77 results on '"S. Gwyn"'
Search Results
2. The VLA-VIRMOS Deep Field I. Radio observations probing the microJy source population
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Ciliegi, M. Bondi. P., Zamorani, G., Gregorini, L., Vettolani, G., Parma, P., de Ruiter, H., Fevre, O. Le, Arnaboldi, M., Guzzo, L., Maccagni, D., Scaramella, R., Adami, C., Bardelli, S., Bolzonella, M., Bottini, D., Cappi, A., Foucaud, S., Franzetti, P., Garilli, B., Ilbert, S. Gwyn O., Iovino, A., Brun, V. Le, Marano, B., Marinoni, C., McCracken, H. J., Meneux, B., Pollo, A., Pozzetti, L., Radovich, M., Ripepi, V., Rizzo, D., Scodeggio, M., Tresse, L., Zanichelli, A., and Zucca, E.
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Astrophysics - Abstract
We have conducted a deep survey (r.m.s noise 17 microJy) with the Very Large Array (VLA) at 1.4 GHz, with a resolution of 6 arcsec, of a 1 square degree region included in the VIRMOS VLT Deep Survey. In the same field we already have multiband photometry down to I(AB)=25, and spectroscopic observations will be obtained during the VIRMOS VLT survey. The homogeneous sensitivity over the whole field has allowed to derive a complete sample of 1054 radio sources (5 sigma limit). We give a detailed description of the data reduction and of the analysis of the radio observations, with particular care to the effects of clean bias and bandwidth smearing, and of the methods used to obtain the catalogue of radio sources. To estimate the effect of the resolution bias on our observations we have modelled the effective angular-size distribution of the sources in our sample and we have used this distribution to simulate a sample of radio sources. Finally we present the radio count distribution down to 0.08 mJy derived from the catalogue. Our counts are in good agreement with the best fit derived from earlier surveys, and are about 50 % higher than the counts in the HDF. The radio count distribution clearly shows, with extremely good statistics, the change in the slope for the sub-mJy radio sources., Comment: 13 pages, Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics
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- 2003
- Full Text
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3. On the lack of correlation between [O iii]/[O ii] and Lyman continuum escape fraction
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R Bassett, E V Ryan-Weber, J Cooke, C G Diaz, T Nanayakkara, T-T Yuan, L R Spitler, U Meštrić, T Garel, M Sawicki, S Gwyn, and A Golob
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- 2018
- Full Text
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4. A cautionary tale of Ly C escape fraction estimates from high-redshift galaxies
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R Bassett, E V Ryan-Weber, J Cooke, U Meštrić, L J Prichard, M Rafelski, I Iwata, M Sawicki, S Gwyn, S Arnouts, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics] ,Space and Planetary Science ,Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA) ,first stars ,reionization ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,intergalactic medium ,dark ages ,Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies ,galaxies: ISM - Abstract
Measuring the escape fraction, $f_{\rm esc}$, of ionizing, Lyman Continuum (LyC) radiation is key to our understanding of the process of cosmic reionization. In this paper we provide a methodology for recovering the posterior probability distribution of the LyC escape fraction, $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm PDF}$, considering both the observational uncertainties and ensembles of simulated transmission functions through the intergalactic medium (IGM). We present an example of this method applied to a VUDS galaxy at $z=3.64$ and find $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm PDF}$ = 0.51$^{+0.33}_{-0.34}$ and compare this to the values computed assuming averaged IGM transmission with and without consideration of detection bias along average sightlines yielding $f_{\rm esc}^{\langle T \rangle}$ = 1.40$^{+0.80}_{-0.42}$, and $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm bias}$ = 0.82$^{+0.33}_{-0.16}$. Our results highlight the limitations of methods assuming average, smooth transmission functions. We also present MOSFIRE data for a sample of seven LyC candidates selected based on photometric redshifts at $z > 3.4$, but find that all seven have overestimated photometric redshifts by $\Delta z \sim 0.2$ making them unsuitable for LyC measurements. This results likely due to a bias induced by our selection criteria., Comment: 12 pages, 9 figues, 2 tables, accepted for publication in MNRAS
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- 2022
5. A UNIONS view of the brightest central galaxies of candidate fossil groups
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A. Chu, F. Durret, A. Ellien, F. Sarron, C. Adami, I. Márquez, N. Martinet, T. de Boer, K. C. Chambers, J.-C. Cuillandre, S. Gwyn, E. A. Magnier, A. W. McConnachie, and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)
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Space and Planetary Science ,Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA) ,Galaxies: evolution ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Galaxies: clusters: general ,Galaxies: groups: general ,Galaxies: formation ,Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies - Abstract
This is an Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., Context. The formation process of fossil groups (FGs) is still under debate, and, because of their relative rarity, large samples of such objects are still missing. Aims. The aim of the present paper is to increase the sample of known FGs, to analyse the properties of their brightest group galaxies (BGGs), and to compare them with a control sample of non-FG BGGs. Methods. We extracted a sample of 87 FG and 100 non-FG candidates from a large spectroscopic catalogue of haloes and galaxies. For all the objects with data available in UNIONS (initially the Canada France Imaging Survey, CFIS) in the u and r bands, and/or in an extra r-band processed to preserve all low-surface-brightness features (rLSB), we performed a 2D photometric fit of the BGG with GALFIT with one or two Sérsic components. We also analysed how the subtraction of the intracluster light (ICL) contribution modifies the BGG properties. From the SDSS spectra available for the BGGs of 65 FGs and 82 non-FGs, we extracted the properties of their stellar populations with Firefly. To complement our study, and in order to provide a detailed illustration of the possible origin of emission lines in the FG BGGs, involving the presence or absence of an AGN, we investigated the origin of the emission lines in a nearby FG that is dominated by the NGC 4104 galaxy. Results. Morphologically, a single Sérsic profile can fit most objects in the u band, while two Sérsics are needed in the r and rLSB bands, both for FGs and non-FGs. Non-FG BGGs cover a larger range of Sérsic index n. FG BGGs follow the Kormendy relation (mean surface brightness versus effective radius) previously derived for almost 1000 brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs), while the majority of non-FGs BGGs are located below this relation, with fainter mean surface brightnesses. This suggests that FG BGGs have evolved similarly to BCGs, and non-FG BGGs have evolved differently from both FG BGGs and BCGs. All the above properties can be strongly modified by the subtraction of the ICL contribution. Based on spectral fitting, the stellar populations of FG and non-FG BGGs do not differ significantly. Conclusions. FG and non-FG BGGs differ from one another in terms of their morphological properties and Kormendy relation, suggesting they have had different formation histories. However, it is not possible to trace differences in their stellar populations or in their large-scale distributions. © The Authors 2023., F.D. acknowledges support from CNES. I.M. acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU, through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709), and through PID2019-106027GB-C41. F.S. acknowledges support from a CNES Postdoctoral Fellowship. This work is based on data obtained as part of UNIONS (initially CFIS), using data from a CFHT large program of the National Research Council of Canada and the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Based on observations obtained with MegaPrime/MegaCam, a joint project of CFHT and CEA Saclay, at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) which is operated by the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada, the Institut National des Science de l’Univers (INSU) of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) of France, and the University of Hawaii. Pan-STARRS is a project of the Institute for Astronomy of the University of Hawaii, and is supported by the NASA SSO Near Earth Observation Program under grants 80NSSC18K0971, NNX14AM74G, NNX12AR65G, NNX13AQ47G, NNX08AR22G, and by the State of Hawaii. Funding for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV has been provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, and the Participating Institutions. SDSS-IV acknowledges support and resources from the Center for High-Performance Computing at the University of Utah. The SDSS web site is www.sdss.org. SDSS-IV is managed by the Astrophysical Research Consortium for the Participating Institutions of the SDSS Collaboration including the Brazilian Participation Group, the Carnegie Institution for Science, Carnegie Mellon University, the Chilean Participation Group, the French Participation Group, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Based in part on observations made at Observatoire de Haute-Provence (CNRS), France. This research has made use of the MISTRAL database, based on observations made at Observatoire de Haute Provence (CNRS), France, with the MISTRAL spectro-imager, and operated at CeSAM (LAM), Marseille, France. Based on observations collected at Centro Astronomico Hispano en Andalucia (CAHA) at Calar Alto, operated jointly by Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (CSIC) and Junta de Andalucia. Based on observations taken with the Nordic Optical Telescope on La Palma (Spain)., With funding from the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2021-001131-S).
