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Summary:Stochastic origin activation gives rise to significant cell-to-cell variability in the pattern of genome replication. The molecular basis for heterogeneity in efficiency and timing of individual origins is a long-standing question. Here, we developedMethylationAccessibility ofTArgetedChromatin domain Sequencing (MATAC-Seq) to determine single-molecule chromatin accessibility of specific genomic loci after targeted purification in their native chromatin context. Applying MATAC-Seq to selected early-efficient (EE) and late-inefficient (LI) budding yeast replication origins revealed large heterogeneity of chromatin states. Disruption of INO80 or ISW2 chromatin remodeling complexes leads to changes at individual nucleosomal positions that correlate with changes in their replication efficiency. We found a chromatin state with an optimal 100-115bp nucleosome-free region in combination with surrounding well-positioned nucleosomes and open +2 linker region is a strong predictor for efficient origin activation. Thus, MATAC-Seq identifies the large spectrum of alternative chromatin states that co-exist on a given locus previously masked in population-based experiments and provides a mechanistic basis for origin activation heterogeneity during DNA replication of eukaryotic cells. Consequently, our single-molecule assay for chromatin accessibility will be ideal to define single-molecule heterogeneity across many fundamental biological processes such as transcription, replication, or DNA repairin vitroandex vivo.

SummaryShort tracts of trinucleotide repeats with less than 10 repeats are found frequently throughout the genome without any apparent negative impact on DNA replication fork progression or transcription elongation. CGG binding protein 1 (CGGBP1) binds to CGG triplet repeats and has been implicated in multiple cellular processes such as transcription, replication and DNA damage. Here, we show that CGGBP1 binds to human gene promoter sites prone to G-quadruplex and R-loop secondary structure formation. Altering CGGBP1 levels results in the accumulation of R-loops and causes a defect in transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II, which subsequently leads to replication fork stalling and transcription-replication conflicts. Together, our work shows that short trinucleotide repeats are a source of genome-destabilizing secondary structures and cells rely on specific DNA-binding factors to maintain proper transcription and replication progression at short trinucleotide repeats.

Organizational culture (including ethical culture) is argued to be greatly influenced by the founder or leader of the organization. However, little is known about how a founder takes procedural ste...

Today’s phones have as many as 60 front-end radios covering multiple frequency bands. For each frequency band, acoustic filters offer high- ${Q}$ , good power handling, and linearity in a very small package. These properties are crucial when addressing the “explosion” in the number of radios and the filters needed by today’s Smart Phones. Moving forward, filter integration will become essential for cost and size. A novel lithium tantalate (LT) bonded to silicon hybrid substrate silicon SAW (SiSAW) was developed that provides temperature compensation, good power handling properties, while mostly eliminating spurious modes created between the LT/Si interface. One of several advantages of this technique is that one can integrate as many filters as needed onto one die. This provides for cost savings as well as area savings while reproducing the inherent performance of high-quality temperature compensated (TC)-surface acoustic waves (TC-SAWs).

A catalogue of over 22,000 objects in Earth’s orbit is currently maintained, and that number is expected to double within the next decade. Novel data collection regimes are needed to scale our ability to detect, track, classify and characterize resident space objects in a crowded low Earth orbit. This research presents RSOnet, an image-processing framework for space domain awareness using star trackers. Star trackers are cost-effective, flight proven, and require basic image processing to be used as an attitude-determination sensor. RSOnet is designed to augment the capabilities of a star tracker by becoming an opportunistic space-surveillance sensor. Our research demonstrates that star trackers are a feasible source for RSO detections in LEO by demonstrating the performance of RSOnet on real detections from a star-tracker-like imager in space. RSOnet convolutional-neural-network model architecture, graph-based multi-object classifier and characterization results are described in this paper.

