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Abstract Dietary vitamin B12 deficiency is one of the most common micronutrient deficiencies worldwide, with over a billion individuals suffering from low levels of the vitamin. While ruminant-derived meat and dairy products play a crucial role in providing the recommended B12 dietary allowance (2.4 µg/day), increasing the production and consumption of meat and milk entails substantial environmental ramifications. Spirulina blue-green algae (Arthrospira platensis) has been widely proposed as healthier and more sustainable substitutes for meat, milk, and dairy products (also known as meat and milk analogues). However, previous research has shown that while Spirulina contain desirable macro- and micro-nutrients (e.g., essential amino acids, calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron), the majority of vitamin B12 found in so-called traditional Spirulina is a non-active, pseudo-form (cobamide), unavailable to humans, referred to as pseudo-vitamin B12. This renders traditional Spirulina a limited alternative to animal-source foods. As a response, in this exploratory in vitro study, we ask whether light conditions may enhance active vitamin B12 production in Spirulina. We describe the use of scalable photobioreactors, artificially illuminated, located in the Hengill area of Iceland. These systems are used to cultivate Photosynthetically Controlled Spirulina (PCS), to produce carbon–neutral and nutritious biomass containing unopposed, biologically active vitamin B12, in levels comparable to beef (1.64 µg/100g in PCS with a standard deviation of 5% versus 0.7–1.5 μg/100g in beef). In terms of mitigating global vitamin B12 deficiency, we explore production scale up scenarios. In one scenario, by re-allocating the electricity currently consumed by heavy industry, Iceland could produce 277,950 tonnes of Spirulina biomass per year, which translates into approximately 4555 g per year of active vitamin B12, able to meet the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of over 13.8 million children aged 1–3. More ambitious production scenarios could see Iceland providing the RDA for over 26.5 million children aged 1–3, and over 50 million children aged 0–6 months.

In this paper we explore the idea of using multi-spacecraft observations of Jovian electrons to measure the 3D distribution of these particles in the inner heliosphere. We present simulations of Jovian electron intensities along selected spacecraft trajectories for 2021 and compare these, admittedly qualitatively, to these measurements. Using the data–model comparison we emphasize how such a study can be used to constrain the transport parameters in the inner heliosphere, and how this can lead to additional insight into energetic particle transport. Model results are also shown along the expected trajectories of selected spacecraft, including the off-ecliptic phase of the Solar Orbiter mission from 2025 onward. Lastly, we revisit the use of historical data and discuss upcoming missions that may contribute to Jovian electron measurements.

El siguiente documento recopila los resúmenes cortos presentados en el IMECT (International Meeting on the Ediacaran System and the Ediacaran-Cambrian Transition), celebrado del 17 al 24 de octubre de 2019 en Guadalupe (Geoparque Villuercas-Ibores-Jara). Estos resúmenes no han sido sometidos a revisión por pares y sólo fueron revisados por el Comité Organizador por lo que respecta a aspectos formales.

Se describen y figuran aquí varias unidades estratigráficas características del tránsito Ediacárico-Cámbrico entre Guadalupe y Castañar de Ibor, al norte del Geoparque de Villuercas-Ibores-Jara (Cáceres). Se detallan los afloramientos (i) de las formaciones de Castañar y Villarta (Grupo de Ibor, Ediacárico terminal y Terreneuviense), junto a su contenido en vendoténidos, sabellidítidos y arrecifes microbianos con Cloudina; y (ii) de la Formación de San Lorenzo (Terreneuviense) y su contenido paleoicnológico. Por último, se destaca el registro paleoicnológico de la Cuarcita Armoricana (Ordovícico Inferior), principalmente de Cruziana y Daedalus, que caracteriza algunos puntos de interés geológico (LIG) en el Geoparque.

