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This study evaluated the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in vitamin-D-related genes and the amount of external apical root resorption linked to orthodontic treatment. One hundred and forty-three individuals were assessed. The amount of external apical root resorption of upper central incisors (EARRinc) and lower first molars (EARRmol) were evaluated in radiographs. Seven SNPs were genotyped across four genes including the vitamin D receptor [VDR], group-specific component [GC], cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1 [CYP27B1], and cytochrome P450 family 24 subfamily A member 1 [CYP24A1]. Linear regressions were implemented to determine allele-effects on external apical root resorption. Individuals carrying the AA genotype in VDR rs2228570 had a 21% higher EARRmol than those having AG and GG genotypes (95% CI: 1.03,1.40). EARRmol in heterozygous rs2228570, was 12% lower than for homozygotes (95%CI: 0.78,0.99). Participants with the CCG haplotype (rs1544410-rs7975232-rs731236) in VDR had an EARRmol 16% lower than those who did not carry this haplotype. Regarding CYP27B1 rs4646536, EARRinc in participants who had at least one G allele was 42% lower than for homozygotes AA (95%CI: 0.37,0.93). Although these results did not remain significant after multiple testing adjustment, potential associations may still be suggested. Further replication studies are needed to confirm or refute these findings.

Background Reducing socially induced health inequalities is a key task of urban and regional public health authorities. The Berlin index of health and social deprivation (BIHSD) 2022 aims to show regional differences in health and social situation in sub-areas of the city, to observe developments over time and to identify socially deprived sub-areas of the city. Methods The BIHSD 2022 is based on 20 indicators, most of which come from official statistics. Principal component analyses were applied to calculate subindices for the dimensions employment (e.g. unemployment rate), social conditions (e.g. risk-of-poverty rate) and health (e.g. premature mortality). Based on these subindices the final health and social index was derived. The (sub)indices are available on different spatial levels. Relative changes compared to the BIHSD 2013 were calculated to identify regional trends in the transitions in the social structure and health of the city over time. Results Besides improvements for most indicators over time in most regions of Berlin, there is still significant evidence for health and social inequality across the city. For example, long-term unemployment rate varies between 0.5% and 40.4% on the lowest spatial level. Following a secular trend, there are substantial improvements in former deprived areas in the inner city while in many peripheral residential areas with an average social structure in the past a downwards trend was observed. Conclusions Deprivation indices are helpful tools for research and health reporting in providing evidence for regional inequality. Additionally, they can be used to tailor health promotion strategies and to promote a targeted allocation of financial resources. For example, results of the BIHSD 2022 are being used in epidemiological analyses (e.g. regional inequalities in the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection) and for (health) policy planning (e.g. needs- and demand-based planning of healthcare). Key messages • The Berlin index of health and social deprivation 2022 show regional differences in health and social situation in sub-areas of the city and documents developments over time. • The index is being used in epidemiological analyses, to tailor health promotion strategies, and to promote a targeted allocation of financial resources.

In 2015 the German Prevention Act was implemented. The National Prevention Conference published the first National Prevention Report in 2019 to evaluate the health promotion activities. The second National Prevention Report is planned for 2023. Development of a harmonized prevention reporting system for the German Federal States is needed to form the basis for the contribution of the Federal States to the next National Prevention Report. A working group mandated from the sub-national health authorities has developed a harmonized prevention reporting system for the German Federal States since 2018. The Robert Koch Institute collaborated as representative of the national level during the process. Subject areas for indicators were selected based on a survey in which all 16 State Ministries of Health participated. Indicator subgroups developed indicators for each subject area based on predefined indicator selection criteria. Final set of indicators was adopted by indicator rating and majority voting process. The German Health Ministers Conference acknowledged the indicator system in June 2021. The conceptual framework is adapted from the health determinants model of Dahlgren and Whitehead. The indicator system is divided into 14 subject areas categorized into upstream, midstream and downstream level of prevention indicators. Seventy-three prevention indicators were included as a whole. The indicator short list consists of 32 Core indicators. An overview of the prevention indicator system will be given. First results of a pilot data collection will be shown. Health promotion and prevention reporting tools are needed to monitor prevention policies and evaluate health promotion measures. The prevention indicator system of the German Federal States will be used for the National Prevention Strategy in Germany of which one component is the next National Prevention Report 2023. Key messages • The prevention indicator system of the German Federal States is a useful tool to monitor prevention policies. • The indicator system will form the basis for the German Federal States’ contribution to the National Prevention Report 2023.

