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The nanoparticle was prepared using aqueous extract of naringin Citrus aurantium and copper salts, which are 100% local materials to combat the white fly Bemisia tabaci, which have the ability to transmit and spread plant diseases at a very high rate and pose a great threat to global food production. In tropical and subtropical regions, the insect problem used in the study has become one of the most serious problems facing crop protection. The economic losses are estimated in the hundreds of millions of dollars. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by the following assays:UV- visible spectrophotometry, SEM, AFM and FTIR. The results of the study showed that the nanoparticles of copper salts were more effective in the mortality rates of nymphs, eggs, and whole insects of the whitefly at concentrations of 100, 200 and 300 ppm, in addition to that the effectiveness of the nanocide led to higher mortality rates for the third, fourth and virginal stages of whitefly at 300 ppm concentrations compared to the results Aqueous extract of Citrus aurantium and copper salts.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the virus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic. Initial symptoms include fever, cough, and dyspnea. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, GIT involvement is also possible. The COVID-19 outbreak has increased the need for alternative medicine administration routes, particularly in public places. Buccal, sublingual, and rectal administration are all considered transmucosal methods. They are self-administration options for non-invasive systemic distribution. In addition, they are great for use in palliative and end-of-life care because of their quick onset of action and decreased first-pass metabolism. A mucosal atomization device allows for the intranasal administration of a parenteral formulation through nasal spray. Rectal mucosal absorption is comparable to that of the oral route, making the rectal route an extremely versatile and useful method of drug administration for a wide variety of medications. Covid-19 illness is treated with a variety of drugs, including anti-malaria medication (hydroxychloroquine), glucocorticoids (dexamethasone), antibiotics (azithromycin), and antiviral medications (favipiravir). This article discusses the route of drug administration for COVID-19, as well as symptoms, treatments, and the various ways it can be spread

This paper aims to calculate the petrophysical properties in the Al-Ahdab field in the middle of Iraq within the Mauddud Formation. This study was based on the information available from well logs. The interactive petrophysical software IP (V4.5) was used to calculate the porosity, hydrocarbon saturation and shale volume, divide the formation into reservoir units and buffer units, and evaluate these units in each well. The Mauddud was divided into five units, two of them were considered good reservoirs having good petrophysical properties (high porosity, Low water saturation, and low shale volume). The other three are not reservoirs because of poor petrophysical properties.

This research aimed to investigate growth ability of some fungal species on media with crude oil residue. The isolated the fungi were in this research of soil contaminated with oil residues and accompanying to rhizosphere for some existing plants in these soils , Five fungal species were selected depending on the frequency and ratio appearance highs in contaminated sites studied for testing on growth in the media of contaminated with different concentrations of crude oil(1%,2% vol/vol) , and to identify the efficiency in carrying contaminated . Concerning growth ability on crude oil, all tested fungi (Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium konzum, Penicillium italicum and Trichoderma harzianum) were found to have this ability but significant difference in this respect were observed between these species. However, Trichoderma. harzianum showed better and faster growth on different concentrations of crude oil in comparison with other fungi studies. Keywords : Tested fungi, Growth ability of fungi ,meadia crude oil residue, Rhizosphere.

This research concern with the metal complexes of the ligand [N'-{2-(4-isobutyl-phenyl)-propionyl}pyridine-4-carbohydrazide] with Co(II), Ni(II) , Cu(II) and Pd(II) have been synthesized and characterized by atomic absorption , infrared, electronic spectra, molar conductivity and magnetic moment measurements. On the basis of the data obtained from the above measurements, the ligand act as a neutral bidentate and the octahedral structures are proposed for the Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) while the square planer structures are assigned to Pd(II) complexes.

This study is unique in studying the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of poorly water-soluble drugs before their formulation. Three selected drugs atorvastatin, albendazole and diclofenac were mixed with three different polymers hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and soluplus (SOL). The pure drugs and physical mixtures were subjected to solvent evaporation and milling techniques to obtain solid dispersions. All, as received and TGA analyzed solid dispersion mixtures to evaluate their thermal behavior at a temperature that ranged from 0–300°C. The results showed that the addition of polymer either in physical mixtures or solid dispersions of the drugs has resulted in either increase or decrease of the thermal stability of the drugs depending on the method of preparation and the type of the polymer and the nature of the drug.