An updated stratigraphic subdivision of the Ediacaran and Terreneuvian in the Alcudia valley and the Toledo Mountains, Central Iberian Zone, is documented here. The Lower Alcudian-Domo Extremeño Supergroup is subdivided, from bottom to top, into the conformable Guadiana (La Coronada and Sta. Mª de Zújar formations) and Campanario (Botija, Monroy and Orellana formations) groups. The supergroup contains biostratigraphically non-significant bacterial acritarchs and dubious fossils, but its Ediacaran age is constrained by detrital zircon analyses. This siliciclastic sedimentary package is unconformably overlain by either the siliciclastic-carbonate Ibor Group (Castañar, Villarta and Arrocampo formations) or the siliciclastic Cíjara Formation. The fossil content of the former group includes Sabelliditids, Vendotaenids, macrophytes, bioaccumulations and reefs rich in Cloudina, Sinotubulites, Protolagena and stromatolites and thrombolites, and a wide diversity of ichnofossils; whereas the Cíjara Formation has yielded bacteria attributed to Bavlinella and Palaeogomphosphaeria, and simple trace fossils (Gordia, Helminthoidichnites and treptichnids). The Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary, based on ichnofossils, lies at the base of the Arrocampo Formation and the uppermost part of the Cíjara Formation. In the Alcudia valley, the Ibor Group is subdivided into another three-fold, lithologically equivalent subdivision, known as the Tamujar, Hinojosas (rich in ichnofossils, such as treptichnids, Monomorphichnus, Psammichnites and Taphrelminthopsis) and Cabezarrubias (including Bergaueria and Planolites) formations. Another unconformity, intra-Fortunian in age, marks the tops of the Ibor Group and the Cíjara Formation, wich are subsequently overlain by the San Lorenzo Formation and some megabreccia beds, respectively. Overlying the slope-related Fuentes, Membrillar and Navalpino megrabreccia beds, the Terreneuvian-Cambrian Series 2, heterolithic Pusa Formation is subdivided into thre members, the middle one characterized by the record of phosphate ore deposits (e.g., the Fontanarejo Bed). The formation is shale dominated and has yielded the body-fossil Beltanelliformis and numerous ichnofossils (Monomorphicnus and Treptichnus; lower member), sponge spicules associated with thrombolites (middle member), and Scenella, trilobites, archaeocyaths and ichnofossils (Dactyloidites, Psammichnites, Rusophycus and Teichichnus; upper member). Where the megabreccia beds are absent, the Ibor Group is unconformably overlain by the San Lorenzo and Fuentepizarra formations, the latter containing phosphatic limestone interbeds rich in skeletonized microfossils, such as Anabarella, which represents the Fortunian-Cambrian Stage 2 boundary interval.

Una de las esquinas de los mapas geográficos que enlazan las provincias de Badajoz, Cáceres y Toledo contiene unos afloramientos claves para entender el tránsito Ediacárico-Cámbrico de la Zona Centroibérica. En los núcleos del Anticlinorio Extremeño y de los Anticlinales de Ibor y Valdelacasa afloran el Supergrupo del Alcudiense inferior-Domo Extremeño (donde destacan las diamictitas de la Formación de Orellana), los arrecifes microbianos más espectaculares con Cloudina de la Formación de Villarta y la base paleoicnológica del Cámbrico en la Formación de Arrocampo (las dos últimas formaciones pertenecen al Grupo de Ibor). Los afloramientos que tradicionalmente se consideraban como representantes del límite Precámbrico-Cámbrico y base del piso regional Cordubiense se sitúan en el miembro inferior de la Formación del Pusa, suprayacentes al Grupo de Ibor y considerados actualmente como intra-terreneuvienses.

Background: A 63-year-old woman with chronic atrial fibrillation treated with warfarin was admitted to emergency for coma and complete vertical gaze palsy. Investigations: Brain CT and MRI, echo-colour Doppler sonography of the supraaortic vessels, angio-CT of the intracranial vessels, EEG, transesophageal echocardiogram, biohumoral tests. Brain CT and MRI scans showed bilateral thalamic lesions with involvement of the right midbrain; EEG showed a diffuse alpha rhythm prevalent on the posterior regions; echo-colour Doppler sonography of the supraaortic vessels showed marked reduction of blood flow in the right vertebral artery; angio-CT scans showed occlusion of the right vertebral artery and a significant filling defect of the first part of the right posterior cerebral artery (P1) from which the artery of Percheron arises. A follow-up angio-CT showed a complete recanalization of P1. Diagnosis: Percheron artery syndrome. Treatment and Management: Aspirin, neurorehabilitation.