This qualitative study sought to determine undergraduate students’ beliefs about their motivations for pursuing, and challenges to completing, geoscience majors in a large public university. Eighte...

Despite frequent litigious interactions between science and religion, when it comes to the teaching of evolution, relatively little is known about public school teachers' understanding of the associated legal issues. The present study expands on Moore's (2004) survey by obtaining more information about respondents, surveying teachers from multiple states, including teachers of all grade levels, and including “I don't know” as an option on the original survey developed by Moore. The survey was completed by 208 teachers from 42 states. Findings include a detailed portrait of teachers' understanding of evolution-related laws and the time they devote to teaching evolution. Our results indicate that the majority of surveyed teachers devote >13 hours of instruction per class semester to evolution and teach evolution either as a unifying theme throughout the class or as a unit of instruction. The responses indicate that a majority of the teachers surveyed possess a sufficient understanding of legal issues but lack a sufficient understanding of the more nuanced aspects of evolution case law. The findings indicate the need for improved preservice and inservice instruction that addresses evolution case law, emphasizing the legal parameters that teachers should adhere to when teaching evolution.

This paper introduces a new concept for shape memory based on elastic forces and magnetically induced friction forces in composite materials consisting of magnetoactive elastomers (MAEs). Magnetic attraction forces between two MAEs generate a contact pressure at their interface and the friction allows to maintain stable deformed shapes of the so-called magnetofriction shape memory polymers (MF-SMPs). When the contact is loosened, the friction forces vanish and the elastic forces in each part of the assembly bring the parts back into their initial state where the contact can be established once again. The shape memory effect is studied in three-point bending tests with two stacked MAEs. The global force-displacement relations reveal a hysteretic behavior due to local residual displacements after the test are observed by the help of digital image correlation. The test structure stores up to 25% of the applied displacement. The local contact state (sliding or sticking) is evaluated in different regions of the MF-SMP which gives an insight into the shape memory mechanism magnetofriction. Two methods for the shape-recovery of the MF-SMP by elastic forces in the MAEs are proposed, a manual separation and an air flow at the interface of the MF-SMP, and a comparison of magnetofriction to other shape memory mechanisms is performed.

The fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is an emerging target for molecular imaging and therapy in cancer. OncoFAP is a novel small organic ligand for FAP with very high affinity. In this translational study, we establish [Favorable radiochemical properties, rapid clearance from organs and soft tissues, and intense tumor uptake validate

Within this paper, it is shown that the assumption of transversal isotropy usually applied to unidirectional layers is not valid, if interleaf layers are introduced to increase the impact performan...

Context Children in care of the child welfare system tend to underutilize preventive health services compared with other children. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess current knowledge regarding immunization coverage levels for children in the child welfare system and to determine barriers and supports to them utilizing immunization services. Evidence acquisition Articles published in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, SocINDEX, and ERIC from January 1, 2000 to October 13, 2017 were searched. Thesis and conference databases and relevant websites were also examined. Studies were included if written in English, from high-income countries, and addressed immunizations for children in the child welfare system. Independent dual screening, extraction, and quality appraisal were conducted between October 2016 and December 2017, followed by narrative synthesis. Evidence synthesis Of 2,906 records identified, 33 met inclusion criteria: 21 studied coverage, two studied barriers/supports, and ten studied both. Nineteen studies were moderate or high quality and thus included in the narrative synthesis; 15 studied coverage, one studied barriers/supports, and three studied both. Most studies found lower coverage among children in child welfare. The few studies that explicitly studied barriers/supports to immunization identified that a collaborative and coordinated approach between health and social services was key to service delivery to this population. Conclusions This review highlights that children in care of the child welfare system are at risk of poor immunization coverage. There is a need for high-quality studies on this issue, with a focus on assessing supports/barriers to immunization in this population.

