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Introduction/Objective Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis is a subacute, autoimmune disorder thought to be caused by autoantibodies directed against the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Clinical symptoms of anti-NMDAR encephalitis may mimic schizophrenia and psychotic spectrum disorders or substance-induced psychosis. Although initially described in association with ovarian teratomas in women, anti-NMDAR encephalitis has been reported in individuals without paraneoplastic association, as well as in males. Herein, we report a case of a 29-year-old woman with suicidal ideation and other neuropsychiatric manifestations who was found to have a right ovarian cystic mass by imaging study. Microscopically, the resected ovarian mass is composed of mature skin, fat, cartilage and neural tissues. Nerve, ganglions and multiple brain tissues are present. Cerebellum including external granular cell layer (normally only seen in infants), cerebrum-like, choroid plexus and other neural elements are present. There is peripheral lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates around and within the neuroglial matrix. Cerebral spinal fluid was concurrently tested positive for Anti-NMDAR. The combined clinical, histological, and laboratory findings confirmed the above diagnosis. Although Anti-NMDAR encephalitis is a familiar entity to many clinical psychiatrist and neurologists, it is less commonly reported in the pathology literature. Its resultant relationship to cystic teratoma warrants awareness of this condition by pathologists. Methods/Case Report Case Report Results (if a Case Study enter NA) NA Conclusion Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis is related to cystic teratoma, therefore pathologists need to be aware of this condition.

Supply Chain Management (SCM), by way of one of the critical issues in the managerial aspect, plays a significant role in tackling humanitarian problems and difficulties. Due to some limitations (e.g., production capacity and storage capacity) and desires (e.g., cost reduction and rising revenues), supply chain managers always seek the best response to the amount and type of communication between different SCM levels. In the upcoming research, a Pharmaceutical Supply Chain (PSC) with three objective functions is developed, aiming to simultaneously minimize total costs, unfulfilled demands, and reduce the waiting time at the factory entrance. In the forthcoming research, the subject literature and research in the PSC modeling and problem-solving are discussed. A nonlinear programming model is then proposed in line with the previous research to solve the existing shortcomings. Also, multi-objective decision-making methods are used to match the conflicting objectives of the model simultaneously. Then, GAMS commercial software is used to solve the problem of different sizes. Finally, the wide sensitivity analysis and evaluation of the results are discussed, and future development suggestions are presented.

Deconstruction, which brings to mind the name of Jacques Derrida, has a challenging relation with law and legal studies. Nevertheless, the belief in the obvious clarity of the legal text, and the concealment of the law-making violence, necessitates the deconstruction of the law, and requires consideration of this thought in legal theory. Discussions that have so far focused on the relation between deconstruction and legal studies can be divided into two general categories; The first category seeks to turn deconstruction into a technique of legal reasoning, and the other seeks to address its moral side. But merely establishing a relation between Derrida and law, if at the cost of eliminating the radical side of deconstruction and turning it into a method or moral advice, does not make much difference in status quo. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent the transformation of deconstruction in the mainstream legal theory, and to emphasize its intervening aspect. In doing so, one can seek to highlight the third and radical type of legal thinking relation with deconstruction. Accordingly, the present article, after examining the relationship between deconstruction and legal studies, seeks to critically analyze the types of legal theories influenced by Derrida's thinking with an analytical-critical method, and to emphasize the deconstruction of law as a movement which exposes and summons the hidden myths and silenced voices of law, and in this way, breaks the one and only logos of law and opens a way beyond it.

The effectiveness of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) treatment depends on the amount of radiation dose deposited locally by the reaction 10B ( n , α ) 7 Li in the tumour; however, the local and real time measurement of this quantity during the neutron irradiation is a big challenge. To evaluate the dose it is necessary to know the spatial distribution of the 10 B concentration and thermal neutron flux in the tissue during the irradiation. One technique to solve this problem relies on the on-line detection of the 478 keV 7 Li de-excitation photons that can be used to map the spatial distribution of the reaction rate of the 10B ( n , α ) 7 Li. The present work has been developed within a project aiming to develop a Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) system based on CdZnTe (CZT) semiconductor detector. This work studied the performances of a 5 × 5 × 20 mm 3 CZT prototype detector focusing on the energy resolution and detection efficiency inside the energy range 200–1400 keV. The energy resolution at 478 keV is ∼ 3% and the detection efficiency is around 6%. These preliminary results confirms the feasibility of a CZT detector as a sensitive unit for a BNCT-SPECT imaging system.