Background This study aimed to compare the effect on postoperative complications of prehabilitation targeting predefined co-existing risky lifestyle factors with usual preoperative routines in surgical patients. Methods This systematic review followed the PRISMA 2020 guideline and the protocol (CRD42022282611). Five databases were searched from inception to November 7, 2022 for randomised controlled trials on prehabilitation targeting ≥2 predefined risky lifestyles compared with usual preoperative routines. Risky lifestyles included Smoking, Nutrition (malnutrition and/or BMI>25), risky Alcohol intake, and Physical inactivity (SNAP). Primary outcome was postoperative complications ≤30 days. Cochrane’s risk-of-bias tool 2 was used and meta-analyses were conducted. GRADE was used to assess certainty of evidence. Results The search resulted in 20,862 records. At full-text screening, only two (120 participants) of 24 identified trials on combined SNAP intervention had ≥2 predefined risk factors and were included. One (n=110) on intensive physical and brief nutritional intervention to frail patients with colorectal cancer resection reported complication rates of 45% in both groups (relative risk (RR) 1.00, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.51). The other study (n=10, subgroup) on intensive alcohol and smoking intervention in patients with bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy, reported complications in 3/7 vs 3/3 participants (RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.21 to 1.19). The meta-analysis estimated a RR of 0.79 (95% CI 0.41 to 1.51, I 2 51%). Conclusion Two small of the 24 trials on prehabilitation targeted co-existing and predefined risky SNAP factors and the effect on postoperative complications is very uncertain. Future prehabilitation research involving patient needs is warranted.

Trace fossils from a new locality in the Desejosa Formation, Freixo de Espada à Cinta area, northeast Portugal, are described, including Teichichnus rectus and the first Cambrian record from Iberia of the ichnogenus Rosselia, identified as R. cf. socialis. A literary review of the Cambrian record of Rosselia reveals no occurrences older than Cambrian Age 3. The occurrence of Rosselia in the Desejosa Formation therefore adds evidence to that of earlier reports on trilobite remains from the upper part of the Desejosa Formation for a Cambrian age of this unit. Both Rosselia and Teichichnus are zindicative of the Cruziana ichnofacies, which is representative of a shallow-marine depositional environment, consistent with earlier interpretations for the depositional conditions of the upper part of the Desejosa Formation in this sector, and in the equivalent Cambrian units in Spain.

Many studies concerning social capital in academia have used social network theory and social network analysis as an approach. Social network analysis focuses on a boundary set of actors in a network and what it reveals as an outcome of social capital. However, social capital is also a precursor or catalyst for cooperative work. Here, we investigate researchers' perceptions of social capital based on the hypothesis that what academics do when they collaborate (as a habit), may not relate to what they actually prefer. We have piloted a questionnaire-survey to test this, focusing on the goal-seeking behavior of publishing new research. Data were collected from 1,092 academics, across 6 faculties at the University of Copenhagen: Health and Medical Science, Science, Social Sciences, Humanities, Law, and Theology. The survey of collaboration habits first revealed significant differences at the level of gender, academic position, years active in publishing, and faculty. Collaboration preferences, interpreted from social capital theory, were also measured according to three interrelated dimensions--i.e. "cognitive," "relational," and "structural." Survey respondents tended to prefer the "cognitive-relational" aspects of collaboration (i.e. "reciprocity and obligation"; "shared understandings"), over certain "structural" determinants (i.e. "linking to networks"). Few habits and preferences correlated and did not correlate strongly. Amongst the researchers who indicated a preference for "bridging networks" (i.e. working with people who have different types of expertise), few confirmed this as a collaboration habit, particularly with experts from organizations outside academia (i.e. the business/public sector).