BackgroundExercise is an effective non-pharmaceutical intervention for osteoporosis (OP). However, it has not yet been explicitly validated whether it is associated with bone mineral density (BMD) in patients suffering from polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and vasculitides.ObjectivesTo assess whether exercise is associated with BMD in PMR and vasculitis patients.MethodsWe evaluated baseline visits of patients enrolled in the monocentric, prospective “Rh-GIOP” cohort. Patients were included when having PMR or any kind of vasculitis. Simple and multiple linear regression models with minimum T-score (lumbar spine or hip, whichever was lowest) as the dependant variable were constructed. A dose-response analysis (frequency of exercise per week) was conducted in patients who were doing any kind of exercise. In multiple regression, we adjusted for potential confounders associated with minimum T-scores in an analysis of the overall cohort (manuscript in preparation): age, sex, menopause, body mass index, bisphosphonate use, denosumab use, current glucocorticoid dose, proton-pump inhibitor use, history of vertebral fractures, health assessment questionnaire scores, alkaline phosphatase levels, and gamma-glutamyltransferase levels. Multiple imputation by chained equations was used to handle missing data.Results198 patients were included. The mean age was 68 ± 11 years, 68% were females, and the most common diseases were PMR (36%), giant cell arteritis (26%), and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (17%). The mean minimum T-score was -1.74 ± 0.9. Five patients had a disease duration of less than three months. In both unadjusted (Figure 1) and adjusted analysis, exercise was positively associated with minimum T-scores (unadjusted: β = 0.36; 97.5% CI 0.09 to 0.63; p = 0.01; adjusted: β = 0.30; 0.04 to 0.56; p = 0.02). In exercising patients, there was no association between frequency and minimum T-scores (p(ANOVA) = 0.66.ConclusionIn PMR and vasculitis, exercise is positively associated with BMD. We adjusted for several covariates, including health assessment questionnaire scores, so it is unlikely that the association between exercise and BMD is only caused because generally healthier patients have a higher likelihood of exercising. However, we found no dose-response relationship by looking at exercise frequency. This is probably due to confounding caused by different kinds of exercises. E.g., weight-bearing exercise is thought to be more effective in elevating BMD. Furthermore, our analysis might have been underpowered (too few patients) to assess differences within the group of exercising patients. Our findings underpin the general advice given to most patients suffering from low bone mass or OP irrespective of their underlying disease, which is to start or to continue exercising within the scope of personal possibilities. Of note, this study is of cross-sectional nature and must be interpreted accordingly as residual confounding cannot be fully ruled out. We plan for the future longitudinal analyses.Figure 1. AcknowledgementsFunding Rh-GIOP is supported by a joint funding from Amgen, Biogen, BMS, Chugai, Generic Assays, GSK, Hexal, Horizon Therapeutics, Lilly, Medac, Mundipharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche and Sanofi.Disclosure of InterestsAndriko Palmowski: None declared, Edgar Wiebe Grant/research support from: Travel expenses from Medac, Sandra Hermann Paid instructor for: Lecture fees from AbbVie, Burkhard Muche Speakers bureau: consultancy or speaker fees and/or conference expenses from Amgen, Gilead, Galapagos, UCB and Stadapharm, Paid instructor for: consultancy or speaker fees and/or conference expenses from Amgen, Gilead, Galapagos, UCB and Stadapharm, Consultant of: consultancy or speaker fees and/or conference expenses from Amgen, Gilead, Galapagos, UCB and Stadapharm, Frank Buttgereit Speakers bureau: consultancy fees, honoraria and travel expenses from Abbvie, AstraZeneca, Grünenthal, Pfizer, and Roche, and grant support from Abbvie, Pfizer and Roche, Paid instructor for: consultancy fees, honoraria and travel expenses from Abbvie, AstraZeneca, Grünenthal, Pfizer, and Roche, and grant support from Abbvie, Pfizer and Roche, Consultant of: consultancy fees, honoraria and travel expenses from Abbvie, AstraZeneca, Grünenthal, Pfizer, and Roche, and grant support from Abbvie, Pfizer and Roche, Grant/research support from: consultancy fees, honoraria and travel expenses from Abbvie, AstraZeneca, Grünenthal, Pfizer, and Roche, and grant support from Abbvie, Pfizer and Roche