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- 2023
6. COSMOS2020: a panchromatic view of the universe to z 10 from two complementary catalogs
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J. R. Weaver, O. B. Kauffmann, O. Ilbert, H. J. McCracken, A. Moneti, S. Toft, G. Brammer, M. Shuntov, I. Davidzon, B. C. Hsieh, C. Laigle, A. Anastasiou, C. K. Jespersen, J. Vinther, P. Capak, C. M. Casey, C. J. R. McPartland, B. Milvang-Jensen, B. Mobasher, D. B. Sanders, L. Zalesky, S. Arnouts, H. Aussel, J. S. Dunlop, A. Faisst, M. Franx, L. J. Furtak, J. P. U. Fynbo, K. M. L. Gould, T. R. Greve, S. Gwyn, J. S. Kartaltepe, D. Kashino, A. M. Koekemoer, V. Kokorev, O. Le Fèvre, S. Lilly, D. Masters, G. Magdis, V. Mehta, Y. Peng, D. A. Riechers, M. Salvato, M. Sawicki, C. Scarlata, N. Scoville, R. Shirley, J. D. Silverman, A. Sneppen, V. Smolc̆ić, C. Steinhardt, D. Stern, M. Tanaka, Y. Taniguchi, H. I. Teplitz, M. Vaccari, W.-H. Wang, G. Zamorani, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Weaver, JR [0000-0003-1614-196X], Kauffmann, OB [0000-0001-5283-4662], Ilbert, O [0000-0002-7303-4397], McCracken, HJ [0000-0002-9489-7765], Toft, S [0000-0003-3631-7176], Brammer, G [0000-0003-2680-005X], Shuntov, M [0000-0002-7087-0701], Davidzon, I [0000-0002-2951-7519], Hsieh, BC [0000-0001-5615-4904], Anastasiou, A [0000-0001-8558-7709], Jespersen, CK [0000-0002-8896-6496], Vinther, J [0000-0002-4418-752X], Capak, P [0000-0003-3578-6843], Casey, CM [0000-0002-0930-6466], McPartland, CJR [0000-0003-0639-025X], Milvang-Jensen, B [0000-0002-2281-2785], Sanders, DB [0000-0002-1233-9998], Zalesky, L [0000-0001-5680-2326], Faisst, A [0000-0002-9382-9832], Franx, M [0000-0002-8871-3026], Furtak, LJ [0000-0001-6278-032X], Fynbo, JPU [0000-0002-8149-8298], Gould, KML [0000-0003-4196-5960], Greve, TR [0000-0002-2554-1837], Gwyn, S [0000-0001-8221-8406], Kartaltepe, JS [0000-0001-9187-3605], Kashino, D [0000-0001-9044-1747], Koekemoer, AM [0000-0002-6610-2048], Kokorev, V [0000-0002-5588-9156], Le Fèvre, O [0000-0001-5891-2596], Lilly, S [0000-0002-6423-3597], Masters, D [0000-0001-5382-6138], Magdis, G [0000-0002-4872-2294], Mehta, V [0000-0001-7166-6035], Riechers, DA [0000-0001-9585-1462], Salvato, M [0000-0001-7116-9303], Sawicki, M [0000-0002-7712-7857], Scarlata, C [0000-0002-9136-8876], Scoville, N [0000-0002-0438-3323], Shirley, R [0000-0002-1114-0135], Sneppen, A [0000-0002-5460-6126], Smolc̆ić, V [0000-0002-3893-8614], Steinhardt, C [0000-0003-3780-6801], Stern, D [0000-0003-2686-9241], Tanaka, M [0000-0002-5011-5178], Taniguchi, Y [0000-0003-2247-3741], Teplitz, HI [0000-0002-7064-5424], Vaccari, M [0000-0002-6748-0577], Wang, W-H [0000-0003-2588-1265], Zamorani, G [0000-0002-2318-301X], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
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Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO) ,Astrophysics - astrophysics of galaxies ,Astrophysics - cosmology and nongalactic astrophysics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,5109 Space Sciences ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,Galaxies and Cosmology ,Universe ,panchromatic view ,Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics ,[SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph] ,Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Space and Planetary Science ,[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics] ,Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA) ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,51 Physical Sciences - Abstract
The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) has become a cornerstone of extragalactic astronomy. Since the last public catalog in 2015, a wealth of new imaging and spectroscopic data has been collected in the COSMOS field. This paper describes the collection, processing, and analysis of this new imaging data to produce a new reference photometric redshift catalog. Source detection and multi-wavelength photometry is performed for 1.7 million sources across the $2\,\mathrm{deg}^{2}$ of the COSMOS field, $\sim$966,000 of which are measured with all available broad-band data using both traditional aperture photometric methods and a new profile-fitting photometric extraction tool, The Farmer, which we have developed. A detailed comparison of the two resulting photometric catalogs is presented. Photometric redshifts are computed for all sources in each catalog utilizing two independent photometric redshift codes. Finally, a comparison is made between the performance of the photometric methodologies and of the redshift codes to demonstrate an exceptional degree of self-consistency in the resulting photometric redshifts. The $i, Comment: 39 pages, 21 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. Production of IRAC mosaics are presented in Moneti et al. "Euclid Preparation: XVIII. Cosmic Dawn Survey. Spitzer observations of the Euclid deep fields and calibration fields" which has been posted simultaneously. Catalogs can be accessed online now at https://cosmos2020.calet.org
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- 2022
7. GaN laser technology for cold-atom quantum sensors and optical atomic clocks
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S.P. Najda, P. Perlin, T. Suski, S. Stanczyk, A. Kafar, M. Leszczyński, D. Schiavon, T. Slight, S. Gwyn, S. Watson, A.E. Kelly, J. Macarthur, L. McKnight, M. Knapp, and M. Haji
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We report on GaN lasers with extremely narrow linewidth (~1MHz) at ‘magic wavelengths’ for cold-atom quantum sensors and optical atomic clocks, using extended cavity GaN laser diodes and DFB GaN laser diodes.
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- 2022
8. A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE)
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A. Boselli, M. Fossati, A. Longobardi, K. Kianfar, N. Z. Dametto, P. Amram, J. P. Anderson, P. Andreani, S. Boissier, M. Boquien, V. Buat, G. Consolandi, L. Cortese, P. Côté, J. C. Cuillandre, L. Ferrarese, L. Galbany, G. Gavazzi, S. Gwyn, G. Hensler, J. Hutchings, E. W. Peng, J. Postma, J. Roediger, Y. Roehlly, P. Serra, G. Trinchieri, Boselli, A, Fossati, M, Longobardi, A, Kianfar, K, Dametto, N, Amram, P, Anderson, J, Andreani, P, Boissier, S, Boquien, M, Buat, V, Consolandi, G, Cortese, L, Cote, P, Cuillandre, J, Ferrarese, L, Galbany, L, Gavazzi, G, Gwyn, S, Hensler, G, Hutchings, J, Peng, E, Postma, J, Roediger, J, Roehlly, Y, Serra, P, Trinchieri, G, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'Galileo Galilei', Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), Astrophysique Interprétation Modélisation (AIM (UMR_7158 / UMR_E_9005 / UM_112)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), National Research Council of Canada (NRC), University of Vienna [Vienna], Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, NRC Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics, Conseil National de Recherches Canada (CNRC), INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari (OAC), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), and INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera (OAB)
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Physics ,[SDU.ASTR.CO]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO] ,galaxies: elliptical and lenticular CD ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Galaxies: evolution ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,Astrophysics ,Tracing ,Galaxies: clusters: individual: Virgo ,Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies ,Galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD ,Galaxies: ISM ,Space and Planetary Science ,Galaxies: interaction ,Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA) ,galaxies: interactions ,Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Galaxies: clusters: general ,Lenticular galaxy ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics - Abstract
As part of the VESTIGE survey, a blind narrow-band Ha+[NII] imaging survey of the Virgo cluster carried out with MegaCam at the CFHT, we discovered 8 massive lenticular galaxies with prominent ionised gas emission features in their inner (few kpc) regions. These features are either ionised gas filaments similar to those observed in cooling flows (2 gal), or thin discs with sizes 0.7, Comment: Accepted for publication on A&A
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- 2022
9. A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE).XI. Two dimensional H$\alpha$ kinematics of the edge-on ram pressure stripped galaxy NGC 4330
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M. M. Sardaneta, P. Amram, A. Boselli, B. Vollmer, M. Rosado, M. Sánchez-Cruces, A. Longobardi, C. Adami, M. Fossati, B. Epinat, M. Boquien, P. Côté, G. Hensler, null Junais, H. Plana, J. C. Cuillandre, L. Ferrarese, J. L. Gach, J. A. Gomez-Lopez, S. Gwyn, G. Trinchieri, Sardaneta, M, Amram, P, Boselli, A, Vollmer, B, Rosado, M, Sanchez-Cruces, M, Longobardi, A, Adami, C, Fossati, M, Epinat, B, Boquien, M, Cote, P, Hensler, G, Junais, Plana, H, Cuillandre, J, Ferrarese, L, Gach, J, Gomez-Lopez, J, Gwyn, S, and Trinchieri, G
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Galaxies: kinematics and dynamic ,Space and Planetary Science ,Galaxies: interaction ,Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA) ,Galaxies: evolution ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Galaxies: clusters: general ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,Galaxies: clusters: individual: Virgo ,Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics - Abstract
Using the VESTIGE survey, a deep narrow-band H$\alpha$ imaging survey of the Virgo cluster carried on at the CFHT with MegaCam, we discovered a long diffuse tail of ionised gas in the edge-on late-type galaxy NGC 4330. This peculiar feature witnesses an ongoing ram pressure stripping (RPS) event able to remove the gas in the outer disc region. Tuned hydrodynamic simulations suggest that the RPS event is occurring almost face-on, making NGC 4330 the ideal candidate to study the effects of the perturbation in the direction perpendicular to the disc plane. We present here two new independent sets of Fabry-Perot observations (R$\simeq$10000) in order to understand the effects of the RPS process on the ionised gas kinematics. Despite their limited sensitivity to the diffuse gas emission, the data allowed us to measure the velocity and the velocity dispersion fields over the galaxy disc and in several features at the edges or outside the stellar disc formed after the RPS event. We have constructed the position-velocity diagrams and the rotation curves of the galaxy using three different techniques. The data show, consistent with the hydrodynamic simulations, that the galaxy has an inner solid-body rotation up to $\sim$2.4 kpc, with non-circular streaming motions outwards the disc and in the several external features formed during the interaction of the galaxy with the surrounding intracluster medium. The data also indicate a decrease of the rotational velocity of the gas with increasing distance from the galaxy disc along the tails, suggesting a gradual but not linear loss of angular momentum in the stripped gas. Consistent with a RPS scenario, the $i$-band image shows a boxy shape at the southwest edge of the disc, where the stellar orbits might have been perturbed by the modification of the gravitational potential well of the galaxy due to the displacement of the gas in the $z$-direction., Comment: Accepted for publication on A&A