Asthma is a highly heterogenous disease which researchers over time have attempted to classify into different phenotypes and endotypes to improve diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Earlier classifications based on reaction to environmental allergens, age, sex and lung function have evolved, and today, the use of precision medicine guided by biomarkers offers new perspectives on asthma management. Identifying biomarkers that may reveal the underlying pathophysiology of the disease will help to select the patients who will benefit most from specific treatments. This review explores the classification of asthma phenotypes and focuses on the most recent advances in using biomarkers to guide treatment.

BackgroundThe AS04-adjuvanted HPV16/18 (AS04-HPV16/18) vaccine provides excellent protection against targeted human papillomavirus (HPV) types and a variable degree of cross-protection against others, including types 6/11/31/33/45. High efficacy against any cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or greater (CIN3+; >90%) suggests that lower levels of protection may exist for a wide range of oncogenic HPV types, which is difficult to quantify in individual trials. Pooling individual-level data from two randomized controlled trials, we aimed to evaluate AS04-HPV16/18 vaccine efficacy against incident HPV infections and cervical abnormalities .MethodsData were available from the Costa Rica Vaccine Trial (NCT00128661) and Papilloma Trial Against Cancer in Young Adults trial (NCT00122681), two large-scale, double-blind randomized controlled trials of the AS04-HPV16/18 vaccine. Primary analyses focused on disease-free women with no detectable cervicovaginal HPV at baseline.ResultsA total of 12 550 women were included in our primary analyses (HPV arm = 6271, control arm = 6279). Incidence of 6-month persistent oncogenic and nononcogenic infections, excluding known and accepted protected types 6/11/16/18/31/33/45 (focusing on 34/35/39/40/42/43/44/51/52/53/54/56/58/59/66/68/73/70/74), was statistically significantly lower in the HPV arm than in the control arm (efficacy = 9.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.7% to 17.4%). Statistically significant efficacy (P

Abstract Although it has been proven that porous, heteroatomic, and defective structures improve Na storage performance, they also severely affect the initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) due to the huge irreversible capacity in the first cycle, which always limits the practical application of carbon anodes in commercial Na‐ion batteries (NIBs). Here, we show the successful synthesis of nanocrystalline cellulose and the derivative hard carbons. A series of treatments including acid hydrolysis, hydrothermal carbonization, and high‐temperature pyrolysis help tune the pores, heteroatoms, and defects to achieve an optimized balance between superior ICE and reversible capacity of up to 90.4% and 314 mAh g−1. This study highlights that tailoring the electrode microstructure could be an important strategy in the future design of carbonaceous anode materials for high‐performance Na‐ion batteries.

Abstract Associations between multifidus muscle morphology and degenerative pathologies have been implied in patients with non-specific low back pain, but it is unknown how these are influenced by pathology severity, number, or distribution. MRI measures of pure multifidus muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) were acquired from 522 patients presenting with low back and/or leg symptoms in an outpatient clinic. We explored cross-sectional associations between the presence, distribution, and/or severity of lumbar degenerative pathologies (individually and in aggregate) and muscle outcomes in multivariable analyses (beta coefficients [95% CI]). We identified associations between lower pure multifidus muscle CSA and disc degeneration (at two or more levels): − 4.51 [− 6.72; − 2.3], Modic 2 changes: − 4.06 [− 6.09; − 2.04], endplate defects: − 2.74 [− 4.58; − 0.91], facet arthrosis: − 4.02 [− 6.26; − 1.78], disc herniations: − 3.66 [− 5.8; − 1.52], and when > 5 pathologies were present: − 6.77 [− 9.76; − 3.77], with the last supporting a potential dose–response relationship between number of spinal pathologies and multifidus morphology. Our findings could hypothetically indicate that these spinal and muscle findings: (1) are part of the same degenerative process, (2) result from prior injury or other common antecedent events, or (3) have a directional relationship. Future longitudinal studies are needed to further examine the complex nature of these relationships.