Anestrus is one of the major reproductive problems. A total of 218 local breed cows were diagnosed as 105 cows with true anestrus and 113 cows with postpartum anestrus. The results indicated that most cases of postpartum anestrus were concentrated from December to May, while the true anestrus occurred from May to September. The most important causes that were diagnosed by ultrasound for true anestrus cases were inactivity of the ovaries and anovulatory follicles. A high percentage of postpartum anestrus cases were suffered from luteinizing cysts, ovarian inactivity. Hormonal assay for inactive ovaries in true and postpartum anestrus cases revealed a significant decrease (p

Finite volume analysis of two-dimensional model has been performed to study of the influence of heat flux and mass flux on two phase heat transfer through microchannel during water flow boiling. The channel dimensions were (5×5××50) m3. The inlet boundary conditions were (1.63, 3.32, 4.9, 6.65, 8.16) . The supplied heat fluxes were 24.8 , 33.2 , 46.13 , 51 and 69 for nucleate boiling while 33.3 , 50 , 66.7 , 83.3 , and 100 for dryout condition. The inlet temperature was 30oC. It was shown that the highest heat transfer coefficient occurs at beginning of onset of nucleate boiling (ONB) after that the it will drop due the changing of the flow patterns. According to supplied heat flux, the patterns were bubble flow, dispersed bubbles, churn flow, annular flow, and then dry out condition occurs. For the mass flux 1.63kg/ the highest heat transfer coefficient was 9.5 kW/ while for the mass flux 8.16 kg/ the highest heat transfer coefficient was 20kW/ . For the mass flux 1.63kg/ the highest value of vapour quality was 0.09 while for the mass flux 8.16 kg/ the highest value was 0.15. There is a sharp pressure drop when starts to nucleate and the highest value occurs at dryout condition. This study gave an understanding of the heat exchange flow behaviour during water boiling through a single microchannel.

The importance of polymeric additives has taken an important role in industrial technology and its development and the increase in the consumption period of industrial products, especially plastic products. Therefore, a different type of polymeric additive was used, which can be classified as another type of polymeric additive, where three types of polymers were synthesized as polymeric additives. These polymers differ from each other only in stereo geometry. Three geometric shapes of the polymer were synthesized, namely, ortho, meta, and para polymers. They were studied as photo stabilizers for PVC and compared as the best photostabilizer for PVC. Polyorganosiloxane was invented by various technologies. Polyorganosilanes and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were combined to create homogeneous films. Various methods were used to investigate the effects of long-term irradiation on polyorganosilane-containing films. The development of side products containing polyene and carbonyl groups was observed in the infrared spectra of PVC films before, during, and after irradiation. The absorption bands' intensities of the functional groups associated with the polyorganosilanes were lower when it was present. Furthermore, it was observed that the weight of PVC films dropped less when irradiating them after hybridization with polyorganosilanes. In the presence of polyorganosilanes, there was also a minor alteration in the surface of irradiated PVC. Photodegradation of PVC is inhibited by polyorganosilanes. Hence, the role of polyorganosilanes to stabilize PVC against UV exposure has been studied.

Among many therapeutic treatments for cancer, nano-carriers are the focus of our review to illustrate the update usage of this drug delivery approach, the most likely side effects and the reality of their potential application with minimum adverse effects. Here, we demonstrate the types of these nano-carriers based on their nature with detailed recent studies about their use. The variation in the skeleton of these nanoparticles enable the selection of the suitable type with higher specifications than others. However, the poor in vivo testing is the main stumbling block for completion of their manufacturing. This review will help the researchers to find the road map for further investigation to finally aid the pharmaceutical companies in manufacturing these nano-carriers in appropriate dosage forms to save the life of millions of people in the world.

This study was aimed to identify and confirm of E.coli isolated from arthritis in chickens. Samples for the isolation of the bacteria were taken from broiler chickens with arthritis symptoms (swelling hock joint), and then examined by culturing, VITEK test as well as molecular assay. Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolate was done. The results showed pink colour colonies on MacConkey agar. The VITEK system was used to identify those colonies. The results revealed that the isolate gave 97 % parallel to those features of E. coli equally recognized by the standard gram negative card. The isolate was found to be sensitive to ticarcillin/clavulanic acid and many others antibiotics and resistance to ticarcillin as well as for other types of antibiotics .The results of the 16Sr RNA gene revealed that E.coli primers of the16S rRNA gene had successfully targeted the respective gene and have shown the single bands of the16S RNA gene at 1500 bp. Sequencing of this gene was performed for the isolate. The results of nucleotide sequencing were submitted in Gene bank database and have accession number: ID: MT012194.1. The phylogenetic analysis Of the isolate was 100% similar to USA:CP048605, Pakistan:GU594300, VitNamHatey: AP022650 and China:MN208222, however, it was 99% similar to India:LCO58573.