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- 2021
10. Strong lensing in UNIONS: Toward a pipeline from discovery to modeling
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E. Savary, K. Rojas, M. Maus, B. Clément, F. Courbin, R. Gavazzi, J. H. H. Chan, C. Lemon, G. Vernardos, R. Cañameras, S. Schuldt, S. H. Suyu, J.-C. Cuillandre, S. Fabbro, S. Gwyn, M. J. Hudson, M. Kilbinger, D. Scott, C. Stone, and HEP, INSPIRE
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data release ,Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO) ,kilo-degree survey ,FOS: Physical sciences ,gravitational lensing: strong ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,techniques: image processing ,acs survey ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies ,candidate selection ,dark-matter ,surveys ,Space and Planetary Science ,mass function ,Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA) ,strong gravitational lenses ,hsc imaging sugohi ,digital sky survey ,[PHYS.ASTR] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph] ,spectroscopic survey ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics ,Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics - Abstract
We present a search for galaxy-scale strong gravitational lenses in the initial 2 500 square degrees of the Canada-France Imaging Survey (CFIS). We designed a convolutional neural network (CNN) committee that we applied to a selection of 2 344 002 exquisite-seeing $r$-band images of color-selected luminous red galaxies (LRGs). Our classification uses a realistic training set where the lensing galaxies and the lensed sources are both taken from real data, namely the CFIS $r$-band images themselves and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). A total of 9 460 candidates obtain a score above 0.5 with the CNN committee. After a visual inspection of the candidates, we find a total of 133 lens candidates, of which 104 are completely new. The set of false positives mainly contains ring, spiral, and merger galaxies, and to a lesser extent galaxies with nearby companions. We classify 32 of the lens candidates as secure lenses and 101 as maybe lenses. For the 32 highest quality lenses, we also fit a singular isothermal ellipsoid mass profile with external shear along with an elliptical Sersic profile for the lens and source light. This automated modeling step provides distributions of properties for both sources and lenses that have Einstein radii in the range $0.5\arcsec, 29 pages, 21 figures, accepted by A&A, in press
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- 2021
11. A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE)
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null Junais, S. Boissier, A. Boselli, L. Ferrarese, P. Côté, S. Gwyn, J. Roediger, S. Lim, E. W. Peng, J.-C. Cuillandre, A. Longobardi, M. Fossati, G. Hensler, J. Koda, J. Bautista, M. Boquien, K. Małek, P. Amram, Y. Roehlly, Junais, Boissier, S, Boselli, A, Ferrarese, L, Cote, P, Gwyn, S, Roediger, J, Lim, S, Peng, E, Cuillandre, J, Longobardi, A, Fossati, M, Hensler, G, Koda, J, Bautista, J, Boquien, M, Maaek, K, Amram, P, Roehlly, Y, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
- Subjects
Galaxies: star formation ,[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics] ,Galaxies: interaction ,Space and Planetary Science ,Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Galaxies: evolution ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Galaxies: clusters: general ,[PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph] ,Galaxies: clusters: individual: Virgo ,Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies - Abstract
Low-surface-brightness galaxies (LSBs) contribute to a significant fraction of all the galaxies in the Universe. Ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs) form a subclass of LSBs that has attracted a lot of attention in recent years (although its definition may vary between studies). Although UDGs are found in large numbers in galaxy clusters, groups, and in the field, their formation and evolution are still very much debated. Using a comprehensive set of multiwavelength data from the NGVS (optical), VESTIGE (H$\alpha$ narrowband), and GUViCS (UV) surveys, we studied a sample of 64 diffuse galaxies and UDGs in the Virgo cluster to investigate their formation history. We analyzed the photometric colors and surface-brightness profiles of these galaxies and then compared them to models of galaxy evolution, including ram-pressure stripping (RPS) events to infer any possible strong interactions with the hot cluster gas in the past. While our sample consists mainly of red LSBs, which is typical in cluster environments, we found evidence of a color variation with the cluster-centric distance. Blue, HI-bearing, star-forming diffuse galaxies are found at larger distances from the cluster center than the rest of the sample. The comparison of our models with multifrequency observations suggests that most of the galaxies of the sample might have undergone a strong RPS event in their lifetime, on average 1.6 Gyr ago (with a large dispersion, and RPS still ongoing for some of them). This process resulted in the transformation of initially gas-rich diffuse blue galaxies into gas-poor and red ones that form the dominant population now, the more extreme UDGs having undergone the process in a more distant past on average. The RPS in dense environments could be one of the major mechanisms for the formation of the large number of quiescent UDGs we observe in galaxy clusters., Comment: 57 pages, 14 Figures, accepted for publication in A&A
- Published
- 2022
12. OSSOS XXV: Large Populations and Scattering–Sticking in the Distant Trans-Neptunian Resonances
- Author
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B. L. Crompvoets, S. M. Lawler, K. Volk, Y.-T. Chen, B. Gladman, L. Peltier, M. Alexandersen, M. T. Bannister, S. Gwyn, J. J. Kavelaars, and J.-M. Petit
- Subjects
Geophysics ,Space and Planetary Science ,Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Astronomy and Astrophysics - Abstract
There have been 77 TNOs discovered to be librating in the distant trans-Neptunian resonances (beyond the 2:1 resonance, at semimajor axes greater than 47.7 au) in four well-characterized surveys: the Outer Solar System Origins Survey (OSSOS) and three similar prior surveys. Here, we use the OSSOS Survey Simulator to measure their intrinsic orbital distributions using an empirical parameterized model. Because many of the resonances had only one or very few detections, j:k resonant objects were grouped by k in order to have a better basis for comparison between models and reality. We also use the Survey Simulator to constrain their absolute populations, finding that they are much larger than predicted by any published Neptune migration model to date; we also find population ratios that are inconsistent with published models, presenting a challenge for future Kuiper Belt emplacement models. The estimated population ratios between these resonances are largely consistent with scattering–sticking predictions, though further discoveries of resonant TNOs with high-precision orbits will be needed to determine whether scattering–sticking can explain the entire distant resonant population or not.
- Published
- 2022
13. Differential Distribution of Long and Short Interspersed Element Sequences in the Mouse Genome: Chromosome Karyotyping by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization
- Author
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Boyle, Ann L., Ballard, S. Gwyn, and Ward, David C.
- Published
- 1990
14. A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE)
- Author
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A. Boselli, A. Lupi, B. Epinat, P. Amram, M. Fossati, J. P. Anderson, S. Boissier, M. Boquien, G. Consolandi, P. Côté, J. C. Cuillandre, L. Ferrarese, L. Galbany, G. Gavazzi, J. A. Gómez-López, S. Gwyn, G. Hensler, J. Hutchings, H. Kuncarayakti, A. Longobardi, E. W. Peng, H. Plana, J. Postma, J. Roediger, Y. Roehlly, C. Schimd, G. Trinchieri, B. Vollmer
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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15. A Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE)
- Author
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A. Boselli, M. Fossati, G. Consolandi, P. Amram, C. Ge, M. Sun, J. P. Anderson, S. Boissier, M. Boquien, V. Buat, D. Burgarella, L. Cortese, P. Côté, J. C. Cuillandre, P. Durrell, B. Epinat, L. Ferrarese, M. Fumagalli, L. Galbany, G. Gavazzi, J. A. Gómez-López, S. Gwyn, G. Hensler, H. Kuncarayakti, M. Marcelin, C. Mendes de Oliveira, B. C. Quint, J. Roediger, Y. Roehlly, S. F. Sanchez, and R. Sanc
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Hypochloremic Metabolic Alkalosis From Ingestion of A Chloride-Deficient Infant Formula: Outcome 9 and 10 Years Later
- Author
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M H, Malloy, B, Graubard, H, Moss, M, McCarthy, S, Gwyn, P, Vietze, A, Willoughby, G G, Rhoads, and H, Berendes
- Subjects
Male ,Health Status ,Intelligence ,Infant, Newborn ,Wechsler Scales ,Alkalosis ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Child Development ,Chlorides ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Humans ,Female ,Infant Food ,Child ,Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena - Abstract
In 1978 and 1979 two infant formulas, Neo-Mull-Soy and Cho-Free, were found to be deficient in chloride. The Centers for Disease Control received reports that hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis (HMA) had developed in 141 children as a result of exposure to these formulas. Thirty-five of these children were examined at 9 and 10 years of age and compared with a group of 32 children who were exposed to the chloride-deficient formulas but were not reported to experience HMA and a group of 61 children who received chloride-sufficient soy formulas in infancy. The control children were matched to the HMA children on sex, race, age, and maternal education. Growth characteristics, performance on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), the Boston Naming Test, the Rey-Osterrieth Test, the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Revised (CELF-R), and subtests from several other speech and language tests were compared across the groups. After adjustment for family income and the level of the father's education, significantly lower scores were observed in the HMA children on the WISC-R Arithmetic subtest (mean = 10.5) compared with the soy control children (mean = 12.0, P < .05) and on the WISC-R Coding subtest (mean = 9.0) compared with the soy control children (mean = 10.8, P < .01). All the WISC-R subtest scores were, however, within the normal range. Although no significant differences occurred on the CELF-R between groups, the risk of an HMA child falling below the range expected for a standard population was increased on the CELF-R Composite Total, Receptive, and Expressive Language scores: risk ratios = 2.14, 2.14, and 3.03 respectively. Significant differences were observed between the children exposed, both HMA and non-HMA children, and the soy control children for behavioral problems as determined by the Achenbach Childhood Behavioral Checklist. It is concluded that as a group, children with documented HMA appear to have recovered from their growth failure and have normal cognitive development. They may, however, be at risk for deficits in language skills that require expressive language abilities.