Although different strategies to control biofilm formation on endotracheal tubes have been proposed, there are scarce scientific data on applying phages for both removing and preventing Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms on the device surface. Here, the anti-biofilm capacity of five bacteriophages was evaluated by a high content screening assay. We observed that biofilms were significantly reduced after phage treatment, especially in multidrug-resistant strains. Considering the anti-biofilm screens, two phages were selected as cocktail components, and the cocktail’s ability to prevent colonization of the endotracheal tube surface was tested in a dynamic biofilm model. Phage-coated tubes were challenged with different P. aeruginosa strains. The biofilm growth was monitored from 24 to 168 h by colony forming unit counting, metabolic activity assessment, and biofilm morphology observation. The phage cocktail promoted differences of bacterial colonization; nonetheless, the action was strain dependent. Phage cocktail coating did not promote substantial changes in metabolic activity. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a higher concentration of biofilm cells in control, while tower-like structures could be observed on phage cocktail-coated tubes. These results demonstrate that with the development of new coating strategies, phage therapy has potential in controlling the endotracheal tube-associated biofilm.

Focused Ion Beam (FIB) chip circuit editing is a well-established highly specialized laboratory technique for making direct changes to the functionality of integrated circuits. A precisely tuned and placed ion beam in conjunction with process gases selectively uncovers internal circuitry, create functional changes in devices or the copper wiring pattern, and reseals the chip surface. When executed within reasonable limits, the revised circuit logic functions essentially the same as if the changes were instead made to the photomasks used to fabricate the chip. The results of the intended revision, however, can be obtained weeks or months earlier than by a full fabrication run. Evaluating proposed changes through FIB modification rather than proceeding immediately to mask changes has become an integral part of the process for bringing advanced designs to market at many companies. The end product of the FIB process is the very essence of handcrafted prototyping. The efficacy of the FIB technique faces new challenges with every generation of fabrication process node advancement. Ever shrinking geometries and new material sets have always been a given as transistor size decreases and overall packing density increases. The biggest fundamental change in recent years was the introduction of the FinFET as a replacement for the venerable planar transistor. Point to point wiring change methodology has generally followed process scaling, but transistor deletions or modifications with the change to Fins require a somewhat different approach and much more careful control due to the drastic change in height and shape. We also had to take into consideration the importance of the 4th terminal, the body-tie, that is often lost in backside editing. Some designs and FET technology can function acceptably well when individual devices are no longer connected to the bulk substrate or well, while others can suffer from profound shifts in performance. All this presents a challenge given that the primary beam technology improvements of the fully configured chip edit FIB has only evolved incrementally during the same time period. The gallium column system appears to be reaching its maximum potential. Further, as gallium is a p-type metal dopant, there are limitations to its use in close proximity to certain active semiconductor devices. Amorphous material formation and other damage mechanisms that extend beyond what can be seen visually when endpointing must also be taken into account [1]. Device switching performance and even transmission line characteristics of nearby wiring levels can be impacted by material structural changes from implantation cascades. Last year our lab participated in a design validation exercise in which we were asked to modify the drive of a multi-finger FinFET device structure to reduce its switching speed impact on a circuit. The original sized device pulled the next node in the chain too fast, resulting in a timing upset. Deleting whole structures and bridging over/around them is commonly done, but modifications to the physical size of an FET device is a rare request and generally not attempted. It requires a level of precision in beam control and post-edit treatment that can be difficult to execute cleanly. Once again during a complex edit task we considered the use of an alternate ion beam species such as neon, or reducing the beam energy (low kV) on the gallium tool. Unfortunately, we don’t yet have easy access to a versatile viable replacement column technology grafted to a fully configured edit station. And while there should be significantly reduced implant damage and transistor functional change when a gallium column FIB is operated at lower accelerating potential [2], the further loss of visual acuity due to the reduced secondary emission, especially when combined with ultra-low beam currents, made fast and accurate navigation near impossible. We instead chose the somewhat unconventional approach of using an ultra-low voltage electron beam to do much of the navigation and surface marking prior to making the final edits with the gallium ion beam in a dual-beam FIB tool. Once we had resolved how to accurately navigate to the transistors in question and expose half of the structure without disturbing the body-tie, we were able to execute the required cut to trim away 50% of the structure and reduce the effective drive. Several of the FIB modified units functioned per the design parameters of a smaller sized device, giving confidence to proceed with the revised mask set. To our surprise, the gallium beam performed commendably well in this most difficult task. While we still believe that an inert beam of similar characteristics would be preferable, this work indicates that gallium columns are still viable at the 14 nm FinFET node for even the most rigorous of editing requirements. It also showed that careful application of e-beam imaging on the exposed underside of FinFET devices could be performed without degrading or destroying them.