Background Due to the rare incidence of tibial plateau nonunions, current studies are limited to small sample sizes and patient demographics. The aim of this systematic review is to quantify and report patient and fracture traits, possible risk factors, and treatment outcomes of tibial plateau nonunions. Methods PubMed, Clinical Key, and MEDLINE were searched for articles published prior to August 2020 in accordance to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). The authors used varying combinations of the following terms to identify relevant articles: “tibial,” “plateau,” “nonunion,” “non-union.” Studies were assessed for patient demographics, pre-revision nonunion characteristics, treatment, and post-revision outcomes. Results Eight studies were included, yielding 31 tibial plateau nonunions (21 males, 10 females). The majority of nonunions were associated with high energy trauma (52.2%) and were Schatzker class VI (54.8%). Schatzker class I and II nonunions were not attributed to neglect, contradicting previous suggestions. Time to union was 4.0 months, the most common treatments being autologous bone grafting (76.7%) and revision plating (63.3%). Conclusion This study demonstrates the effectiveness of autologous bone grafts and revision plating for tibial plateau nonunions. Physicians may use these findings to guide decision making in the event of high energy plateau nonunions. Lastly, various limitations exist within the current literature, emphasizing the need for standardized reporting measures.

Background Patients with human papillomavirus–related oropharyngeal cancers have excellent outcomes but experience clinically significant toxicities when treated with standard chemoradiotherapy (70 Gy). We hypothesized that functional imaging could identify patients who could be safely deescalated to 30 Gy of radiotherapy. Methods In 19 patients, pre- and intratreatment dynamic fluorine-18-labeled fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography (PET) was used to assess tumor hypoxia. Patients without hypoxia at baseline or intratreatment received 30 Gy; patients with persistent hypoxia received 70 Gy. Neck dissection was performed at 4 months in deescalated patients to assess pathologic response. Magnetic resonance imaging (weekly), circulating plasma cell-free DNA, RNA-sequencing, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) were performed to identify potential molecular determinants of response. Samples from an independent prospective study were obtained to reproduce molecular findings. All statistical tests were 2-sided. Results Fifteen of 19 patients had no hypoxia on baseline PET or resolution on intratreatment PET and were deescalated to 30 Gy. Of these 15 patients, 11 had a pathologic complete response. Two-year locoregional control and overall survival were 94.4% (95% confidence interval = 84.4% to 100%) and 94.7% (95% confidence interval = 85.2% to 100%), respectively. No acute grade 3 radiation–related toxicities were observed. Microenvironmental features on serial imaging correlated better with pathologic response than tumor burden metrics or circulating plasma cell-free DNA. A WGS-based DNA repair defect was associated with response (P = .02) and was reproduced in an independent cohort (P = .03). Conclusions Deescalation of radiotherapy to 30 Gy on the basis of intratreatment hypoxia imaging was feasible, safe, and associated with minimal toxicity. A DNA repair defect identified by WGS was predictive of response. Intratherapy personalization of chemoradiotherapy may facilitate marked deescalation of radiotherapy.

Histologic special types of breast cancer (BC) account for ~20% of BCs. Large sequencing studies of metastatic BC have focused on invasive ductal carcinomas of no special type (IDC-NSTs). We sought to define the repertoire of somatic genetic alterations of metastatic histologic special types of BC. We reanalyzed targeted capture sequencing data of 309 special types of BC, including metastatic and primary invasive lobular carcinomas (ILCs; n = 132 and n = 127, respectively), mixed mucinous (n = 5 metastatic and n = 14 primary), micropapillary (n = 12 metastatic and n = 8 primary), and metaplastic BCs (n = 6 metastatic and n = 5 primary), and compared metastatic histologic special types of BC to metastatic IDC-NSTs matched according to clinicopathologic characteristics and to primary special type BCs. The genomic profiles of metastatic and primary special types of BC were similar. Important differences, however, were noted: metastatic ILCs harbored a higher frequency of genetic alterations in TP53, ESR1, FAT1, RFWD2, and NF1 than primary ILCs, and in CDH1, PIK3CA, ERBB2, TBX3, NCOR1, and RFWD2 than metastatic IDC-NSTs. Metastatic ILCs displayed a higher mutational burden, and more frequently dominant APOBEC mutational signatures than primary ILCs and matched metastatic IDC-NSTs. ESR1 and NCOR mutations were frequently detected in metastatic mixed mucinous BCs, whereas PIK3CA and TP53 were the most frequently altered genes in metastatic micropapillary and metaplastic BCs, respectively. Taken together, primary and metastatic BCs histologic special types have remarkably similar repertoires of somatic genetic alterations. Metastatic ILCs more frequently harbor APOBEC mutational signatures than primary ILCs and metastatic IDC-NSTs.

