 2014 Asia-\nPacific International Symposium on Aerospace Technology,\nAPISAT2014","Whats the best battery?, characteristics of commonly used Rechargable\nbatteries, http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/\nwhats_the_best_battery.","Wing design, Aeronautics research missions directorate, National\nAeronautical and Space administration.\n[10] James H. Pikul, Hui Gang Zhang, Jiung Cho,Paul V. Braun & William\nP. King, High-power lithium ion microbatteries from interdigitated\nthree-dimensional bicontinuous nanoporous electrodes\n[11] Manish R. Bhatt, May 2012, solar power unmanned aerial vehicle: high\naltitude long endurance applications (hale-spuav), San Jose State\nUniversity."]}

The objective of this study was to assess the awareness of the concepts of brain death and organ transplantation among high school children. One hundred and eighty eight students of class 12th of a reputed public school were studied. Structured questionnaires were used to assess their knowledge in various aspects of brain death and organ transplantation. Following the questionnaire, they were provided with educational information on brain death and organ transplantation. This was followed by similar questionnaires to assess any change in awareness of brain death and organ transplantation. Results spoke of widespread awareness and acceptance of organ transplantation in the high school children. However, the awareness of various aspects of brain death was quite low. There was significant increase in awareness and acceptance of brain death after educating the students. Education about various aspects of brain death, its immense importance for organ donation and legality of brain death needs to be highlighted.

Mitogen-activated protein kinases have been shown to respond to various stimuli including cytokines, mitogens and gamma irradiation, leading to cell proliferation, differentiation, or death. The duration of their activation determines the specificity of response to each stimulus in various cells. In this study, the crucial intracellular kinases, ERK, JNK, and p38 kinase involved in cell survival, death, or damage and repair were examined for their activity in RAW 264.7 cells at various time points after irradiation with 2 Gy doses of proton ions or X-rays. This is the first report that shows that the MAPK signaling induced after heavy ion or X-ray exposure is not the same. Unlike gamma irradiation, there was prolonged but marginal activation of prosurvival ERK pathway and significant activation of proapoptotic p38 pathway in response to high LET radiation.

Matching resources is a fundamental problem within large scale distributed environments such as Grid for which the critical process is resource discovery and description. An effective way of solving this problem is providing meta-data about the resources. Ontologies can be used to capture metadata information. Ontologies determine the terms of Grid entities, resources, capabilities and the relationships between them with meaning by the addition of ontological annotations. In this paper we present the initial design of resource description ontology. This ontology can be used for solving resource matching for Grid using semantic Web technologies

A fundamental task on the grid is to decide, which job is to run on which computing resources based on job or application requirements. The dynamic nature of the grid makes it difficult for the user to compile the complete list of available resources. Further matching the individual resources with requirements is error-prone task. In this paper we explain our work on developing such component called semantic resource broker. The semantic resource broker basically does resource allocation based on a policy. In our work, we consider resources with different capabilities. A resource is described in terms of parameters. The problem is to define resource allocation policy that allocates resources to jobs based on semantic matchmaking and that which decreases turnaround time. The main contribution of this paper is the development of semantic matchmaking policy that matches the request with the available resources using semantic technology and reduces the average turnaround time of jobs based on user preferences.

With the improvement in transplant technology major organ transplantation is gradually becoming the treatment of choice in many conditions. The present study assesses the awareness of the concepts of brain death and organ transplantation among public.Six hundred thirty six select populations, which included office-goers of Delhi, class 12th school children of a reputed public school and villagers, were interviewed to assess their knowledge in various aspects of brain death and organ transplantation.There was widespread acceptance of organ transplantation among this population. The most alarming feature was that the awareness of the concept of brain death and its importance for organ donation was extremely low. Only small number of individuals were aware that brain death is legal in India. Awareness about brain death was especially low among villagers.Education about various aspects of brain deaths, its immense importance for organ donation and legality of brain death in India needs to be highlighted.

The acetylator status of 200 pulmonary tuberculosis patients was determined by sulphadimidine (SDM) acetylation in (1) urine and (2) serum. In both estimations, distribution of the patients with regard to the acetylation rates was found to be bimodal. Based on the percent frequency distribution of acetylated SDM, the antimode for urine and serum was 65% for the former and 45% for the latter. Patients acetylating above 65% or 45% of administered SDM were taken as rapid acetylators, while those acetylating less, were slow acetylators. The ratio of slow to rapid acetylators in urine and serum was 58 : 42 and 66 : 34 respectively. The renal clearance of acetylated fraction of SDM was considerably greater as compared to that of the unacetylated fraction. Agreement between the two methods as evaluated by the kappa statistic was 0.71. The determination of the acetylator status by the SDM acetylation test in the urine is simple to perform and has acceptable accuracy. It may be used as an acceptable substitute to serum for estimating the isoniazid inactivation status which is of considerable importance when patients are treated with daily/ intermittent/once-weekly drug regimens for tuberculosis.