The nature of the automotive industry is changing as Connectivity, Autonomous Drive, Shared Mobility concepts and Electrification take center stage in this new decade. This transformation will drive some unique needs and present some interesting challenges in the years ahead. In this paper we will explore how the User Experience, and the HMI technologies that enable it, will define how we perceive the future of mobility.

Background Breastfeeding is recommended by both the World Health Organization and the Canadian Pediatric Society due to the numerous maternal and infant benefits. Current literature examining breastfeeding among people with physical disabilities is limited to the United States with limited information about the Canadian context. Objective The primary aim of this study was to identify breastfeeding positions and techniques used by people with physical disabilities and explore their perceptions of effectiveness in a Canadian context where individuals had universal access to a lactation consultant. Methods A cross-sectional interview-based study was undertaken. Individuals were eligible for the study if they breastfed within the last 10 years and a) used a mobility device or b) experienced dysmobility, weakness or pain due to a medical condition while breastfeeding. Interviews were semi-structured to allow in-depth exploration of breastfeeding techniques and perceptions of effectiveness. The interviews were audiotaped, professionally transcribed, and assessed for content surrounding the use and effectiveness of breastfeeding positions and techniques. Results Eleven people participated in our study. Participants in our sample mentioned a variety of techniques used to breastfeed including a) accessories, b) assistance from others, c) breastfeeding positions, and d) location of feeding. Conclusions People with physical disabilities use a variety of breastfeeding techniques to overcome physical limitations. This practical advice may improve guidance for healthcare professionals, including lactation consultants, to better support people with physical disabilities meet their breastfeeding goals.

The formation of protein patterns inside cells is generically described by reaction-diffusion models. The study of such systems goes back to Turing, who showed how patterns can emerge from a homogenous steady state when two reactive components have different diffusivities (e.g. membrane-bound and cytosolic states). However, in nature, systems typically develop in a heterogeneous environment, where upstream protein patterns affect the formation of protein patterns downstream. Examples for this are the polarization of Cdc42 adjacent to the previous bud-site in budding yeast, and the formation of an actin-recruiter ring that forms around a PIP3 domain in macropinocytosis. This suggests that previously established protein patterns can serve as a template for downstream proteins and that these downstream proteins can 'sense' the edge of the template. A mechanism for how this edge sensing may work remains elusive. Here we demonstrate and analyze a generic and robust edge-sensing mechanism, based on a two-component mass-conserving reaction-diffusion (McRD) model. Our analysis is rooted in a recently developed theoretical framework for McRD systems, termed local equilibria theory. We extend this framework to capture the spatially heterogeneous reaction kinetics due to the template. This enables us to graphically construct the stationary patterns in the phase space of the reaction kinetics. Furthermore, we show that the protein template can trigger a regional mass-redistribution instability near the template edge, leading to the accumulation of protein mass, which eventually results in a stationary peak at the template edge. We show that simple geometric criteria on the reactive nullcline's shape predict when this edge-sensing mechanism is operational. Thus, our results provide guidance for future studies of biological systems, and for the design of synthetic pattern forming systems., Comment: 20 pages, 14 figures