ObjectiveDespite good prognosis for patients with low-risk endometrial cancer, a small subset of women with low-grade/low-stage endometrial cancer experience disease recurrence and death. The aim of this study was to characterize clinical features and mutational profiles of recurrent, low-grade, non-myoinvasive, ‘ultra-low risk’ endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinomas.MethodsWe retrospectively identified patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IA endometrioid endometrial cancers who underwent primary surgery at our institution, between January 2009 and February 2017, with follow-up of ≥12 months. ‘Ultra-low risk’ was defined as FIGO tumor grade 1, non-myoinvasive, and lacking lymphovascular space invasion. Tumor-normal profiling using massively parallel sequencing targeting 468 genes was performed. Microsatellite instability was assessed using MSIsensor. DNA mismatch repair (MMR) protein proficiency was determined by immunohistochemistry.ResultsA total of 486 patients with ultra-low risk endometrioid endometrial cancers were identified: 14 (2.9%) of 486 patients developed a recurrence. Median follow-up for non-recurrent endometrioid endometrial cancers: 34 (range 12–116) months; for recurrent endometrioid endometrial cancers: 50.5 (range 20–116) months. Patients with recurrent disease were older, had lower body mass index, and were most commonly non-White (p=0.025, pPTEN and PIK3CA mutations were present in both groups. Exon 3 CTNNB1 hotspot mutations were found in 4/9 (44%) recurrent and 8/27 (30%) non-recurrent (p=0.44).ConclusionsPatients diagnosed with ultra-low risk endometrioid endometrial cancers have an overall excellent prognosis. However, in our study, 2.9% of patients with no identifiable clinical or pathologic risk factors developed recurrence. Further work is warranted to elucidate the mechanism for recurrence in this population.

To evaluate the association between trabecular bone score (TBS) and new bone formation in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients, and to investigate whether TBS is independently associated with new bone formation.Sixty-eight patients with AS underwent spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of the lumbar spine to measure TBS and bone mineral density at baseline. Lateral radiographs of the cervical and lumbar spine (baseline and 2 years) were assessed for new bone formation (syndesmophyte formation and/or growth combined), and spinal MRIs were assessed for the presence or absence of fat metaplasia (FM) at the first to fourth lumbar vertebrae. The factors associated with new bone formation were analysed at the patient level and the vertebral level.New bone formation had developed in 17 patients (25%) at 2 year follow-up. Patients with new bone formation had a higher prevalence of FM and lower TBS at baseline than patients without new bone formation (p = 0.013 and p = 0.041). At the patient level, FM on MRI and low TBS ( 1.23) were significantly associated with new bone formation. At the vertebral level, new bone formation had developed in 25 out of 231 vertebrae (11%) after 2 years. Vertebrae with both FM on MRI and low TBS tended to have more new bone formation (p 0.001). Syndesmophytes and low TBS ( 1.23) independently increased the risk of new bone formation at the level of individual vertebrae.At both patient and individual vertebral levels, low TBS was associated with new bone formation independently of FM on MRI.

Background: Previous studies of nurses' critical thinking skills that included demographic characteristics as determinants have been inconclusive. This study explored demographic determinants of critical thinking skills among nurses from public hospitals in Peninsular Malaysia. Method: This cross-sectional study included 549 nurses recruited via multistage cluster sampling. Nurses completed the demographic questionnaire and Health Sciences Reasoning Test (HSRT). Results: The majority of respondents failed to demonstrate critical thinking skills with a mean overall HSRT score of 13.8 ( SD = 3.4). Educational qualifications ( p = .003) and clinical specialties ( p = .022) were significantly related to nurses' critical thinking skills. Years of clinical experience, age, and job ranking were not significant Conclusion: The findings indicate a need to address the present curriculum in nursing education and to reinforce critical thinking skills in the nursing workforce. Future research on how nurses in Malaysia acquire critical thinking skills is needed. [ J Contin Educ Nurs . 2020;51(3):109–117.]