- Published
- 1991
17. The VIRMOS deep imaging survey. I. Overview, survey strategy, and CFH12K observations
- Author
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E. Bertin, Jean-Charles Cuillandre, S. Gwyn, A. Mazure, H. J. McCracken, O. Le Fevre, S. Foucaud, V. Le Brun, M. Radovich, Marguerite Pierre, L. Tresse, M. Dantel-Fort, Yannick Mellier, C. Moreau, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Etude du Rayonnement et de la Matière en Astrophysique (LERMA), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine-Université Paris-Seine-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Bologna (OABO), INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte (INAF-OAC), Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Corporation (CFHT), National Research Council of Canada (NRC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-University of Hawai'i [Honolulu] (UH), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
- Subjects
Physics ,010308 nuclear & particles physics ,Aperture ,Celestial equator ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Astrophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Redshift ,Galaxy ,Cosmology ,Gravitational lens ,Space and Planetary Science ,0103 physical sciences ,Galaxy formation and evolution ,[PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph] ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Weak gravitational lensing - Abstract
International audience; This paper describes the CFH12K-VIRMOS survey: a deep BVRI imaging survey in four fields totalling more than 17 deg2, conducted with the 40×30 arcmin2 field CFH-12K camera. The survey is intended to be a multi-purpose survey used for a variety of science goals, including surveys of very high redshift galaxies and weak lensing studies. Four high galactic latitude fields, each 2×2 deg2, have been selected along the celestial equator: 0226-04, 1003+01, 1400+05, and 2217+00. The 16 deg2 of the ``wide'' survey are covered with exposure times of 2 hr, 1.5 hr, 1 hr, 1 hr, respectively while the 1.3×1 deg2 area of the ``deep'' survey at the center of the 0226-04 field is covered with exposure times of 7 h, 4.5 h, 3 h, 3 h, in BVRI respectively. An additional area ˜2 deg2 has been imaged in the 0226-04 field corresponding to the area surveyed by the XMM-LSS program \citep{pierre03}. The data is pipeline processed at the Terapix facility at the Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris to produce large mosaic images. The catalogs produced contain the positions, shapes, total and aperture magnitudes for 2.175 million objects measured in the four areas. The limiting magnitudes, measured as a 5sigma measurement in a 3 arcsec diameter aperture is IAB=24.8 in the ``Wide'' areas, and IAB=25.3 in the deep area. Careful quality control has been applied on the data to ensure internal consistency and assess the photometric and astrometric accuracy as described in a joint paper \citep{mccracken03}. These catalogs are used to select targets for the VIRMOS-VLT Deep Survey, a large spectroscopic survey of the distant universe (Le Fèvre et al. 2003). First results from the CFH12K-VIRMOS survey have been published on weak lensing (e.g. van Waerbeke & Mellier 2003). Catalogs and images are available through the VIRMOS database environment under Oracle (http://www.oamp.fr/cencos). They are open for general use since July 1st, 2003.
- Published
- 2004
18. The VLA-VIRMOS Deep Field I. Radio observations probing the microJy source population
- Author
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M. Bondi, P. Ciliegi, G. Zamorani, L. Gregorini, G. Vettolani, P. Parma, H. de Ruiter, O. Le Fevre, M. Arnaboldi, L. Guzzo, D. Maccagni, R. Scaramella, C. Adami, S. Bardelli, M. Bolzonella, D. Bottini, A. Cappi, S. Foucaud, P. Franzetti, B. Garilli, S. Gwyn, O. Ilbert, A. Iovino, V. Le Brun, B. Marano, C. Marinoni, H. J. McCracken, B. Meneux, A. Pollo, L. Pozzetti, M. Radovich, V. Ripepi, D. Rizzo, M. Scodeggio, L. Tresse, A. Zanichelli, E. Zucca, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)
- Subjects
Count distribution ,Hubble Deep Field ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,data analysis ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astrophysics ,Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics ,01 natural sciences ,radio continuum ,Source Population ,[PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO] ,galaxies ,0103 physical sciences ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics ,Physics ,Very large array ,010308 nuclear & particles physics ,Astrophysics (astro-ph) ,Bandwidth (signal processing) ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,Square degree ,astronomy ,Space and Planetary Science ,Homogeneous ,Data reduction - Abstract
We have conducted a deep survey (r.m.s noise 17 microJy) with the Very Large Array (VLA) at 1.4 GHz, with a resolution of 6 arcsec, of a 1 square degree region included in the VIRMOS VLT Deep Survey. In the same field we already have multiband photometry down to I(AB)=25, and spectroscopic observations will be obtained during the VIRMOS VLT survey. The homogeneous sensitivity over the whole field has allowed to derive a complete sample of 1054 radio sources (5 sigma limit). We give a detailed description of the data reduction and of the analysis of the radio observations, with particular care to the effects of clean bias and bandwidth smearing, and of the methods used to obtain the catalogue of radio sources. To estimate the effect of the resolution bias on our observations we have modelled the effective angular-size distribution of the sources in our sample and we have used this distribution to simulate a sample of radio sources. Finally we present the radio count distribution down to 0.08 mJy derived from the catalogue. Our counts are in good agreement with the best fit derived from earlier surveys, and are about 50 % higher than the counts in the HDF. The radio count distribution clearly shows, with extremely good statistics, the change in the slope for the sub-mJy radio sources., Comment: 13 pages, Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics
- Published
- 2003
19. Matching in cluster randomized trials using the Goldilocks Approach
- Author
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S. Gwynn Sturdevant, Susan S. Huang, Richard Platt, and Ken Kleinman
- Subjects
Matching ,Randomized trials ,Randomization ,Baseline covariates ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
In group or cluster-randomized trials (GRTs), matching is a technique that can be used to improve covariate balance. When baseline data are available, we suggest a strategy that can be used to achieve the desired balance between treatment and control groups across numerous potential confounding variables. This strategy minimizes the overall within-pair Mahalanobis distance; and involves iteratively: 1) making pairs that minimize the distance between pairs of clusters with respect to potentially confounding variables; 2) visually assessing the potential effects of these pairs and resulting possible randomizations; and 3) reweighting variables of selecting weights to make pairs of clusters. In step 2, we plot the between-arm differences with a parallel-coordinates plot. Investigators can compare plots of different weighting schemes to determine the one that best suits their needs prior to the actual, final, randomization. We demonstrate application of the approach with the Mupirocin-Iodophor Swap Out trial. A webapp is provided.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Statistical methods for testing carryover effects: A mixed effects model approach
- Author
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S. Gwynn Sturdevant and Thomas Lumley
- Subjects
Measurement error ,Longitudinal data ,Censoring ,Hypertension ,Linear mixed model ,Blood pressure ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Carryover, or the effects of treatment after it ceases, has been largely ignored in statistical literature except as a nuisance parameter. When testing for carryover, comparing cumulative incidence rates is biased when diagnosis is based on a noisy measurement crossing a threshold (such as in blood pressure) then followed by open-label treatment. This issue was raised in the context of preventing hypertension by the TROPHY trial. We show that modelling the noisy measurement itself using linear mixed effect models, then computing the expected proportion over the threshold, gives valid tests and consistent estimates. The key insight is that the data made unavailable by open-label treatment after diagnosis are missing at random. We demonstrate the analysis in simulations based on a large set of blood pressure measurements from a New Zealand healthcare organisation and show that properly specified random effects models accurately estimate carryover effects even in the presence of data censored at diagnosis.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Driving developments in UK oesophageal radiotherapy through the SCOPE trials
- Author
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S. Gwynne, E. Higgins, A. Poon King, G. Radhakrishna, L. Wills, S. Mukherjee, Maria Hawkins, G. Jones, J. Staffurth, and T. Crosby
- Subjects
Oesophagus ,Radiotherapy ,Quality assurance ,Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine ,R895-920 ,Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ,RC254-282 - Abstract
Abstract Background The SCOPE trials (SCOPE 1, NeoSCOPE and SCOPE 2) have been the backbone of oesophageal RT trials in the UK. Many changes in oesophageal RT techniques have taken place in this time. The SCOPE trials have, in addition to adopting these new techniques, been influential in aiding centres with their implementation. We discuss the progress made through the SCOPE trials and include details of a questionnaire sent to participating centres. to establish the role that trial participation played in RT changes in their centre. Methods Questionnaires were sent to 47 centres, 27 were returned. Results 100% of centres stated their departmental protocol for TVD was based on the relevant SCOPE trial protocol. 4DCT use has increased from 42 to 71%. Type B planning algorithms, mandated in the NeoSCOPE trial, were used in 79.9% pre NeoSCOPE and now in 83.3%. 12.5% of centres were using a stomach filling protocol pre NeoSCOPE, now risen to 50%. CBCT was mandated for IGRT in the NeoSCOPE trial. 66.7% used this routinely pre NeoSCOPE/SCOPE 2 which has risen to 87.5% in the survey. Conclusion The results of the questionnaires show how participation in national oesophageal RT trials has led to the adoption of newer RT techniques in UK centres, leading to better patient care.
- Published
- 2019
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- View/download PDF
22. A pretty scent is like a symphony
- Author
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Hurley, S. Gwyn
- Subjects
Bourbon French Perfume Co. -- Management ,Hove Parfumeur Ltd. -- Marketing ,Perfumes industry -- Marketing ,Travel, recreation and leisure - Published
- 1984
23. Testing for carryover effects after cessation of treatments: a design approach
- Author
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S. Gwynn Sturdevant and Thomas Lumley
- Subjects
Prehypertension ,Cumulative incidence ,Survival analysis ,Carryover ,Randomized trials ,Prevention ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Abstract Background Recently, trials addressing noisy measurements with diagnosis occurring by exceeding thresholds (such as diabetes and hypertension) have been published which attempt to measure carryover - the impact that treatment has on an outcome after cessation. The design of these trials has been criticised and simulations have been conducted which suggest that the parallel-designs used are not adequate to test this hypothesis; two solutions are that either a differing parallel-design or a cross-over design could allow for diagnosis of carryover. Methods We undertook a systematic simulation study to determine the ability of a cross-over or a parallel-group trial design to detect carryover effects on incident hypertension in a population with prehypertension. We simulated blood pressure and focused on varying criteria to diagnose systolic hypertension. Results Using the difference in cumulative incidence hypertension to analyse parallel-group or cross-over trials resulted in none of the designs having acceptable Type I error rate. Under the null hypothesis of no carryover the difference is well above the nominal 5 % error rate. Conclusions When a treatment is effective during the intervention period, reliable testing for a carryover effect is difficult. Neither parallel-group nor cross-over designs using the difference in cumulative incidence appear to be a feasible approach. Future trials should ensure their design and analysis is validated by simulation.