OBJECTIVE: To assess vaccine coverage for a cohort of children who have been in the care of the child welfare system compared to children in the general population. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study used population-based administrative health data for a 2008 birth cohort of children from Alberta, Canada. We assessed coverage at ages 2 (n = 44,206) and 7 (n = 42,241) for three vaccines with different administration schedules for children in care (at any period before the age of assessment) and those who had never been in care, comparing them using risk differences and relative risks (RRs). We similarly assessed coverage for children not in care who shared characteristics of children in care. RESULTS: At age two, vaccination coverage for children in care ranged from 54.3% to 81.4%, depending on vaccine. In comparison, coverage for those not in care ranged from 74.2% to 87.4%. At age seven, coverage for children in care ranged from 53.1% to 65.3%, compared to 76.6% to 83.4% for those not in care. For all vaccines at both ages, the risk for being under-vaccinated was higher for children in care (e.g., diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b at age 7: RR 2.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] (1.74–2.32). Even for children not in care who had characteristics similar to children in care, we found children in care had lower coverage. CONCLUSION: Children in care have consistently lower vaccine coverage than children not in care. Policies and practices should promote optimal access to vaccination for these children.

3,4-Bis(4-amino-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1,2,5-furoxan (BAFF, 1) was nitrated in 100% HNO3 at -10 degrees C and then reacted with KOH to give the corresponding energetic dipotassium salt of 3,4-bis(4-nitramino-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1,2,5-furoxan (2, K(2)BNAFF). The neutral nitramino-furoxan compound (3, H(2)BNAFF) is unstable at room temperature and can be obtained from K(2)BNAFF with 2m HCl and ether as H(2)BNAFF0.5 Et2O. Several nitrogen-rich salts (e.g. ammonium, guanidinium, aminoguanidinium, hydrazinium and hydroxylammonium) were prepared from K(2)BNAFF. The potassium, guanidinium, aminoguanidinium, hydroxylammonium and silver salts of BNAFF were characterized by low-temperature X-ray diffraction. In addition, all compounds were analyzed by vibrational spectroscopy (IR and Raman), multinuclear (H-1, C-13, N-14) NMR spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis (DTA) and elemental analysis. The heats of formation for the anhydrous compounds were calculated using the atomization method based on CBS-4M enthalpies. Several detonation parameters were predicted by using the EXPLO5 code (V6.03). In addition, the sensitivities of all BNAFF salts toward friction, impact and electrostatic discharge were determined.

The reaction of a variety of amino-furazans with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate was carried out to synthesize ureido-furazans. The nitration to nitro-ureido-furazan was successful in the case of 3-nitro-4nitroureido- furazan and 3,4-dinitroureido-furazan. Furthermore, furazan derivatives linked to a second amino-oxadiazole were synthesized. All compounds were intensively characterized by X-ray diffraction measurements, NMR spectroscopy, vibrational spectroscopy (IR, Raman), BAM sensitivity tests and differential thermal analysis. The energetic properties were calculated using EXPLO5 6.03.

The nitration of 3-amino-4-chloro-oximidofurazan resulted in the formation of the unexpected anionic heterocycle 4-nitro-pyrazolo-(3,4,c)-furazan-5-N-oxide. Various experiments such as changing the reactants, oxidation or methylation were attempted to elucidate the reaction conditions and mechanism. The heavier alkali and silver salts of the above-mentioned heterocycle were isolated. The salts were characterized and investigated by means of NMR, vibrational spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and energetic properties.

2,2'-Dinitramino-5,5'-bi(1-oxa-3,4-diazole) (2) is a new highly energetic material with superior calculated detonation performance in comparison to cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene- 2,4,6-trinitramine (RDX) and penta-erythritoltetranitrate (PETN) and can be prepared by an economical and practical two-step synthesis. The starting material 2,2'-diamino-5,5'-bi(1-oxa-3,4-diazole) (1) is synthesized by the reaction of oxalyl dihydrazide with cyanogen bromide. Nitration of 1 yields the title compound in perfect yield and purity. The combination of its high density of 1.986 g cm(-3), the positive heat of formation (+190 kJ mol(-1)), and a slightly positive oxygen balance (+6.2%) results in ideal calculated detonation parameters (e.g. detonation velocity 9296 ms(-1)). The sensitivities toward impact and friction can be adjusted by deprotonation and formation of corresponding nitrogen-rich salts, for example, ammonium (3), hydroxylammonium (4), and guanidinium (5) salts.