Electrolytic ablation (EA) is a promising nonthermal tumor ablation technique that destroys malignant cells through induction of a locoregional pH change. EA is typically performed by inserting needle electrodes inside the tumor followed by application of direct current (DC), thus inducing electrolysis and creating localized pH changes around the electrodes. In this paper, we report an ultrasonically powered implantable EA microprobe that may increase the clinical relevance of EA by allowing wireless control over device operation (capability to remotely turn the device on and off) and providing flexibility in treatment options (easier to administer fractionated doses over a longer period). The wireless EA microprobe consists of a millimeter-sized piezoelectric ultrasonic receiver, a rectifier circuit, and a pair of platinum electrodes (overall size is 9 × 3 × 2 mm3). Once implanted through a minimally invasive procedure, the microprobe can stay within a solid tumor and be repeatedly used as needed. Ultrasonic power allows for efficient power delivery to mm-scale devices implanted deep within soft tissues of the body. The microprobe is capable of producing a direct current of 90 µA at a voltage of 5 V across the electrodes under low-intensity ultrasound (~200 mW/cm2). The DC power creates acidic (pH 12.9) regions around the anode and the cathode, respectively. The pH change, measured using tissue-mimicking agarose gel, extends to 0.8 cm3 in volume within an hour at an expansion rate of 0.5 mm3/min. The microprobe-mediated EA ablative capability is demonstrated in vitro in cancer cells and ex vivo in mouse liver.

The demand to increase the efficiency of propellers has led to optimized propeller blade designs finding their way into the construction of high-powered commercial vessels, such as containers or LNG carriers and certain categories of passenger vessels, to mention but a few. It has become increasingly common to see the propeller tip rotate closer to the hull surface, sweeping the thick turbulent boundary layer attached to the hull, causing fluid structure interaction. At the same time, increasing the loading on marine propellers can lead to problems, such as noise, hull vibration, and cavitation. The degree above which, such phenomena as propeller cavitation can be the main perpetrators for intensive vibration during operation, their diagnosis and the solutions to mitigate this risk, such as the use of vortex generators, are discussed here, taking into account cost and longevity of the vessel as well as the involvement of classification rules.

We present a radiology-pathology case series of 3 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with acute ischemic stroke due to fulminant carotid thrombosis overlying mild atherosclerotic plaque and propose a novel stroke mechanism: COVID-associated carotid atherothrombosis.

The present model geometry is a recent iteration of the Joubert (Defence Science and Technology, Tech. Rep. TR-1920, 2006) generic conventional submarine design and is known as the “BB2”. Wind-tunnel testing of the model at 10 $$^\circ $$ yaw, by China-clay visualisation and by ensemble-averaged measurements using high-resolution stereoscopic particle image velocimetry, shows a similar wake flow at the model-length Reynolds numbers $$Re_\mathrm{L} = 4 \times 10^6$$ and $$8 \times 10^6$$ . The most significant flow feature is on the model upper hull. It is a system of three co-rotating vortices produced by a cruciform appendage which consists of a vertical fin (or sail in American terminology) and two horizontal hydroplanes. Circulation is strongest from the fin tip followed by the windward hydroplane, then the leeward hydroplane. Vortex tracking shows a down-wash of the fin-tip vortex, where the wind-ward- and lee-ward-hydroplane vortices spiral in the rotation direction of the fin-tip vortex. The interpreted flow includes a U-shaped vortex line around the leeward hydroplane, where this vortex line connects the fin-tip vortex and a surface vortex on the leeward side of the fin.