University of Pavia is equipped with a TRIGA Mark II research nuclear reactor, operating at a maximum steady state power of 250 kW. It has been used for many years to support Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) research. An irradiation facility was constructed inside the thermal column of the reactor to produce a sufficient thermal neutron flux with low epithermal and fast neutron components, and low gamma dose. In this irradiation position, the liver of two patients affected by hepatic metastases from colon carcinoma were irradiated after borated drug administration. The facility is currently used for cell cultures and small animal irradiation. Measurements campaigns have been carried out, aimed at characterizing the neutron spectrum and the gamma dose component. The neutron spectrum has been measured by means of multifoil neutron activation spectrometry and a least squares unfolding algorithm; gamma dose was measured using alanine dosimeters. Results show that in a reference position the thermal neutron flux is ( 1.20 ± 0.03 ) × 10 10 cm−2 s−1 when the reactor is working at the maximum power of 250 kW, with the epithermal and fast components, respectively, 2 and 3 orders of magnitude lower than the thermal component. The ratio of the gamma dose with respect to the thermal neutron fluence is 1.2 × 10 - 13 Gy/(n/cm2).

At the University of Pavia, a neutron irradiation facility has been constructed for preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies for BNCT. The facility is a wide channel (40 x 20 x 100 cm3) inside the graphite Thermal Column of the 250 KW research reactor TRIGA Mark II. The neutron field consists in a thermal component ranging from about 1010 and 109 cm-2s-1 along the longitudinal axis of the channel and it is uniform within 10% along the transversal axes. The fast neutron contamination (En > 1.58 keV) is more than 2 orders of magnitude lower. The gamma background coming from the core has been reduced with a 20 cm thick bismuth shield, however in the facility a gamma component is still present due to neutron capture reactions in Bi and C. A set of simulations with the Monte Carlo code MCNP has been conducted together with measurements using alanine dosimeters to determine the gamma background during irradiation. Attention has been put in the choice of the material surrounding the alanine dosimeters (r = 2.4 mm and height h = 30 mm) in order to ensure electronic equilibrium: hydrogenated materials have been discarded to avoid additional dose due to the (n, γ) reactions in H: graphite holders have been used to this end. Simulations have been performed to choose the calibration gamma source: the gamma spectrum present in the facility has been calculated as well as the spectra of energy deposition in alanine due to the charged secondary radiation (electrons). A photon source produced in a 6 MV electrons linear accelerator was found to be much more suitable than the 60Co source typically employed to calibrate dosimeters. To determine the thermal neutron contribution to the alanine response a lithium carbonate (Li-6 enrichment: 95%) shield (attenuation factor of about three orders of magnitude) was prepared to host the dosimeters during irradiation; measurements with and without shield were done; gamma dose rates were between 6.0 ± 0.3 Gy/h and 1.5 ± 0.1 Gy/h along the longitudinal axis of the Column. The comparison between the experimental results and the simulations allowed determining a sensitivity factor of alanine to thermal and fast neutron dose equal to 0.4.

Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is an experimental radiotherapy that uses the combination of neutron irradiation and 10B to treat neoplasms. By means of this technique, many clinical trials were performed worldwide with promising results [1] using research nuclear reactors as neutron sources. Anyhow, these machines have several problems that hinder the development of dedicated BNCT hospitals. This issue can now be overcome by using intense-current proton accelerators, which coupled with beryllium or lithium targets yield more than 1014 neutron per second. This can be a boost to BNCT because accelerators are more compact and can be installed within hospitals.The Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) designed and manufactured a Radiofrequency Quadrupole proton accelerator (RFQ) [2], which delivers 5 MeV protons with 30 mA current in a Continuous Wave (CW) mode and it is coupled to a beryllium target. This accelerator could be installed at Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO) in Pavia.In this work we present the MC calculations for the tailoring of a BNCT neutron beam obtained by the described RFQ. Firstly, we show that MC transport codes such as MCNP and PHITS are not able to simulate the correct neutron spectra from 5 MeV protons interacting on beryllium. Therefore, the neutron double differential source implemented in MCNP was extracted from the measurements performed by Agosteo et al. [3]. As the energy range goes up to 3.5 MeV, neutrons need to be moderated and collimated by a Beam Shaping Assembly (BSA), because BNCT requires a spectrum peaked between 1 and 10 keV. Differently from the past, where the optimal configuration was chosen according to physical characteristics of the beam, in this case the results were evaluated on the basis of the dosimetry obtained in a real clinical case by treatment planning simulation. What emerges, is that the classical figures of merit employed for the tailoring of a clinical BNCT [4] should be taken as a first guideline, while the dosimetric assessment on realistic clinical scenarios is the most appropriate criterion for beam evaluations. Fil: Postuma, I.. Unit of Pavia; Italia Fil: Bortolussi, S.. University of Pavia; Italia Fil: Protti, N.. Unit of Pavia; Italia Fil: Fatemi, S.. Unit of Pavia; Italia. University of Pavia; Italia Fil: González, Sara Josefina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; Argentina Fil: Provenzano, Lucas. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; Argentina Fil: Battistoni, G.. Unit of Milan; Italia Fil: Altieri, S.. Unit of Pavia; Italia. University of Pavia; Italia

This paper discusses results from continued development of inverted metamorphic multijunction (IMM) solar cells with air mass zero (AM0) conversion efficiencies greater than 34%. An experimental best four-junction IMM (IMM4J) design is presented. In an effort to improve IMM performance in space radiation environments, 1-MeV electron irradiation studies are conducted on the individual IMM4J subcells. These data are used to engineer an IMM4J structure with beginning of life AM0 conversion efficiency of approximately 34% and an end of life (EOL) remaining factor greater than 82%, where EOL is defined as performance after exposure to 1-MeV electron irradiation at 1E15 e/cm $^2$ fluence. Next-generation IMM designs are explored and an avenue toward AM0 conversion efficiencies of greater than 35% is presented.

This study aims to compare dysfunctional attitudes and social adjustment in infertile employed and unemployed females. Due to the stresses of infertility, infertile females are faced with a variety of sexual and psychological problems, as well as dysfunctional attitudes that can lead to depression. Moreover, infertility problems provoke women into maladjustment and inadvertent corruption of relationships. In this regard, our goal is to consider the effects of employment in conjunction with education on dysfunctional attitudes and social adjustment among infertile women in Iran. In this work, we employed the survey method. We recruited 240 infertile women, utilizing the cluster random sampling method. These women filled out the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale and the social adjustment part of the California Test of Personality. Next, multivariate analysis of variance was performed to test the relationship of employment status and education with dysfunctional attitudes and social adjustment. Our results indicated that dysfunctional attitudes were far more prevalent in infertile unemployed women than in infertile employed women. Also, social adjustment was better in infertile employed women than in infertile unemployed women. It was shown that education level alone does not have significant effect on dysfunctional attitudes and social adjustment. However, we demonstrated that the employment status of infertile women in conjunction with their education level significantly affects the two dimensions of dysfunctional attitudes (relationships, entitlements) and has insignificant effects on social adjustment. It was revealed that in employed infertile women in Iran, the higher education level, the less dysfunctional were attitudes in relationships and entitlements, whereas in unemployed infertile women, those with a college degree had the least and those with master's or higher degrees had the most dysfunctional attitudes in terms of relationships and entitlements.