- Published
- 2016
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- View/download PDF
24. Diode-array spectrometer (DAPS) for visible and near-IR absorption measurements with 10-ns time resolution.
- Author
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Sedlmair, Josef, Ballard, S. Gwyn, and Mauzerall, David C.
- Subjects
- *
SPECTROMETERS , *FLASH photolysis , *SCIENTIFIC apparatus & instruments - Abstract
This paper describes a diode-array pulsed spectrometer (DAPS) that performs flash photolysis studies with a time resolution of 10 ns and a spectral resolution of 2.4 nm over a 600-nm wavelength window in the range of 350-1100 nm. It employs a 1024-element photodiode-array detector with high dynamic range and low noise. Laser-pumped fluorescent dye mixtures are used as a novel, stable light source which enable it to record spectra with a photolimited S/N ratio equivalent to 0.001 abs. units in a single shot. The measuring light distribution can be tailored so that a constant S/N ratio across a spectrum is attainable even in regions of high absorbance. Electrical artifacts from the actinic laser or other discharges do not interfere with the measurement and the effects of scattered actinic light and fluorescence from the sample are minimized. The instrument is simple to build, using mainly standard lab equipment, and easy to maintain and operate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1986
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- View/download PDF
25. Automatic conductimetric instrument for kinetic studies of photochemical ionization reactions in solution.
- Author
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Ballard, S. Gwyn
- Published
- 1976
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Family Therapy with Low-Income Blacks: A Tool or Turn-Off?
- Author
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Felisha S. Gwyn and Allie C. Kilpatrick
- Subjects
Family therapy ,Low income ,Gerontology ,Turn off ,Treatment method ,General Medicine ,Psychology - Abstract
The low-income black family has needs that are not being met by traditional family therapy approaches. This article examines the literature on the effectiveness of typical treatment methods, presents an illustrative case study, and then describes more specialized family therapy models for reaching this population.
- Published
- 1981
27. Photochemical ion formation in lumiflavin solutions
- Author
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David Mauzerall, S. Gwyn Ballard, and Gordon Tollin
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_compound ,Chemistry ,General Engineering ,Lumiflavin ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Photochemistry ,Ion formation - Published
- 1976
28. Diode‐array spectrometer (DAPS) for visible and near‐IR absorption measurements with 10‐ns time resolution
- Author
-
David Mauzerall, S. Gwyn Ballard, and Josef Sedlmair
- Subjects
Materials science ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Detector ,Laser ,Photodiode ,law.invention ,Absorbance ,Wavelength ,Optics ,law ,Spectral resolution ,business ,Instrumentation ,High dynamic range - Abstract
This paper describes a diode‐array pulsed spectrometer (DAPS) that performs flash photolysis studies with a time resolution of 10 ns and a spectral resolution of 2.4 nm over a 600‐nm wavelength window in the range of 350–1100 nm. It employs a 1024‐element photodiode‐array detector with high dynamic range and low noise. Laser‐pumped fluorescent dye mixtures are used as a novel, stable light source which enable it to record spectra with a photolimited S/N ratio equivalent to 0.001 abs. units in a single shot. The measuring light distribution can be tailored so that a constant S/N ratio across a spectrum is attainable even in regions of high absorbance. Electrical artifacts from the actinic laser or other discharges do not interfere with the measurement and the effects of scattered actinic light and fluorescence from the sample are minimized. The instrument is simple to build, using mainly standard lab equipment, and easy to maintain and operate.
- Published
- 1986
29. Automatic conductimetric instrument for kinetic studies of photochemical ionization reactions in solution
- Author
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S. Gwyn Ballard
- Subjects
Ions ,Materials science ,Conductometry ,Settling time ,Photochemistry ,Pulsed DC ,Conductance ,Kinetic energy ,Ion ,Solutions ,Automation ,Kinetics ,Ionization ,Direct coupling ,Electronics ,Polarization (electrochemistry) ,Instrumentation - Abstract
This paper describes an instrument for conductimetric detection of charged species formed in solution‐phase photochemical reactions in the time region 1 μsec to 100 msec. A low‐voltage pulsed dc polarization technique is employed, and electrochemical complications minimized by pulse reversal. By using state‐of‐the‐art operational amplifiers it is possible to study ion transients as short as 10 nsec, but the present instrument is set up for a 1% settling time of 400 nsec, giving sufficient sensitivity to detect ions in nanomolar concentration and sufficient speed to follow encounter‐limited reactions at millimolar reactant concentrations. The instrument is dc coupled throughout, but employs an automatic zeroing system to refer photoconductance transients to a zero baseline and provide continuous readout of the static conductance.
- Published
- 1976
30. OSSOS. XIII. Fossilized Resonant Dropouts Tentatively Confirm Neptune's Migration Was Grainy and Slow.
- Author
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S. M. Lawler, R. E. Pike, N. Kaib, M. Alexandersen, M. T. Bannister, Y.-T. Chen, B. Gladman, S. Gwyn, J. J. Kavelaars, J.-M. Petit, and K. Volk
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Photochemical ion formation in lumiflavin solutions
- Author
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Ballard, S. Gwyn, primary, Mauzerall, David C., additional, and Tollin, Gordon, additional
- Published
- 1976
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. OSSOS. VIII. The Transition between Two Size Distribution Slopes in the Scattering Disk.
- Author
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S. M. Lawler, C. Shankman, J. J. Kavelaars, M. Alexandersen, M. T. Bannister, Ying-Tung Chen, B. Gladman, W. C. Fraser, S. Gwyn, N. Kaib, J.-M. Petit, and K. Volk
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. OSSOS. II. A SHARP TRANSITION IN THE ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE DISTRIBUTION OF THE KUIPER BELT’S SCATTERING POPULATION.
- Author
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C. Shankman, JJ. Kavelaars, B. J. Gladman, M. Alexandersen, N. Kaib, J.-M. Petit, M. T. Bannister, Y.-T. Chen, S. Gwyn, M. Jakubik, and K. Volk
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. AEGIS-X: DEEP CHANDRA IMAGING OF THE CENTRAL GROTH STRIP.
- Author
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K. Nandra, E. S. Laird, J. A. Aird, M. Salvato, A. Georgakakis, G. Barro, P. G. Perez-Gonzalez, P. Barmby, R.-R. Chary, A. Coil, M. C. Cooper, M. Davis, M. Dickinson, S. M. Faber, G. G. Fazio, P. Guhathakurta, S. Gwyn, L.-T. Hsu, J.-S. Huang, and R. J. Ivison
- Published
- 2015
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- View/download PDF
35. Seroreversion to Chlamydia trachomatis Pgp3 Antigen Among Children in a Hyperendemic Region of Amhara, Ethiopia.
- Author
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Tedijanto C, Aragie S, Gwyn S, Wittberg DM, Zeru T, Tadesse Z, Chernet A, Thompson IJB, Nash SD, Lietman TM, Martin DL, Keenan JD, and Arnold BF
- Subjects
- Humans, Ethiopia epidemiology, Child, Preschool, Female, Male, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Child, Endemic Diseases, Chlamydia trachomatis immunology, Antigens, Bacterial immunology, Immunoglobulin G blood, Immunoglobulin G immunology, Trachoma epidemiology, Trachoma microbiology, Trachoma immunology, Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Antibodies, Bacterial immunology, Bacterial Proteins immunology
- Abstract
Monitoring trachoma transmission with antibody data requires characterization of decay in IgG to Chlamydia trachomatis antigens. In a 3-year longitudinal cohort in a high-transmission setting, we estimated a median IgG half-life of 3 years and a seroreversion rate of 2.5 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval, 1.6-3.5). Clinical Trials Registration NCT02754583., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest. All authors: No reported conflicts. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. The burden of acute eye conditions on different healthcare providers: a retrospective population-based study.
- Author
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Rawlings A, Hobby AE, Ryan B, Carson-Stevens A, North R, Smith M, Gwyn S, Sheen N, and Acton JH
- Subjects
- Male, Middle Aged, Infant, Adolescent, Female, Humans, Retrospective Studies, Pharmacists, Wales epidemiology, Optometry
- Abstract
Background: The demand for acute eyecare exponentially outstrips capacity. The public lacks awareness of community eyecare services., Aim: To quantify the burden of acute eyecare on different healthcare service providers in a national population through prescribing and medicines provision by GPs, optometrists, and pharmacists, and provision of care by accident and emergency (A&E) services. A secondary aim was to characterise some of the drivers of this burden., Design and Setting: A retrospective data-linkage study set in Wales, UK., Method: Analysis of datasets was undertaken from the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage Databank (GP and A&E), the Eye Health Examination Wales service (optometry), and the Common Ailments Scheme (pharmacy) during 2017-2018., Results: A total of 173 999 acute eyecare episodes delivered by GPs (168 877 episodes) and A&E services (5122) were identified during the study. This resulted in 65.4 episodes of care per 1000 people per year. GPs prescribed a total of 87 973 653 prescriptions within the general population. Of these, 820 693 were related to acute eyecare, resulting in a prescribing rate of 0.9%. A total of 5122 eye-related and 905 224 general A&E attendances were identified, respectively, resulting in an A&E attendance rate of 0.6%. Optometrists and pharmacists managed 51.8% (116 868) and 0.6% (2635) of all episodes, respectively. Older females and infants of both sexes were more likely to use GP prescribing services, while adolescent and middle-aged males were more likely to visit A&E. GP prescribing burden was driven partially by economic deprivation, access to services, and health score. Season, day of the week, and time of day were predictors of burden in GP and A&E., Conclusion: Acute eyecare continues to place considerable burden on GP and A&E services in Wales, particularly in urban areas with greater economic deprivation and lower overall health. This is likely to increase with a rapidly ageing population. With ongoing pathway development to better utilise optometry and pharmacy, and improved public awareness, there may be scope to change this trajectory., (© The Authors.)