Aims Acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) of the breast is a rare histological form of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Despite its unique histology, targeted sequencing analysis has failed to identify recurrent genetic alterations other than those found in common forms of TNBC. Here we subjected three breast ACCs to whole-exome and RNA sequencing to determine whether they would harbour a pathognomonic genetic alteration. Methods and results DNA and RNA samples from three breast ACCs were subjected to whole-exome sequencing and RNA-sequencing, respectively. Somatic mutations, copy number alterations, mutational signatures and fusion genes were determined with state-of-the-art bioinformatics methods. Our analyses revealed TP53 hotspot mutations associated with loss of heterozygosity of the wild-type allele in two cases. Mutations affecting homologous recombination DNA repair-related genes were found in two cases, and an MLH1 pathogenic germline variant was found in one case. In addition, copy number analysis revealed the presence of a somatic BRCA1 homozygous deletion and focal amplification of 12q14.3-12q21.1, encompassing MDM2, HMGA2, FRS2, and PTPRB. No oncogenic in-frame fusion transcript was identified in the three breast ACCs analysed. Conclusions No pathognomonic genetic alterations were detected in the breast ACCs analysed. These tumours have somatic genetic alterations similar to those of common forms of TNBC, and may show homologous recombination deficiency or microsatellite instability. These findings provide further insights into why breast ACCs, which are usually clinically indolent, may evolve into or in parallel with high-grade TNBC.

Drawing from social exchange theory, this article explores the founder–successor relationship quality as a mediated pathway in examining the effects of founder–successor value congruence on successor’s willingness to take over the business. Based on survey data from 102 founder–successor dyads, polynomial regression analysis shows that when both a founder and a successor have high value congruence in family prosperity, the relationship quality will be enhanced, which leads to higher successor’s willingness. When there is value incongruence between a founder and a successor, the successor’s family prosperity value has a more important impact on the founder–successor relationship and successor’s willingness.

Introduction Tumor metastasis is a major clinical challenge accounting for the vast majority of cancer related deaths.In previous studies, prediction of distant metastasis was based on subtypes,clinical status and sometimes gene expression were used however clinical application was difficult. In this study, we develop the easy to use prediction tool for distant metastasis using clinical characteristics and gene profiles which came from CancerSCANTM, Next Generation Sequencing based targeted-sequencing platform designed at Samsung Medical Center(SMC). Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of 326 breast cancer patients who underwent surgery and CancerSCAN TM between Jan 2001 and Dec 2014 at SMC. Median follow up period was 83 months (Range 1˜190). Cancer scanTM cover 381 genes but 27 genes and 34 occasions (loss of function, mutation or copy number variation) were selected for analysis through gradient boosting and Wilcoxon Signed rank test. Azure Machine Learning is a cloud service that enables the execution of machine learning processes.This was accomplished using the steps of (1) edit the data, (2) split the data, (3) train the model, (4) score the model, and (5) evaluate the model. We split the modeling data into training and testing sets using a randomized 50–50 split. Two-class Decision Forest method was used. After deploying the Azure ML predictive model as a web service, we used a Representational State Transfer application programming interface to send data and obtained predictions in real-time. Results No distant metastasis group and distant metastasis group consisted of 267 and 59 patients, respectively. HR-/HER2+ and 50 years old and over patients were higher in metastasis group (p-value = 0.003 and p-value = 0.000). Nuclear grade 3 and N2,3 were higher in metastasis group (p-value = 0.010 and p-value = 0.000, p-value = 0.001 respectively). Stage III was also higher in metastasis group (p-value = 0.000). Among 59 patients with distantmetastasis, multiple sites metastasis was 21 cases (35.6%) and then lung metastasis was 19 cases (32.2%). In the 21 cases of multiple sites metastasis, triple sites was 6 cases (28.6%) and double sites was 15 cases (71.4%). PIK3CA mutation was the most frequent gene variation in all patients (34.5% of no metastasis group and 27.1% of metastasis group) but there was no difference between two groups(p-value = 0.278). BRCA 1 loss of function and BRCA2 loss of function were more frequent in metastasis group than no metastasis group(p-value = 0.033 and p-value = 0.024, respectively) but total counts was too small. We assessed the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for predictive value. The AUC of ROC curve was 1.000 and also accuracy, precision, recall were 1.000. In addition, we conducted internal validation using 83 patients during 2015. When we applied a 0.5 threshold value with our predictive model, true negative was 81 and true positive was 2 among 83 patients. Finally, the accuracy of validation was 1.000. Conclusion Our predicted model could represent a useful and easy-to-access tool for the selection of patients with distant metastasis. After additional evaluation with large data and external validation, worldwide use of our model could be expected. Citation Format: Kim I, Choi HJ, Ryu JM, Lee SK, Yu JH, Kim SW, Nam SJ, Seo SW, Lee JE. A predictive model for distant metastasis in breast cancer patients using machine learning [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-08-52.