To define the impact of HIV infection in India, the clinical and laboratory profile and the correlation of CD4 count to the likely opportunistic infection in a cohort of 134 HIV positive patients in Northern India was analysed. Majority of the patients, 72% and 67.8% (children and adults respectively) were asymptomatic, having been detected during routine screening and maintained that status for a median follow-up period of 3 years. Among the symptomatic patients, oropharyngeal candidiasis was the most common opportunistic infection followed closely by tuberculosis (both pulmonary and extra pulmonary) around 3.6-4.0 years from probable HIV infection with a median CD4 of 420-578 per cmm. Infection with Cryptococcosis, Cryptosporidiosis and cytomegalovirus occurred only after a significant fall in CD4 to100/cmm usually around 8-10 years from probable HIV infection. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was the terminal event among the 12 deaths at a mean CD4 count of 6/cmm. Non specific constitutional symptoms like fever, prolonged diarrhoea and significant weight loss were frequent. In general, the clinical profile of Indian patients with HIV bears much resemblance to African countries owing perhaps to the similar background of poverty, malnutrition and endemic infection.

134 patients testing positive for HIV antibody during the period 1986-1993 were included in the present study. An in-depth analysis of the subjects revealed that the adult males seemed to have the highest propensity for HIV infection in this part of the country. Marital status had no bearing on incidence and route of seropositivity. This was not so in females. Extramarital heterosexual contact was the mode of HIV acquisition in adults in contrast to blood transfusion in children. Clinically, most of these patients were still asymptomatic. At presentation, oral Candidiasis was common. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) was the leading cause of death.Data are analyzed from 134 HIV positive individuals who were referred to the National AIDS Control Organization of the Indian Government for clinical management during June 1986-June 1993. The center was a major referral center for northern India. HIV was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Retesting was conducted. The population was grouped as under and over 13 years of age. Laboratory testing was performed in order to determine the absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), the absolute and percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte counts and CD4/CD8 ratios, immunoglobulins, and delayed-type cutaneous hypersensitivity (DTH). Findings indicated an increase in HIV positive cases over time and a greater number of adults who were HIV positive. The mean age was 27.2 years for males and 22.2 years for females. The youngest age was 1.5 years. 116 HIV positive people were Indians, and most lived in metropolitan areas of northern India. 25 were children. 25 lived in neighboring villages of Haryana, Punjab, and around Delhi. Marital status appeared to be unrelated to HIV status. 51 men were single and 46 were married and seropositive due to sexual contacts. 4 women were single and 8 were married. Of the 4 single women, 2 were sexually very active with multiple partners. 6 of the 8 married females acquired HIV infection through their spouses. The other 2 received HIV infected blood transfusions. 39.5% of men and 75% of women acquired HIV infections from heterosexual contacts. 29% of transmission was due to contaminated blood and blood products. The HIV infected male population comprised mainly businessmen and defense personnel. HIV infected persons came mainly from the Bombay-Pune area. 66.6% of persons infected from contaminated blood were from Delhi. Asymptomatic PGL and ARC screenings were the common reason for referral to the center. 13 of the 134 have already died. The most common cause of death was Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. The most common opportunistic infection was candidiasis.

The World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for HIV clinical disease were tested among individuals with high-risk behavior in northern India. A questionnaire, based upon history and physical examination alone, standardized by the WHO to include both major and minor signs necessary for the clinical diagnosis of AIDS in adults was applied to 165 consecutive patients attending the STD clinic of Dr. R.M.L. Hospital, New Delhi. All patients were screened for the presence of STDs by the dermatologist in charge of the clinic, with patients fulfilling two major and at least two minor WHO criteria eventually classified as having clinical AIDS based upon the WHO case definition. Each of those patients was subjected to serological confirmation of the clinical suspicion using ELISA and Western blot commercial tests. Of the 165 patients screened, a definite diagnosis of STD was possible in 85. These patients were 20-45 years old (mean age, 30.59 years). All were male and chancroid was the most common STD in the cohort. Of the 85, only one satisfied the WHO clinical criteria for AIDS. Serological investigations, ELISA, and Western blot confirmed the subject's HIV-seropositive status. These results indicate that in northern India, clinical HIV disease remains rare even among individuals with high-risk behavior. The low prevalence of clinical HIV disease in that part of the country makes it difficult to assess the specificity and sensitivity of the WHO clinical criteria for AIDS.