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- 2024
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37. Seroreversion to Chlamydia trachomatis Pgp3 antigen among children in a hyperendemic region of Amhara, Ethiopia.
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Tedijanto C, Aragie S, Gwyn S, Wittberg DM, Zeru T, Tadesse Z, Chernet A, Thompson IJB, Nash SD, Lietman TM, Martin DL, Keenan JD, and Arnold BF
- Abstract
Monitoring trachoma transmission with antibody data requires characterization of decay in IgG to Chlamydia trachomatis antigens. In a three-year longitudinal cohort in a high transmission setting, we estimated a median IgG half-life of 3 years and a seroreversion rate of 2.5 (95% CI: 1.6, 3.5) per 100 person-years., Competing Interests: CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors report no conflicts of interest. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the National Institutes of Health or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Public Health Service or by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
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- 2023
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38. High prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular with no trachomatous trichiasis: can alternative indicators explain the epidemiology of trachoma in Côte d'Ivoire?
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Atekem K, Harding-Esch EM, Martin DL, Downs P, Palmer SL, Kaboré A, Kelly M, Bovary A, Sarr A, Nguessan K, James F, Gwyn S, Wickens K, Bakhtiari A, Boyd S, Aba A, Senyonjo L, Courtright P, and Meite A
- Subjects
- Child, Humans, Infant, Prevalence, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Cote d'Ivoire epidemiology, Inflammation, Trachoma epidemiology, Trichiasis epidemiology
- Abstract
Baseline trachoma surveys in Côte d'Ivoire (2019) identified seven evaluation units (EUs) with a trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF) prevalence ≥10%, but a trachomatous trichiasis (TT) prevalence in individuals ≥15 y of age below the elimination threshold (0.2%). Two of these EUs, Bondoukou 1 and Bangolo 2, were selected for a follow-up survey to understand the epidemiology of trachoma using additional indicators of Chlamydia trachomatis infection (DNA from conjunctival swabs) and exposure (anti-Pgp3 and Ct694 antibodies from dried blood spots [DBSs]). A two-stage cluster sampling methodology was used to select villages and households. All individuals 1-9 y of age from each selected household were recruited, graded for trachoma and had a conjunctival swab and DBS collected. Conjunctival swabs and DBSs were tested using Cepheid GeneXpert and a multiplex bead assay, respectively. The age-adjusted TF and infection prevalence in 1- to 9-year-olds was <1% and <0.3% in both EUs. Age-adjusted seroprevalence was 5.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5 to 15.6) in Bondoukou 1 and 8.2% (95% CI 4.3 to 13.7) in Bangolo 2. The seroconversion rate for Pgp3 was low, at 1.23 seroconversions/100 children/year (95% CI 0.78 to 1.75) in Bondoukou 1 and 1.91 (95% CI 1.58 to 2.24) in Bangolo 2. Similar results were seen for CT694. These infection, antibody and clinical data provide strong evidence that trachoma is not a public health problem in either EU., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.)
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- 2023
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39. An evolutionary continuum from nucleated dwarf galaxies to star clusters.
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Wang K, Peng EW, Liu C, Mihos JC, Côté P, Ferrarese L, Taylor MA, Blakeslee JP, Cuillandre JC, Duc PA, Guhathakurta P, Gwyn S, Ko Y, Lançon A, Lim S, MacArthur LA, Puzia T, Roediger J, Sales LV, Sánchez-Janssen R, Spengler C, Toloba E, Zhang H, and Zhu M
- Subjects
- Fossils, Heterochromatin, Galaxies, Biological Evolution
- Abstract
Systematic studies
1-4 have revealed hundreds of ultra-compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs5 ) in the nearby Universe. With half-light radii rh of approximately 10-100 parsecs and stellar masses M* ≈ 106 -108 solar masses, UCDs are among the densest known stellar systems6 . Although similar in appearance to massive globular clusters7 , the detection of extended stellar envelopes4,8,9 , complex star formation histories10 , elevated mass-to-light ratio11,12 and supermassive black holes13-16 suggest that some UCDs are remnant nuclear star clusters17 of tidally stripped dwarf galaxies18,19 , or even ancient compact galaxies20 . However, only a few objects have been found in the transient stage of tidal stripping21,22 , and this assumed evolutionary path19 has never been fully traced by observations. Here we show that 106 galaxies in the Virgo cluster have morphologies that are intermediate between normal, nucleated dwarf galaxies and single-component UCDs, revealing a continuum that fully maps this morphological transition and fills the 'size gap' between star clusters and galaxies. Their spatial distribution and redder colour are also consistent with stripped satellite galaxies on their first few pericentric passages around massive galaxies23 . The 'ultra-diffuse' tidal features around several of these galaxies directly show how UCDs are forming through tidal stripping and that this evolutionary path can include an early phase as a nucleated ultra-diffuse galaxy24,25 . These UCDs represent substantial visible fossil remnants of ancient dwarf galaxies in galaxy clusters, and more low-mass remnants probably remain to be found., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)- Published
- 2023
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40. Family role in paediatric safety incidents: a retrospective study protocol.
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Rees P, Purchase T, Ball E, Beggs J, Gabriel F, Gwyn S, Hellard S, Jones E, McFadzean IJ, Paccagnella D, Robb P, Walsh K, and Carson-Stevens A
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- Child, Humans, Female, Retrospective Studies, Reproducibility of Results, Mothers, Family Relations, Parents
- Abstract
Introduction: Healthcare-associated harm is an international public health issue. Children are particularly vulnerable to this with 15%-35% of hospitalised children experiencing harm during medical care. While many factors increase the risk of adverse events, such as children's dependency on others to recognise illness, children have a unique protective factor in the form of their family, who are often well placed to detect and prevent unsafe care. However, families can also play a key role in the aetiology of unsafe care.We aim to explore the role of families, guardians and parents in paediatric safety incidents, and how this may have changed during the pandemic, to learn how to deliver safer care and codevelop harm prevention strategies across healthcare settings., Methods and Analysis: This will be a retrospective study inclusive of an exploratory data analysis and thematic analysis of incident report data from the Learning from Patient Safety Events service (formerly National Reporting and Learning System), using the established PatIent SAfety classification system. Reports will be identified by using specific search terms, such as *parent* and *mother*, to capture narratives with explicit mention of parental involvement, inclusive of family members with parental and informal caregiver responsibilities.Paediatricians and general practitioners will characterise the reports and inter-rater reliability will be assessed. Exploratory descriptive analysis will allow the identification of types of incidents involving parents, contributing factors, harm outcomes and the specific role of the parents including inadvertent contribution to or mitigation of harm., Ethics and Dissemination: This study was approved by Cardiff University Research Ethics Committee (SMREC 22/32). Findings will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal, presented at international conferences and presented at stakeholder workshops., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)
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- 2023
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41. Monitoring transmission intensity of trachoma with serology.
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Tedijanto C, Solomon AW, Martin DL, Nash SD, Keenan JD, Lietman TM, Lammie PJ, Aiemjoy K, Amza A, Aragie S, Arzika AM, Callahan EK, Carolan S, Dawed AA, Goodhew EB, Gwyn S, Hammou J, Kadri B, Kalua K, Maliki R, Nassirou B, Seife F, Tadesse Z, West SK, Wittberg DM, Zeru Tadege T, and Arnold BF
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- Child, Humans, Infant, Child, Preschool, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Antigens, Bacterial, Antibodies, Bacterial, Chlamydia trachomatis, Prevalence, Trachoma diagnosis, Trachoma epidemiology
- Abstract
Trachoma, caused by ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection, is targeted for global elimination as a public health problem by 2030. To provide evidence for use of antibodies to monitor C. trachomatis transmission, we collated IgG responses to Pgp3 antigen, PCR positivity, and clinical observations from 19,811 children aged 1-9 years in 14 populations. We demonstrate that age-seroprevalence curves consistently shift along a gradient of transmission intensity: rising steeply in populations with high levels of infection and active trachoma and becoming flat in populations near elimination. Seroprevalence (range: 0-54%) and seroconversion rates (range: 0-15 per 100 person-years) correlate with PCR prevalence (r: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.57, 0.97). A seroprevalence threshold of 13.5% (seroconversion rate 2.75 per 100 person-years) identifies clusters with any PCR-identified infection at high sensitivity ( >90%) and moderate specificity (69-75%). Antibody responses in young children provide a robust, generalizable approach to monitor population progress toward and beyond trachoma elimination., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
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- 2023
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42. Validation of immunoassays for the Chlamydia trachomatis antigen Pgp3 using a chimeric monoclonal antibody.