Quantifying the severity of traumatic injury has been foundational for the standardization of outcomes, quality improvement research, and health policy throughout the evolution of trauma care systems. Many injury severity scores are difficult to calculate and implement, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where human resources are limited. The Kampala Trauma Score (KTS)-a simplification of the Trauma Injury Severity Score-was developed in 2000 to accommodate these settings. Since its development, numerous instances of KTS use have been documented, but extent of adoption is unknown. More importantly, does the KTS remain useful for determining injury severity in LMICs? This review aims to better understand the legacy of the KTS and assess its strengths and weaknesses. Three databases were searched to identify scientific papers concerning the KTS. Google Scholar was searched to identify grey literature. The search returned 357 papers, of which 199 met inclusion criteria. Eighty-five studies spanning 16 countries used the KTS in clinical settings. Thirty-seven studies validated the KTS, assessing its ability to predict outcomes such as mortality or need for admission. Over 80% of these studies reported the KTS equalled or exceeded more complicated scores at predicting mortality. The KTS has stood the test of time, proving itself over the last twenty years as an effective measure of injury severity across numerous contexts. We recommend the KTS as a means of strengthening trauma systems in LMICs and suggest it could benefit high-income trauma systems that do not measure injury severity.

The diverse microbial community that colonizes the gastrointestinal tract has remarkable effects on the host immune system and physiology resulting in homeostasis or disease. In both scenarios, the gut microbiota interacts with their host through ligand-receptor binding whereby the downstream signaling processes determine the outcome of the interaction as disease or the counteractive immune responses of the host. Despite several studies on microbe-host interactions and the mechanisms by which this intricate process happens, a comprehensive and updated inventory of known ligand-receptor interactions and their roles in disease is paramount. The ligands which originate as a result of microbial responses to the host environment contribute to either symbiotic or parasitic relationships. On the other hand, the host receptors counteract the ligand actions by mounting a neutral or an innate response. The varying degrees of polymorphic changes in the host receptors contribute to specificity of interaction with the microbial ligands. Additionally, pathogenic microbes manipulate host receptors with endogenous enzymes belonging to the effector protein family. This review focuses on the diversity and similarity in the gut microbiome-host interactions both in health and disease conditions. It thus establishes an overview that can help identify potential therapeutic targets in response to critically soaring antimicrobial resistance as juxtaposed to tardy antibiotic development research.

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a wide variety of adverse consequences, including disruption of long-term, human research studies globally. Two long-term, prospective, aging cohort studies, namely, Srinivaspura Aging, Neurosenescence and COGnition (SANSCOG) study and Tata Longitudinal Study of Aging (TLSA), conducted in rural and urban India, respectively, had to be suspended during first and second waves of COVID-19.We conducted telephonic assessments to screen for depression and anxiety in the above two cohorts comprising of adults ≥45 years, during the first wave (2020) and second wave (2021) lockdown periods in India. Further, we included depression assessments data from two additional time periods-pre-COVID (2019) and the "inter-wave" period (between the first and second waves) to compare proportions of depression in these cohorts, during four distinct time periods-(i) pre-COVID, (ii) COVID first wave lockdown, (iii) inter-wave period, and (iv) COVID second wave lockdown (rural: 684, 733, 458, 611 and urban: 317, 297, 204, 305 respectively).During COVID first wave, 28.8% and 5.5% had depression and anxiety, respectively in the rural cohort. Corresponding figures in the urban cohort were 6.5% and 1.7%. During second wave, 28.8% of rural subjects had depression and 3.9% had anxiety, whereas corresponding figures in urban subjects were 13.1% and 0.66%. During the above-mentioned four time periods, proportions of depression were: rural-8.3%, 28.8%, 16.6%, 28.8%; urban-12%, 6.1%, 8.8%, 13.1%.Multi-fold increase in depression among aging, rural Indians during first and second waves, with high depression among subjects ≥65 years and those with comorbidities during the first wave, is concerning. Urgent public health measures are needed to address this added mental health burden and thereby, prevent further potential adverse consequences.