This study of 168 north Indian patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) confirms the significant association of susceptibility to RA with DR4 specificity (P less than 0.0001). This association was observed equally in familial as well as sporadic patients. The HLA-DR2 and DR5 alleles were identified to be conferring protection in RA, DR5 being reduced significantly in the non-familial patients only. None of the other DR antigens revealed any association with RA in this population, including the DR4 negative group of patients. An analysis of the DR phenotypes in patients and controls revealed that DR4 in combination with DR1 provided the highest relative risk (71.9) followed by DR4, DR4 (RR = 4.1). These results demonstrate that susceptibility to RA is not due to a single HLA specificity but the effect of a group of related epitopes occurring in common among subtypes of DR4 as well as in some DR1 alleles.

A retrospective analysis was undertaken of the clinical and immunological profile of 33 anti-Sm antibody positive (group I) and 243 anti-Sm antibody negative (group II) patients with systemic connective tissue diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus and related disorders (overlap, mixed and undifferentiated connective tissue diseases). The disease patterns were comparable, except for cutaneous vasculitis and hypocomplementaemia (low serum C3 levels). Vasculitis was observed in 55 per cent of group I and 35 per cent of group II subjects (P less than 0.05). Hypocomplementemia was also detected more frequently (86%) in group I as compared to group II (66%) patients (P less than 0.05). No association was found between anti-Sm antibody and renal, neuropsychiatric and cardiopulmonary features. The study thus demonstrated the association of anti-Sm antibody with immune complex mediated vasculitis.

HLA typing of Class I antigens (HLA - A-B loci) was done for 65 patients suffering from nonspecific aortoarteritis, in Indian population. The diagnosis of these patients was based on clinical findings and confirmed by angiographic studies. Decreased phenotype frequency of HLA-A19 (p less than 0.005, relative risk 0.28), increased frequency of HLA-B5 (p less than 0.005, relative risk 2.46) and B21 (p less than 0.005, relative risk 3.25) was observed when compared with the control group. A decreased frequency of two other alleles of B locus i.e. B35 (p less than 0.005, relative risk 0.27) and B40 (p less than 0.05, relative risk 0.04) was seen in patient group as compared to control. The data indicate the possible association of HLA-B5 and B21 antigens with the nonspecific aortoarteritis.

Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency, a sensitive indicator in mutagenicity testing, and mitotic index (MI) have been studied to observe genotoxic effects in epileptic patients on routine combinations of anticonvulsant therapy. All patients, both male and female and from various age groups, revealed an increased frequency of SCE per metaphase and a low MI (P less than 0.001) with respect to controls. A nonsignificant decrease in SCE frequency has been observed with an increase in the age of onset of epilepsy. Although the SCE frequency increased and the MI decreased in some groups with respect to the duration of epilepsy, there was no difference observed in SCE frequency with the duration of therapy.

The paper describes the study of relative affinities of the cations Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ to the carboxylic group, their electronic structure and optimum binding positions on the basis of the CNDO/2 technique, using the well known supramolecular approach. The cation for this purpose was made to approach the carboxylic group in various possible directions in and out of the plane C1O1AO1B and the final parameters were evaluated for the optimum planar as well as nonplanar geometries. With the exception of Ca2+ the nonplanar geometries were always favoured over the planar ones for binding at O1A and O1B, whereas for symmetric binding between O1A and O1B planar geometries were favoured for Mg2+ and Ca2+. The distance between the cation and oxygen was slightly larger for this geometry and Etot which followed the order Mg2+ less than Ca2+ less than Na+ had the lowest value.

This paper reports the study of the long and short range interactions between the ring-chain and chain-chain portions for three different forms of prostaglandins (PGF2α, PGF1β and PGA1) for the possible rotations around C12-C13 (θ), C7-C8 (ψ) and C14-C15 (φ). The calculations were based on the long range interaction formalism of Claverie and Rein, using longitudinal and transverse polarizability data. Although the chain-chain interactions play predominant role in the stabilization of molecular geometry in the normal crystallographic forms, it is found that the ring-chain interactions and especially the interactions between the carboxylic chain and the ring vary in a specific way. They lead to the formation of several low lying conformations with the total interaction energy differing by few kcal/mole. The significant differences between the interaction energies of the active and inactive forms (in relation to their abortificient action) are noted and their relevance to the specificity of the molecular mechanism of the action discussed.