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Goodhew B, Tang X, Goldstein J, Lee J, Martin D, and Gwyn S
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- Humans, Bacterial Proteins, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Antibodies, Bacterial, Antigens, Bacterial, Immunoassay, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia Infections
- Abstract
Seroepidemiology, or measuring antibodies to pathogens to estimate population-level exposure, can provide useful public health data. The tests used, however, often lack sufficient validation data due to absence of a gold standard. For many pathogens, serum antibodies can be detected long after resolution of infection, but infection status is often used as a gold standard for antibody positivity. To ensure that recently developed antibody tests for seroepidemiology of Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct), the causative agent of urogenital chlamydia and the blinding eye disease trachoma, have high performance, we generated a chimeric antibody to the immunodominant Ct antigen Pgp3. Two clones were selected to evaluate the test performance of three assays to measure antibodies to Pgp3: multiplex bead assay (MBA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and lateral flow assay (LFA). Overall, each assay demonstrated high accuracy and precision when tested using either clone, and the clones were stable when stored at - 20 °C and 4 °C for almost 2 years. The limit of detection was similar for MBA and LFA, but almost a log-fold higher (i.e. less sensitive) using ELISA. Overall, the chimeric antibodies represent stable control reagents for tests with robust performance and will facilitate deployment of these tests to other laboratories., (© 2023. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.)
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- 2023
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43. Performance of SARS-CoV-2 Antigens in a Multiplex Bead Assay for Integrated Serological Surveillance of Neglected Tropical and Other Diseases.
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Gwyn S, Abubakar A, Akinmulero O, Bergeron E, Blessing UN, Chaitram J, Coughlin MM, Dawurung AB, Dickson FN, Esiekpe M, Evbuomwan E, Greby SM, Iriemenam NC, Kainulainen MH, Naanpoen TA, Napoloen L, Odoh I, Okoye M, Olaleye T, Schuh AJ, Owen SM, Samuel A, and Martin DL
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- Humans, Pandemics, Sensitivity and Specificity, Immunoassay, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19 epidemiology
- Abstract
Serosurveillance can provide estimates of population-level exposure to infectious pathogens and has been used extensively during the COVID-19 pandemic. Simultaneous, serological testing for multiple pathogens can be done using bead-based immunoassays to add value to disease-specific serosurveys. We conducted a validation of four SARS-CoV-2 antigens-full-length spike protein, two receptor binding domain proteins, and the nucleocapsid protein-on our existing multiplex bead assay (MBA) for enteric diseases, malaria, and vaccine preventable diseases. After determining the optimal conditions for coupling the antigens to microsphere beads, the sensitivity and specificity of the assay were determined on two instruments (Luminex-200 and MAGPIX) when testing singly (monoplex) versus combined (multiplex). Sensitivity was assessed using plasma from 87 real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) positive persons collected in March-May of 2020 and ranged from 94.3% to 96.6% for the different testing conditions. Specificity was assessed using 98 plasma specimens collected prior to December 2019 and plasma from 19 rRT-PCR negative persons and ranged from 97.4% to 100%. The positive percent agreement was 93.8% to 97.9% using 48 specimens collected > 21 days post-symptom onset, while the negative percent agreement was ≥ 99% for all antigens. Test performance was similar using monoplex or multiplex testing. Integrating SARS-CoV-2 serology with other diseases of public health interest could add significant value to public health programs that have suffered severe programmatic setbacks during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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- 2022
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44. A national survey integrating clinical, laboratory, and WASH data to determine the typology of trachoma in Nauru.
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Lynch KD, Apadinuwe SC, Lambert SB, Hillgrove T, Starr M, Catlett B, Ware RS, Cama A, Webster S, Harding-Esch EM, Bakhtiari A, Butcher R, Cunningham P, Martin D, Gwyn S, Solomon AW, Garabwan C, Kaldor JM, and Vaz Nery S
- Subjects
- Child, Chlamydia trachomatis, Cicatrix epidemiology, Humans, Hygiene, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Prevalence, Sanitation, Water, Infant, Newborn, Diseases epidemiology, Nucleic Acids, Trachoma diagnosis, Trachoma epidemiology, Trichiasis epidemiology
- Abstract
Background: The epidemiology of trachoma in several Pacific Islands differs from other endemic settings, in that there is a high prevalence of clinical signs of trachoma, particularly trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF), but few cases of trichiasis and limited evidence of ocular chlamydial infection. This so-called "Pacific enigma" has led to uncertainty regarding the appropriate public health response. In 2019 alongside Nauru's national trachoma population survey, we performed bacteriological and serological assessments of children to better understand the typology of trachoma and to determine whether there is a need for trachoma interventions., Methods: We used two-stage cluster sampling, examining residents aged ≥1 year and collecting household-level water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) variables. Children aged 1-9 years provided conjunctival swabs and finger-prick dried blood spots to investigate the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis nucleic acid and anti-Pgp3 antibodies, respectively., Principal Findings: In 818 participants aged 1-9 years, the age-adjusted TF prevalence was 21.8% (95% CI 15.2-26.2%); ocular C. trachomatis prevalence was 34.5% (95% CI 30.6-38.9), and anti-Pgp3 antibody prevalence was 32.1% (95% CI 28.4%-36.3%). The age- and gender-adjusted prevalence of trichiasis in ≥15-year-olds was 0.3% (95% CI 0.00-0.85), but no individual with trichiasis had trachomatous scarring (TS). Multivariable analysis showed an association between age and both TF (OR per year of age 1.3 [95% CI 1.2-1.4]) and anti-Pgp3 positivity (OR 1.2 [95% CI 1.2-1.3]). There were high rates of access to water and sanitation and no WASH variable was associated with the presence of TF., Conclusions: TF, nucleic acid, and age-specific antibody prevalence collectively indicate that high levels of C. trachomatis transmission among children present a high risk of ocular damage due to trachoma. The absence of trichiasis with trachomatous scarring suggest a relatively recent increase in transmission intensity., Competing Interests: I have read the journal’s policy and the authors of this manuscript have the following competing interests: AB is employed by the International Trachoma Initiative at The Task Force for Global Health, which receives an operating budget and research funds from Pfizer Inc., the manufacturers of Zithromax (azithromycin). EMHE receives salary support from the International Trachoma Initiative.
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- 2022
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45. Post-Validation Survey in Two Districts of Morocco after the Elimination of Trachoma as a Public Health Problem.
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Hammou J, Guagliardo SAJ, Obtel M, Razine R, Haroun AE, Youbi M, Bellefquih AM, White M, Gwyn S, and Martin DL
- Abstract
Trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness. In 2016, Morocco was validated by WHO as having eliminated trachoma as a public health problem. We evaluated two previously endemic districts in Morocco for trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF), trachomatous trichiasis (TT), and antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis, the causative agent of trachoma. Community-based cross-sectional surveys in the districts of Boumalene Dades and Agdez included 4,445 participants for whom both questionnaire and serology data were available; 58% were aged 1-9 years. Participants had eyes examined for TF and blood collected for analysis of antibodies to the C. trachomatis antigen Pgp3 by both a multiplex bead assay (MBA) and lateral flow assay (LFA). Seroconversion rates (SCR) per 100 people per year were used to estimate changes in the force of infection using Bayesian serocatalytic models. In Agdez, TF prevalence in 1-9-year-olds was 0.3%, seroprevalence ranged from 9.4% to 11.4%, and SCR estimates ranged from 2.4 to 3.0. In Boumalene Dades, TF prevalence in 1-9-year-olds was 0.07%, and modeling data from the different assays indicated a decrease in transmission between 20 and 24 years ago. The TF data support an absence of active trachoma in the two districts examined. However, seroprevalence and SCR in younger people were higher in Agdez than Boumalene Dades, showing that there can be differences in serology metrics in areas with similar TF prevalence. Data will be included in multicountry analyses to better understand potential thresholds for serological surveillance in trachoma.
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- 2022
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46. Predicting future community-level ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection prevalence using serological, clinical, molecular, and geospatial data.
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Tedijanto C, Aragie S, Tadesse Z, Haile M, Zeru T, Nash SD, Wittberg DM, Gwyn S, Martin DL, Sturrock HJW, Lietman TM, Keenan JD, and Arnold BF
- Subjects
- Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Azithromycin, Child, Child, Preschool, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ethiopia epidemiology, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Prevalence, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Trachoma prevention & control
- Abstract
Trachoma is an infectious disease characterized by repeated exposures to Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) that may ultimately lead to blindness. Efficient identification of communities with high infection burden could help target more intensive control efforts. We hypothesized that IgG seroprevalence in combination with geospatial layers, machine learning, and model-based geostatistics would be able to accurately predict future community-level ocular Ct infections detected by PCR. We used measurements from 40 communities in the hyperendemic Amhara region of Ethiopia to assess this hypothesis. Median Ct infection prevalence among children 0-5 years old increased from 6% at enrollment, in the context of recent mass drug administration (MDA), to 29% by month 36, following three years without MDA. At baseline, correlation between seroprevalence and Ct infection was stronger among children 0-5 years old (ρ = 0.77) than children 6-9 years old (ρ = 0.48), and stronger than the correlation between active trachoma and Ct infection (0-5y ρ = 0.56; 6-9y ρ = 0.40). Seroprevalence was the strongest concurrent predictor of infection prevalence at month 36 among children 0-5 years old (cross-validated R2 = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.58-0.85), though predictive performance declined substantially with increasing temporal lag between predictor and outcome measurements. Geospatial variables, a spatial Gaussian process, and stacked ensemble machine learning did not meaningfully improve predictions. Serological markers among children 0-5 years old may be an objective tool for identifying communities with high levels of ocular Ct infections, but accurate, future prediction in the context of changing transmission remains an open challenge., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2022
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47. Characterising spatial patterns of neglected tropical disease transmission using integrated sero-surveillance in Northern Ghana.