INTRODUCTION Acute pancreatitis is an inammation of pancreas of variable severity. Its severity varies from mild to severe attacks like necrotizing pancreatitis which has bad prognosis. C-reactive protein is an inammatory mediator synthesized in the liver and is raised in acute pancreatitis. To study t AIM OF THE STUDY he role of C-reactive protein in predicting the risk of pancreatic necrosis and other severe complications of acute pancreatitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ÿ Study setting: The study was conducted on patients admitted in the Department of General Medicine with features suggestive of Acute Pancreatitis. Ÿ Study period: The study was conducted between November 2021 to October 2022 Ÿ Sample size: The present study included 50 patients admitted in the Department of General Medicine with features suggestive of Acute Pancreatitis. INCLUSION CRITERIA1)Patients of any age and either sex presenting with acute pain abdomen and fourfold elevation of Serum Amylase and/or Serum Lipase. EXCLUSION CRITERIA 1)Patients with ischemic heart disease and angina 2)Patients with prior history of fever before onset of pain 3)Patients with chronic infectious diseases and known case of collagen vascular disease. RESULTS Based on 5th day CRP values 50 patients are divided into 3 groups, 1st group(n-30) CRP less than 100mg/dl, 2nd group(n-8) CRP levels between 100-200mg/dl, 3rd group(n-12) CRP levels more than 300mg/dl. The development of necrotizing pancreatitis in correlation with CRP was out of 30 patients in the 1st group, 4(13.33%) developed necrotizing pancreatitis, in the 2nd group, out of 8 patients, 4(50%) developed necrotizing pancreatitis, in the 3rd group, out of 12 patients, all 12(100%) of them developed necrotizing pancreatitis. CRP CONCLUSION levels peaked at 5th day of illness and cut off value of 150mg/dl can be taken above which pancreatic necrosis can be predicted with high probability. This value has a specicity of 80%. CRP values above 200mg/dl has a specicity of 100%.

Identification of informative genes is essential for the disease and cancer studies. Metaheuristic algorithms have been widely used for this purpose. However, their performance on various high-dimensional datasets of genomic studies has not been fully addressed. This work was intended to perform a comprehensive comparative analysis on three well-known nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithms, namely binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO), genetic algorithm (GA) and cuckoo search algorithm (CS) when they are used in gene selection and classification in twelve high-dimensional cancer datasets. The methodology was carried out through the utilization of a three-phase hybrid approach, considering a pre-processing filtration using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) followed by the metaheuristic and classification algorithms. Comparably, five different classification algorithms were used in each phase of analysis. It was seen that the application of PCCMA filter has acted upon reducing the computational complexity of overall analysis. The comparative study showed that BPSO outperformed GA and CS in terms of accuracy. However, CS was able to select fewer attributed genes and was less computationally complex compared to that of GA and BPSO.

Background: Candida spp. is the yeast caused infection termed candidiasis; this is naturally found on the skin and inner the body, in an area like the gut, intestines, throat, vagina, and mouth, with the absence inciting any problems. Candida albicans is yeast naturally found in the skin; intestinal tract; vaginal and mouth. This is a polymorphic yeast (that capable of growing either as avoid shaped budding yeast, when it affect the mouth, it is typically termed oral thrush, and when it affect the dermal (diaper area) called diaper rash. clinical signs and symptoms involve white patches on the or other areas of the mouth and throat, `other signs may involve soreness and problems of swallowing. Objective: To study detection, isolation, and identification of C. albicans from infants in Al-Battol Teaching Hospital in Diyala Province by routine laboratory procedure, and identification of other species of Candida. Patients and Methods: Two hundred samples were taken from infants less than 2 years who attended Al-Battol teaching Hospital in Diyala, province during the period from October 2019 to February 2020. Method of this study by making a routine and confirmative diagnosis processes involve a microscopic examination, culture on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar for diagnosis of primary invasive candidiasis, and culture on chrome agar for differentiating between C. albicans and other spp. Results: The results of this study showed the isolates of oral samples were 12 (24%) C. albicans and 18(36.0%) C. non albicans; for dermal isolates were 10(20.0%) C. albicans and 17(34.0%) C. non albicans; and for both isolates oral and dermal samples were 13(26.0%) C. albicans and 21 (42.0) C. non albicans. Conclusion: In this study found that the male are more infected by Candida than female. And also we concluded that small age children more infected than large age. Keywords: C. albican, non-albicans Candida spp. , infants

With the rising proportion of the elderly in India, the burden of neuropsychiatric conditions and cognitive impairment is escalating.Baseline data of cognitively healthy subjects ≥45 years of age, from two longitudinal, aging cohorts in rural (n = 3262) and urban (n = 693) India, were used to calculate prevalence of depression, early-life stressful events, stroke, head injury, and cognitive impairment.Depression prevalence was significantly higher in rural than urban subjects, with female preponderance in both groups. Early life stressor (parental death) and head injury were significantly more common in rural than in urban India, whereas stroke was more in urban India. There was no significant difference in overall prevalence of cognitive impairment between the rural and urban cohorts; however, women had higher prevalence than men in rural, whereas this was reverse in urban subjects. Depression and stroke were significantly associated with cognitive impairment in the rural cohort.Longitudinal assessment of these neuropsychiatric conditions, with parallel cognitive monitoring, will help identify their causal relationship with dementia.