Summary: Therapy with anticonvulsant drugs has often been found to result in somatic chromosome aberrations in adult patients. There is also the possibility of epileptic fathers or mothers playing a role in the production of congenital malformations in their offspring. We have used the technique of sister chromatid exchange (SCE), a sensitive indicator of mutagenicity, to observe the mutagenic susceptibility in both male and female epileptic patients in different age groups prior to and after anticonvulsant therapy, and with respect to control. The frequency of SCE was significantly higher in all the age groups for treated and untreated cases compared with control. Between treated and untreated subjects in age group 26–50 years, a significantly higher SCE frequency was observed in the untreated patients (p < 0.01). Similarly, untreated male patients showed a significantly higher SCE frequency (p < 0.025) compared with treated male patients. Although the results of this study provide a general assessment of mutagenicity in epileptic patients that agrees with other studies and emphasizes the role of the disease in the higher occurrence of congenital malformation in their offspring, the importance of higher SCE frequency in untreated patients remains to be explained in further studies. RESUMEN La terapeutica con medicaciones anticonvulsivas ha sido fre-cuentemente seguida de aberraciones somaticas cromosomicas en pacientes adultos y existe tambien la posibilidad de que un padre o madre epileptico jueguen un papel en la produccion de malformaciones congenitas en sus descendientes. Hemos apli-cado las tecnicas de “intercambio de Sister chromatid” (SCE), un indicador sensible para estudiar la mutagenicidad, para ob-servar la susceptibilidad mutagenica en epilepticos varones y hembras en diferentes grupos de edades antes y despues de la terapia anticonvulsiva y tambien relacionandolos con controles. La frecuencia del SCE esta significativamente elevada en todos los grupos de edades de los casos tratados y no tratados com-parandoles con los controles. Uniendo los sujetos tratados y los no tratados, en grupos de edades por anos (26–50) se ha obser-vado un incremento significativo de la frecuencia del SCE en lo pacientes no tratados (p < 0.01). De modo semejante los en-fermos varones no tratados tambien mostraron un incremento significativo de la frecuencia del SCE (p < 0.025) comparan-dolos con los tratados. A pesar de que los resultados de este estudio proporcionan una valoracion general de la mutagencidad en epilepticos que esta de acuerdo con otros estudios y resalta el papel de la enfermedad en la elevada aparicion de malformaciones congenitas en los desdencientes, la importancia de la ele-vacion del SCE en pacientes no tratados debe ser explicada en estudios sucesivos. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Bei erwachsenen Patienten werden haufig nach antiepilep-tischer Therapie somatische Chromosomenaberrationen ge-funden. Es besteht ferner die Moglichkeit, das ein Vater oder eine Mutter mit Epilepsie fur die Entstehung angeborener Misbildungen ihrer Nachkommen verantwortlich ist. Wir haben die Technik “Sister chromatid exchange,” ein sensibler Indi-kator fur die Mutagenitatstestung, angewandt, um die mutagene Empfindlichkeit bei weiblichen und mannlichen Anfallskranken unterschiedlichen Alters vor und nach antiepileptischer Therapie und bei Kontrollpersonen zu untersuchen. Die Haufigkeit von SCE ist gegenuber Kontrollen in alien Altersgruppen-be-handelt oder unbehandelt-signifikant erhoht. In der Altersgruppe von 26 bis 50 Jahren lag eine signifikante Erhohung der SCE-Haufigkeit bei unbehandelten Patienten vor (p < 0,01). Ebenso boten mannliche Patienten einen hoheren SCE-Index (p < 0,025) als unbehandelte Patienten. Diese Ergebnisse unterstutzen eine allgemeine Feststellung der Mutagenitat bei Anfallskranken in Ubereinstimmung mit anderen Studien und betonen die Rolle der Erkrankung selbst fur das erhohte Auftreten von Misbildungen bei ihren Nachkommen. Weitere Studien mussen die Ursache fur die hohere SCE-Haufigkeit bei unbehandelten Patienten klaren.

The Indian population can be divided broadly into Dravidians and the Aryans. In this report, we have attempted to analyze the HLA genetic profile of 400 native North Indian Hindus of Aryan descent. The gene frequencies of a majority of class I and II antigens show similarity to the Caucasoid population. An interesting finding was a complete lack of antigen B14 while B16 and B41 occurred with the least frequency. Haplotype A10, B8 with significant positive linkage disequilibrium as well as showing the highest incidence is characteristic of North Indians.

Antibodies to Extractable Nuclear Antigens (ENAs) namely Sm, nRNP, SS-A and SS-B were studied in 397 patients with various connective tissue diseases (CTD), 146 patients with inflammatory polyarthropathies, 16 cases of systemic vasculitides, and 39 normal subjects using counterimmunoelectrophoresis and double immunodiffusion methods. Anti-ENA antibodies were positive in 40.8 percent cases of Systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (n = 191), 36.4 percent of overlap CTD (OCTD, n = 44), 27.8 percent of Sjogren's syndrome (n = 18), 10.6 percent of progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS, n = 66) and 2.7 percent of rheumatoid arthritis (n = 111) patients. The correlation of these antibodies with disease features was done. The significant finding was negative association of anti-nRNP antibodies (when present alone) with renal involvement. Anti-Sm antibodies did not correlate with any disease feature. The other associations included correlation of anti-nRNP with pulmonary parenchymal lesions, anti-SS-A with serositis and pulmonary hypertension, and anti-SS-B with myocarditis and recurrent diarrhoea. We conclude that Anti-ENAs may correlate with certain subsets of these diseases but the subject is controversial.