Background: There are many factors that might contribute to the delay of surgery in patients with breast cancer. Previous studies investigate the influence of delay of surgery, but they reported inconsistent results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of time of surgery on prognosis of breast cancer. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of the patients with breast cancer, who received surgery between 1992 and 2009, by using data from Korea Breast Cancer Society Registry. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression model were used to evaluate the impact of time to surgery in breast cancer and subgroup analyses were performed for each disease stage and molecular subtype. Result: A total 14727 patients were included for analysis. Delay of surgery more than 31 days was associated with worse survival for breast cancer [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.16; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.936-2.408, p Conclusion: Surgical delay of more than 31 days were independent risk factors for worse outcome of breast cancer in each molecular subtype and breast cancer group except stage 0 and I. Although preoperative evaluation is required, surgical delay should be shortened to enhance survival of breast cancer, especially in patients with tumor size more than 2cm or presence of lymph node metastasis. Citation Format: Kim J-M, Choi HJ, Kim I, Ryu JM, Yu J, Lee JE, Kim SW, Nam SJ, Lee SK. The impact of time interval between diagnosis and surgery in each type and stage of breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-08-29.

This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Lee H-B, Kim KE, Ju YW, Jung J-G, Ryu H-S, Lee SB, Lee JW, Lee HJ, Kim M-S, Kwon S, Kim J, Kim C, Moon H-G, Noh D-Y, Ahn S-H, Park I-A, Kim S, Yoon S, Kim A, Han W. Not presented [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-07-10.

A ship manoeuvring problem is solved using an algorithm built on fuzzy logic. The manoeuvring model for a design ship is coded in C++ and the results are presented here. A bulk carrier is assumed as design ship for a newly setting up harbor along the east coast of India. The harbor mouth is 25 km away from the deep water zone. The approach channel is straight along the 22 km length. Laterally restricted and shallow waters are considered and their influences on hydrodynamic derivatives are discussed. Some sample problems are solved. Trajectories, ship heading, rudder angle, velocities and accelerations, of the moving vessel, are calculated and presented for clarity. The developed code is robust in the sense that any designer or user can easily interact with various input parameters to verify the outputs and their suitability for the design ship meant for a particular water front location. The results are validated using another algorithm built on PID which is discussed in brief.

Preventive maintenance is an accepted practice in engineering to keep the structural reliability of ship hulls at the highest possible level. Designers ensure a longer period in between the consecutive maintenance of ship hull parts to optimize expenditure. This is relevant in view of the difficulty in reaching farthest corners in ballast tanks, fuel storage tanks, cofferdams etc. Prior maintenance of the deck and hull parts save a considerable amount of the owner’s budget.A portable technology like patching becomes more handy and economic. Performance of both unpatched and patched samples during dynamic loading conditions being examined in the present investigation. The high strength steel panels with a dimension of 70mm×15mm×3mm were edge cracked for lengths of 4mm and 7mm, with width of 1mm for both. The edge cracked high strength steel panels are repaired with composite patches using GFRP (glass fiber reinforced plastic), CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced plastic) and AFRP (aramid fiber reinforced plastic). The patching was done by 3 and 5 layered and impact tested by Charpy impact tester at ranges of high temperatures. The amount of energy absorbed in the impact is converted to dynamic fracture toughness values and compared for evaluating the performance of FRP (fiber reinforced plastics). Finite element analysis was done for evaluating the stress intensity factors at different types of patching and testing conditions. Comparatively the AFRP patched samples showed better dynamic fracture toughness values at different temperatures.