The performance of triple junction InGaP/(In)GaAs/Ge space solar cells was studied following high energy electron irradiation at low temperature. Cell characterization was carried out in situ at the irradiation temperature while using low intensity illumination, and, as such, these conditions reflect those found for deep space, solar powered missions that are far from the sun. Cell characterization consisted of I-V measurements and quantum efficiency measurements. The low temperature irradiations caused substantial degradation that differs in some ways from that seen after room temperature irradiations. The short circuit current degrades more at low temperature while the open circuit voltage degrades more at room temperature. A room temperature anneal after the low temperature irradiation produced a substantial recovery in the degradation. Following irradiation at both temperatures and an extended room temperature anneal, quantum efficiency measurement suggests that the bulk of the remaining damage is in the (In)GaAs sub-cell.

Introduction. Although there are reports that link diabetes-induced end-stage renal disease (ESRD) with several post renal transplantation complications and conditions, few studies have directly focused on this issue. This study compared the pattern of rehospitalizations after renal transplantation among diabetic versus nondiabetic ESRD patients, measuring causes, length of stay, outcomes and costs. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed 366 randomly selected rehospitalization records of kidney transplant recipients between 1994 and 2006, including 69 who underwent renal transplantation due to diabetic nephropathy and 297, due to nondiabetic ESRD. We compared the two groups with respect to demographic and clinical variables: donor source, readmission pattern, rehospitalization cause, time interval between transplantation and hospitalization (T-H time), length of hospital stay (LOS), and intensive care unit (ICU) admission, hospital charges, and inpatient outcomes of graft loss and mortality. Results. The diabetes group, compared with nondiabetic group, had a greater mean age (53 ± SD vs. 39 ± SD years), proportion of admissions due to infections (44.9% vs. 32%) or renal dysfunction (14.5% vs. 29.6%), mean hospital charges ($5056 vs. $3046), and hospital mortality (18% vs. 4.3%; P

The effect of ammonium:nitrate (NH4:NO3) ratio in nutrient solution on growth, photosynthesis (Pn), yield, and fruit quality attributes in hydroponically grown strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) cvs. ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Selva’ was evaluated. There were four nutrient solutions of differing NH4:NO3 ratios as follows: 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25. Plants grown in solution with 75% NH4 had lower leaf fresh and dry weights and leaf area than those with 25% NH4 in both cultivars. High ratios of NH4 and NO3 in the solution always reduced the yield. The yield was increased by 38% and 84% in ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Selva,’ respectively, when the plants were grown in the 25NH4:75NO3 solution compared with plants grown in a higher NH4 ratio solution. The increased yield at the 25 NH4:75NO3 ratio was the result of the increase in fruit size, i.e., length and fresh weight of fruits. Plants grown in the 25NH4:75NO3 solution had the highest rate of Pn, while those grown in 75NH4:25NO3 solution had the lowest Pn rates ...

In this article I argue for the equal right of both spouses to divorce, since moral autonomy as embodied in the right to self-determination calls for this. The powerful moral demand of the contemporary human rights discourse has left no choice for Western countries but to allow divorce to be granted when the parties consent. The same factor has pushed many Muslims, including Iranians, to reform their system in favour of women. The problem for Shicites, unlike Christians, was not the denial of the right to divorce to both parties, but rather the unilateral privilege of the husband. Their reform was thus to direct the system toward an egalitarian position rather than to establish permissibility. Yet, the compelling factor for both was the same, that is, the appeal to individual autonomy and the right to self-determination. We will see that moral reinterpretation of the Islamic sources can offer an egalitarian right to divorce without diluting fundamental qur'anic teachings. An essential prerequisit...

In this article the issues of egg and embryo implantation are examined in the light of iaālat al-ibāaa wa-al-aīliyya in Shiaite teachings and the Kantian principle of autonomy. Textual justification is given for the ibāaa doctrine that what is not explicitly prohibited is permissible. When applied to the issues of egg and embryo implantation this leads to the conclusion that people may freely decide whether or not to engage in these medical processes, taking into account other relevant norms and possible consequences. A similar conclusion is reached through discussion of three particular cases of egg and embryo implantation in the light of an interpretation of Kantian autonomy in which people freely use reason to make right decisions in accordance with universal moral law. Despite the major differences between the two systems several similarities are noted and it is suggested that constructive development could result from interaction between them.