The ever-increasing need for displaying in-vehicle visual information in a non-distracting way requires a high visual performance of automotive displays. For their procurement, deep technical and supply-chain knowledge is required. Therefore, based on our comparisons of in-vehicle and laboratory visual-performance measurements, we propose a certification system for automotive display panels.

Many developments within Connectivity, Autonomous driving, Shared mobility and Electrification (“CASE”) are expected in the automotive industry as it enters the next decade. Several different enabling technologies are required for this, such as wireless communications and antenna technologies for Connectivity; advanced sensor technologies such as radar, camera, and lidar, as well as advanced software such as artificial intelligence, for Autonomous Driving; fleet management, service bookings, subscription plans for Shared Mobility; and, advanced battery technologies, electric powertrains and charging infrastructure for Electrification. However, without a user interface to manage all these features, they will be cumbersome or impossible to use. In this paper, we describe how the case is building for display technology, as a key enabler for all these developments.

The synthesis of 3-trinitromethyl-5-nitramino-1H-1,2,4-triazole (1) is described. This triazole is a powerful energetic compound due to its high nitrogen- and oxygen-content. Selected nitrogen-rich salts were also prepared in order to tune the performance and sensitivity values. The compounds are characterised by vibrational and NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The structure of 1 was determined by X-ray diffraction. The sensitivities were measured according to BAM standards and energetic performances calculated by EXPLO5 6.03.

Science and religion are two indisputably profound and durable cultural forces with a complex history of interaction. As ASTE members are aware, these interactions often manifest themselves in classrooms and in the surrounding communities. In this essay, we encourage science teacher educators to broaden their perspectives of science–religion interactions so that they may better assist pre- and in-service science teachers with addressing topics such as the age and origins of the universe and biological evolution in an appropriate manner. We first introduce some foundational scholarship into the historical interactions between science and religion as well as current efforts to maintain healthy dialogue between perspectives that are frequently characterized as innately in conflict with or mutually exclusive of one another. Given that biological evolution is the dominant science–religion issue of our day, in particular in the USA, we next summarize the origins and strategies of anti-evolution movements via the rise and persistence of Christian Fundamentalism. We then summarize survey and qualitative sociological research indicating disparities between academic scientists and the general public with regard to religious beliefs to help us further understand our students’ worldviews and the challenges they often face in campus-to-classroom transitions. We conclude the essay by providing resources and practical suggestions, including legal considerations, to assist science teacher educators with their curriculum and outreach.

Accurate experimental determination of the electron density distribution for the energetic ionic salt bis(ammonium) 2,2′-dinitramido-5,5′-bis(1-oxa-3,4-diazolate) dihydrate (1) is obtained from multipole modeling of single-crystal X-ray diffraction data collected at 20 K. The intra- and intermolecular bonding is assessed in terms of the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) with a view to better understanding the physicochemical properties in relation to chemical bonding. Topological analysis reveals stronger bonding for the N–NO2 bond relative to energetic nitramines RDX and HMX and the indication of a trend between this and impact sensitivity of nitro-containing energetic materials is noted. The intermolecular bonding of 1 is dominated by classical H-bonds but includes multiple π-bonding interactions and interactions between H-bond donor and acceptor atoms where bond paths are deflected by H atoms. There also exists a weak O···O interaction between end-on nitro groups, as well as an intramolecula...