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Fornace KM, Senyonjo L, Martin DL, Gwyn S, Schmidt E, Agyemang D, Marfo B, Addy J, Mensah E, Solomon AW, Bailey R, Drakeley CJ, and Pullan RL
- Subjects
- Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Ghana epidemiology, Humans, Prevalence, Trachoma epidemiology, Tropical Medicine
- Abstract
Background: As prevalence decreases in pre-elimination settings, identifying the spatial distribution of remaining infections to target control measures becomes increasingly challenging. By measuring multiple antibody responses indicative of past exposure to different pathogens, integrated serological surveys enable simultaneous characterisation of residual transmission of multiple pathogens., Methodology/principal Findings: Here, we combine integrated serological surveys with geostatistical modelling and remote sensing-derived environmental data to estimate the spatial distribution of exposure to multiple diseases in children in Northern Ghana. The study utilised the trachoma surveillance survey platform (cross-sectional two-stage cluster-sampled surveys) to collect information on additional identified diseases at different stages of elimination with minimal additional cost. Geostatistical modelling of serological data allowed identification of areas with high probabilities of recent exposure to diseases of interest, including areas previously unknown to control programmes. We additionally demonstrate how serological surveys can be used to identify areas with exposure to multiple diseases and to prioritise areas with high uncertainty for future surveys. Modelled estimates of cluster-level prevalence were strongly correlated with more operationally feasible metrics of antibody responses., Conclusions/significance: This study demonstrates the potential of integrated serological surveillance to characterise spatial distributions of exposure to multiple pathogens in low transmission and elimination settings when the probability of detecting infections is low., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2022
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48. Water, sanitation, and hygiene for control of trachoma in Ethiopia (WUHA): a two-arm, parallel-group, cluster-randomised trial.
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Aragie S, Wittberg DM, Tadesse W, Dagnew A, Hailu D, Chernet A, Melo JS, Aiemjoy K, Haile M, Zeru T, Tadesse Z, Gwyn S, Martin DL, Arnold BF, Freeman MC, Nash SD, Callahan EK, Porco TC, Lietman TM, and Keenan JD
- Subjects
- Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Child, Child, Preschool, Ethiopia epidemiology, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Trachoma drug therapy, Hygiene standards, Sanitation methods, Trachoma epidemiology, Trachoma prevention & control, Water Supply standards
- Abstract
Background: WHO promotes the SAFE strategy for the elimination of trachoma as a public health programme, which promotes surgery for trichiasis (ie, the S component), antibiotics to clear the ocular strains of chlamydia that cause trachoma (the A component), facial cleanliness to prevent transmission of secretions (the F component), and environmental improvements to provide water for washing and sanitation facilities (the E component). However, little evidence is available from randomised trials to support the efficacy of interventions targeting the F and E components of the strategy. We aimed to determine whether an integrated water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) intervention prevents the transmission of trachoma., Methods: The WASH Upgrades for Health in Amhara (WUHA) was a two-arm, parallel-group, cluster-randomised trial in 40 rural communities in Wag Hemra Zone (Amhara Region, Ethiopia) that had been treated with 7 years of annual mass azithromycin distributions. The randomisation unit was the school catchment area. All households within a 1·5 km radius of a potential water point within the catchment area (as determined by the investigators) were eligible for inclusion. Clusters were randomly assigned (at a 1:1 ratio) to receive a WASH intervention either immediately (intervention) or delayed until the conclusion of the trial (control), in the absence of concurrent antibiotic distributions. Given the nature of the intervention, participants and field workers could not be masked, but laboratory personnel were masked to treatment allocation. The WASH intervention consisted of both hygiene infrastructure improvements (namely, construction of a community water point) and hygiene promotion by government, school, and community leaders, which were implemented at the household, school, and community levels. Hygiene promotion focused on two simple messages: to use soap and water to wash your or your child's face, and to always use a latrine for defecation. The primary outcome was the cluster-level prevalence of ocular chlamydia, measured annually using conjunctival swabs in a random sample of children aged 0-5 years from each cluster at 12, 24, and 36 month timepoints. Analyses were done in an intention-to-treat manner. This trial is ongoing and is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02754583., Findings: Between Nov 9, 2015, and March 5, 2019, 40 of 44 clusters assessed for eligibility were enrolled and randomly allocated to the trial groups (20 clusters each, with 7636 people from 1751 households in the intervention group and 9821 people from 2211 households in the control group at baseline). At baseline, ocular chlamydia prevalence among children aged 0-5 years was 11% (95% CI 6 to 16) in the WASH group and 11% (5 to 18) in the control group. At month 36, ocular chlamydia prevalence had increased in both groups, to 32% (24 to 41) in the WASH group and 31% (21 to 41) in the control group (risk difference across three annual monitoring visits, after adjustment for prevalence at baseline: 3·7 percentage points; 95% CI -4·9 to 12·4; p=0·40). No adverse events were reported in either group., Interpretation: An integrated WASH intervention addressing the F and E components of the SAFE strategy did not prevent an increase in prevalence of ocular chlamydia following cessation of antibiotics in an area with hyperendemic trachoma. The impact of WASH in the presence of annual mass azithromycin distributions is currently being studied in a follow-up trial of the 40 study clusters. Continued antibiotic distributions will probably be important in areas with persistent trachoma., Funding: National Institutes of Health-National Eye Institute., Translation: For the Amharic translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests BA reports financial support to attend global health meetings from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. All other authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
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- 2022
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49. Assessment and utility of 2 Chlamydia trachomatis Pgp3 serological assays for seroprevalence studies among women in the United States.
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Danavall DC, Gwyn S, Anyalechi GE, Bowden KE, Hong J, Kirkcaldy RD, Bernstein KT, Kersh EN, Martin D, and Raphael BH
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Antigens, Bacterial genetics, Bacterial Proteins genetics, Chlamydia Infections microbiology, Chlamydia trachomatis genetics, Chlamydia trachomatis isolation & purification, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Humans, Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Young Adult, Antibodies, Bacterial immunology, Antigens, Bacterial immunology, Bacterial Proteins immunology, Chlamydia Infections diagnosis, Chlamydia trachomatis immunology
- Abstract
Two plasmid gene protein (Pgp3)-based serological assays, the Pgp3-ELISA and multiplex bead assay (Pgp3-MBA), were compared and used to estimate seropositivity of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) among females 14 to 39 years old participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2013-2016. Of the 2,201 specimens tested, 502 (29.5%, 95% CI 27.6-31.5) were positive using Pgp3-ELISA and 624 (28.4%, 95% CI 26.5-30.3) were positive using Pgp3-MBA. The overall agreement between the assays was 87.7%. Corresponding nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) results were available for 1,725 specimens (from women 18-39 years old); of these, 42 (2.4%, 95% CI 1.8-3.3) were CT NAAT-positive. Most of the CT NAAT-positive specimens had corresponding positive serological assay results; 33 (78.6%, 95% CI 62.8-89.2) were Pgp3-ELISA-positive and 36 (85.7%, 95% CI 70.8-94.1) were Pgp3-MBA-positive. Although Pgp3-ELISA and Pgp3-MBA demonstrated equivalent performance in this study, an advantage of the Pgp3-MBA over Pgp3-ELISA is that it is well suited for high sample throughput applications., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)
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- 2021
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50. Surveillance for peri-elimination trachoma recrudescence: Exploratory studies in Ghana.
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Senyonjo L, Addy J, Martin DL, Agyemang D, Yeboah-Manu D, Gwyn S, Marfo B, Asante-Poku A, Aboe A, Mensah E, Solomon AW, and Bailey RL
- Subjects
- Antibodies, Bacterial, Child, Child, Preschool, Chlamydia trachomatis, Dried Blood Spot Testing, Female, Ghana epidemiology, Humans, Infant, Male, Reproducibility of Results, Epidemiological Monitoring, Population Surveillance, Trachoma epidemiology
- Abstract
Introduction: To date, eleven countries have been validated as having eliminated trachoma as a public health problem, including Ghana in 2018. Surveillance for recrudescence is needed both pre- and post-validation but evidence-based guidance on appropriate strategies is lacking. We explored two potential surveillance strategies in Ghana., Methodology/principal Findings: Amongst randomly-selected communities enrolled in pre-validation on-going surveillance between 2011 and 2015, eight were identified as having had trachomatous-inflammation follicular (TF) prevalence ≥5% in children aged 1-9 years between 2012 and 2014. These eight were re-visited in 2015 and 2016 and neighbouring communities were also added ("TF trigger" investigations). Resident children aged 1-9 years were then examined for trachoma and had a conjunctival swab to test for Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) and a dried blood spot (DBS) taken to test for anti-Pgp3 antibodies. These investigations identified at least one community with evidence of probable recent Ct ocular transmission. However, the approach likely lacks sufficient spatio-temporal power to be reliable. A post-validation surveillance strategy was also evaluated, this reviewed the ocular Ct infection and anti-Pgp3 seroprevalence data from the TF trigger investigations and from the pre-validation surveillance surveys in 2015 and 2016. Three communities identified as having ocular Ct infection >0% and anti-Pgp3 seroprevalence ≥15.0% were identified, and along with three linked communities, were followed-up as part of the surveillance strategy. An additional three communities with a seroprevalence ≥25.0% but no Ct infection were also followed up ("antibody and infection trigger" investigations). DBS were taken from all residents aged ≥1 year and ocular swabs from all children aged 1-9 years. There was evidence of transmission in the group of communities visited in one district (Zabzugu-Tatale). There was no or little evidence of continued transmission in other districts, suggesting previous infection identified was transient or potentially not true ocular Ct infection., Conclusions/significance: There is evidence of heterogeneity in Ct transmission dynamics in northern Ghana, even 10 years after wide-scale MDA has stopped. There is added value in monitoring Ct infection and anti-Ct antibodies, using these indicators to interrogate past or present surveillance strategies. This can result in a deeper understanding of transmission dynamics and inform new post-validation surveillance strategies. Opportunities should be explored for integrating PCR and serological-based markers into surveys conducted in trachoma elimination settings., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2021
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