We present electron and proton radiation data for our GaInP 2 /GaAs/Ge triple-junction solar celL An analysis of the data is also done with both the relative damage coefficients (RDC) method developed at NASA-JPL, as well as the displacement damage dose (D3) method developed by the Naval Research Laboratory. We also discuss radiation tolerance of cells in the light of our development of an advanced triple-junction cell.

On board the Mars Pathfinder spacecraft, launched in December of 1996, was a small roving vehicle named Sojourner. On Sojourner was an experiment to determine the abrasive characteristics of the Martian surface, called the Wheel Abrasion Experiment (WAE). The experiment worked as follows: one of the wheels of the rover had a strip of black anodized aluminum bonded to the tread upon which was deposited five patches or samples of three different metals ranging in thickness from 200A to 1000A. A series of candidate metals (Ag, Al, Au, Cu, Ni, Pt and W) were tested for suitability for the WAE. Optical, corrosion, abrasion and adhesion criteria were used to select aluminum, platinum and nickel. The photovoltaic sensor or photodetector developed for the WAE is described. As the wheel was spun in the Martian soil, thin patches of metal were abraded away, exposing the black surface. Abrasion of those samples was detected by the change in specular reflectance of sunlight as measured by a photodetector mounted above the wheel. The degree of abrasion occurring on the samples is discussed, along with comparisons to the abrasion seen in Earth-based laboratory experiments using Martian soil. Conclusions are reached about the hardness, grain size and angularity of the Martian simulant soil particles and about precautions to be undertaken to avoid abrasion on moving parts exposed to Martian dust.

The high electrical conversion performance and radiation resistance of InP solar cells was discovered during the last decade. The combination of these two characteristics makes InP a very attractive material for space solar cells. To date, the best performance results for both homo-epitaxial and hetero-epitaxial InP solar cells were achieved using an n/p configuration. The p/n configuration is desirable for hetero-epitaxial growth on inexpensive, strong, lightweight group IV substrates such as Si and Ge. Furthermore, diffused-junction p/n cells demonstrated a higher radiation resistance than the n/p configuration cells; however, the testing of the p/n configuration was limited to lower quality cells as judged by their beginning-of-life (BOL) efficiencies. We have succeeded in developing p/n configuration homo-epitaxy InP solar cells with BOL efficiency values exceeding 17.6p tested under air mass zero (AM0) conditions. The high efficiency values obtained from our cells resulted from improved emitter performance, which was due to better control of the growth of Zn-doped p-type InP. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Emcore's latest generation InGaP/InGaAs/Ge ZTJ triple-junction space-grade high-efficiency solar cells have been in volume production since 2009, with over 300,000 flight cells produced to power more than 35 separate satellites. The ZTJ cells, CICs (Coverglass-Interconnected-Cell) and solar panels have also been characterized and qualified to both the AIAA-S-111 and AIAA-S-112 standards. More than 10 life-cycle coupon panels have been thermal cycled to temperature extremes representing varied orbital conditions such as GEO (geosynchronous), LEO (low-earth) and highly elliptical orbits. In its larger 1-cell-per-wafer form factor, the ZTJ solar cell has been used to manufacture solar panels for a dozen NASA and other commercial spacecraft. Currently Emcore Photovoltaics is under contract to NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) to build and deliver the solar panels for the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) Mission and to ATK Space Systems for the Commercial Resupply (CRS) mission to the International Space Station (ISS) and the AMOS-6 commercial telecommunication satellite. In this paper, the results of the qualification, production and testing of the life-cycle coupons and the solar panels for these missions is presented. In addition, the initial on-orbit telemetry performance results of NASA's NuStar (Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array) spacecraft solar array will be presented. The NuStar spacecraft was launched in June of 2012 and built by Orbital Sciences Corporation It is powered by an ATK solar array populated with ZTJ solar cells.