Background Acceptance and understanding of evolutionary ideas remains low in the United States despite renewed science education standards, nearly unanimous acceptance among scientists, and decades of research on the teaching and learning of evolution. Early exposure to evolutionary concepts may be one way to reduce resistance to learning and accepting evolution. While there is emerging evidence that elementary students can learn and retain evolutionary ideas, there is also emerging evidence that elementary teachers may be unprepared to teach evolution. It may not be possible to train elementary teachers like their secondary counterparts who receive specialized training in science. This exploratory study was designed to determine if the 147 surveyed preservice elementary teachers (PETs) who are most willing to specialize in science maintain a greater understanding and acceptance of evolution. Such a relationship could have implications for teacher training and science instruction at elementary schools. Results As willingness to specialize in science increases so too does acceptance of evolution. For both measures, there was a monotonic increase with increasing willingness to specialize in science. There was a significant correlation (p = .047) between willingness to specialize in science and acceptance of evolution as measured by the MATE. There was not a significant correlation between willingness to specialize in science and understanding of evolution as measured by the CINS (p = .21). The thirty-two PETs who are enthusiastically willing to specialize in science had the highest understanding and acceptance of evolution. Conclusions It may be possible to identify prospective elementary teachers that could assume roles as specialists simply by identifying PETs’ willingness to specialize. Such students appear to enter elementary teacher preparation programs with the science background and enthusiasm for science required to be specialists without the need for much additional training. Thus, science teacher educators could help local elementary school principals identify graduating, and recently graduated, elementary teachers who are willing to specialize in science. Identified teachers could serve as specialists to work with their building and district colleagues to develop, among other topics, evolution related curricular materials and facilitate the implementation of those materials through co-teaching and peer coaching.

This paper designs a robot rapid moving strategy based on curve model. The virtual target points are introduced into the path planning of the robot so that the robot can complete the task smoothly and quickly. We give the method to solve the curve model in detail. At the same time, the design of state feedback from the robot control model based on the turning radius is used to solve the practical error problem. Simulation experiments show that the design of virtual target points can not only make the robot complete the task faster, but also can be applied to multi-robot formation control. The real experiment shows that the curve model can correct the error through the robot state feedback and finally make the robots reach the target point successfully.

Root pathogens are a major threat in global crop production and protection strategies are required to sustainably enhance the efficiency of root immunity. Our understanding of root immunity is still limited relative to our knowledge of immune responses in leaves. In an effort to reveal the organisation of immunity in roots, we undertook a cell type-specific transcriptome analysis to identify gene networks activated in epidermis, cortex and pericycle cells ofArabidopsisroots upon treatment with two immunity elicitors, the bacterial microbe-associated molecular pattern flagellin, and the endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern Pep1. Our analyses revealed that both elicitors induced immunity gene networks in a cell type-specific manner. Interestingly, both elicitors did not alter cell identity-determining gene networks. Using sophisticated paired motif promoter analyses, we identified key transcription factor pairs involved in the regulation of cell type-specific immunity networks. In addition, our data show that cell identity networks integrate with cell immunity networks to activate cell type-specific immune response according to the functional capabilities of each cell type.Material Distribution FootnoteThe author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantcell.org) is: Patrick Schäfer (p.schafer@warwick.ac.uk).

A-Kinase Anchoring Proteins (AKAPs) coordinate complex signaling events by serving as spatiotemporal modulators of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity in cells. Although AKAPs organize a plethora of diverse pathways, their cellular roles are often elusive due to the dynamic nature of these signaling complexes. AKAPs can interact with the type I or type II PKA holoenzymes by virtue of high-affinity interactions with the R-subunits. As a means to delineate AKAP-mediated PKA signaling in cells, we sought to develop isoform-selective disruptors of AKAP signaling. Here, we report the development of conformationally constrained peptides named RI-STapled Anchoring Disruptors (RI-STADs) that target the docking/dimerization domain of the type 1 regulatory subunit of PKA. These high-affinity peptides are isoform-selective for the RI isoforms, can outcompete binding by the classical AKAP disruptor Ht31, and can selectively displace RIα, but not RIIα, from binding the dual-specific AKAP149 complex. Importantly, these peptides are cell-permeable and disrupt Type I PKA-mediated phosphorylation events in the context of live cells. Hence, RI-STAD peptides are versatile cellular tools to selectively probe anchored type I PKA signaling events.

Two highly energetic nitric acid esters were synthesized from the dimer of dihydroxyacetone. 1,3-Dinitratoacetone (1) and its dimer 2,5-bis(nitratomethyl-2,5-nitrato)-1,4-dioxane (2) were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, vibrational spectroscopy (IR and Raman), multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The thermal behavior was investigated with DTA measurements. Although showing the same atomic stoichiometry, dimer 2 shows significantly higher sensitivities measured by BAM methods (drophammer and friction tester). Due to the high oxygen content of 62.2%, 1 and 2 were evaluated as potential high energy dense oxidizers.