We have discovered what appears to be a unique contact system for use on p-type InP. The new contacts provide low resistance contact to p-InP without the violent metallurgical intermixing that would normally take place between the emitter material and the contact metallization during the contact sintering process. With this new contact system, which is composed of a combination of Ag and Zn, it is possible, for the first time, to make low resistance ohmic contact directly to a shallow junction p/n InP device without destroying the device while doing so. Specific contact resistivity values in the low 10−4 Ω-cm2 range are readily achieved. After a description of the new system, we suggest possible mechanisms to explain the observed behavior.

The metallurgical and electrical behavior of Au/Zn contacting metallization on p‐type InP is investigated as a function of the zinc content in the metallization. It was found that ohmic behavior can be achieved with Zn concentrations as small as 0.05 at. % Zn. For Zn concentrations between 0.1 and 36 at. % the contact resistivity was found to be independent of the Zn content. For low Zn concentrations the realization of ohmic behavior was found to require the growth of the compound Au2P3 at the metal‐InP interface. The magnitude of the specific contact resistivity is shown to be very sensitive to the growth rate of the interfacial Au2P3 layer. The possibility of exploiting this sensitivity to provide low‐resistance contacts while avoiding the semiconductor structural damage that is normally attendant to contact formation is discussed. Evidence is presented, finally, that the presence of Zn in the Au‐Zn/p‐InP contact system lowers the contact resistivity by effecting an increase in the work function of the Au2P3 interfacial layer.

Low-angle (311) V-grooves can be produced on a (100) InP surface by a maskless anisotropic etch. This can reduce the surface reflectivity of a glass-covered InP solar cell. Light reflected from grooved surface is trapped by total internal reflection at the glass/air interface and directed back to the solar cell. Results from ITO/InP solar cells on low-angle V-grooved substrates are presented, showing a 5.8% increase in short-circuit current, and a nearly equal rise in efficiency.

This paper discusses results from continued development of inverted metamorphic multi-junction (IMM) solar cells with air mass zero (AM0) conversion efficiencies greater than 34%. An experimental best four-junction IMM (IMM4J) design is presented. In an effort to improve IMM performance in space radiation environments, 1-MeV electron irradiation studies are conducted on the individual IMM4J subcells. This data is used to engineer an IMM4J structure with beginning of life (BOL) AM0 conversion efficiency of approximately 34% and an end of life (EOL) remaining factor greater than 82%, where EOL is defined as performance after exposure to 1-MeV electron irradiation at 1E15 e/cm2 fluence. Next generation IMM designs are explored and an avenue toward AM0 conversion efficiencies of greater than 35% is presented.

We have investigated the electrical and metallurgical behavior of the InP/Au/Ni contact system. We show that when a layer of Au, 100 A or more in thickness, is introduced between n-InP and Ni contact metallization, specific contact resistivity R, values in the low 10(exp -8) Omega cm(exp 2) range are achieved after sintering. It is suggested that these ultralow values of R(sub c) are due to the presence, at the metal-InP interface, of a Ni3P layer combined with a stoichiometry change in the InP surface. We show, in addition, that it is possible to achieve very low R(sub c) values with this system without incurring device destroying sinter-induced metallurgical interdiffusion.

The electrical and metallurgical behavior of the Ag-InP contact system has been investigated. Specific contact resistivity (Rc) values in the low 10 exp -6 Ohm sq cm range are readily achieved on n-InP (Si: 1.7 x 10 exp 18/cu cm) after sintering at 400 C for several minutes. The low Rc values, however, are shown to be accompanied by dissolution of InP into the metallization, resulting in device degradation. An analysis of the sinter-induced metallurgical interactions shows this system to be similar to the well-characterized Au-InP system, albeit with fundamental differences. The similarities include the dissociative diffusion of In, the reaction-suppressing effect of SiO2 capping, and especially, the formation of a phosphide layer at the metal-InP interface. The low post-sinter Rc values in the Ag-InP system may be due to the presence of a AgP2 layer at the metal-InP interface; low values of Rc can be achieved without incurring device degrading metallurgical interactions by introducing a thin AgP2 layer between the InP and the current carrying metallization.

We have investigated the electrical and metallurgical behavior of the Ni-InP contact system. Specific contact resistivity (Rc) values in the low 10 exp -7 Omega-sq cm range are achieved with Ni-only contacts on n-InP by sintering at 400 C for several minutes. The postsinter contact metallization consists of three layers, arranged in the sequence: InP/Ni3P/Ni2P/In. Extended sintering (40 min) at 400 C brings about a rise in Rc to the 10 exp -4 Omega-sq cm range. After extended sintering, the contact metallization is found to consist of only two layers, arranged in the sequence: InP/Ni2P/In. Based on the correlation between low Rc and the presence of Ni3P at the metal-InP interface, it is suggested that the presence of Ni3P is the cause of the low Rc values. We show that the sintering schedule used to achieve low values of Rc is accompanied by substantial metal-InP interdiffusion that results in severe device degradation.

Fish skin is essential for survival, maintenance of body shape, and protection against the shock and infection. During week 1 of sturgeon larval development, the epidermis is thin and not differentiated in various layers yet, but by week 4-6 the thickness increases and various layers appear, depending upon the region of the body. Mucous cells differentiate early in development on the surface of epithelium and contain acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides. Primordial sensory buds are visible within the epithelia of the skin of the head in week 1 larvae, and become numerous during later larval development. Club cells are specialized epidermal cells that have an immune function and appear in the middle layer of the head and trunk epidermis on week 4.

Fish skin is essential for survival, maintenance of body shape, and protection against the shock and infection. During week 1 of sturgeon larval development, the epidermis is thin and not differentiated in various layers yet, but by week 4-6 the thickness increases and various layers appear, depending upon the region of the body. Mucous cells differentiate early in development on the surface of epithelium and contain acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides. Primordial sensory buds are visible within the epithelia of the skin of the head in week 1 larvae, and become numerous during later larval development. Club cells are specialized epidermal cells that have an immune function and appear in the middle layer of the head and trunk epidermis on week 4.

Five Au–Ga alloys have been studied using x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy as part of the program to determine alloy effects on core level binding energies and identify thin film and bulk compositions of unknown AuxGay alloys. The binding energies and peak intensities of the Au 4f, Ga 2p3/2, Ga 3p3/2, and Ga LMM core levels were determined for pure Au and Ga along with bulk alloy compositions of α‐Au0.88Ga0.12, β‐Au0.78Ga0.22, γ‐Au9Ga4, AuGa, and AuGa2. These values were determined for surfaces scraped in situ to expose the bulk composition. The Au 4f7/2 binding energies were 83.95 eV for pure Au and 84.4, 84.6, 84.9, 85.2, and 85.5 eV for each of the respective alloys, while the Ga core levels and Auger energy shifted less than 0.3 eV over the range of alloy compositions. These results exhibit the same trend as the previously studied Au–In system and furnish calibration values that allow determination of the composition of unknown alloys.

An investigation is made into the possibility of providing low resistance contacts to shallow junction InP devices which do not require sintering and which do not cause device degradation even when subjected to extended annealing at elevated temperatures. We show that the addition of In to Au contacts in amounts that exceed the solid solubility limit lowers the as-fabricated (unsintered) contact resistivityR c to the 10-5 ohm-cm2 range. If the In content is made to correspond exactly to that required to form the intermediate compound Au9ln4, then the contacts so formed are stable, both electrically and metallurgically, even after extended annealing (12 hr) at 400° C. We next consider the contact system Au/Au2P3 which has been shown to exhibit as-fabricatedR c values in the 10-6 ohm-cm2 range, but which fails quickly when heated. We show that the substitution of a refractory metal (W, Ta) for Au preserves the lowR c values while preventing the destructive reactions that would normally take place in this system at high temperatures. We show, finally, thatR c values in the 10 ohm-cm2 range can be achievedwithout sintering by combining the effects of In or Ga additions to Au contacts with the effects of introducing a thin Au2P3 layer at the metal-InP interface.

The introduction of a very small amount of Ga into Au contact metallization on InP is shown to have a significant effect on both the metallurgical and electrical behavior of that contact system. Ga atoms in the interstices of the Au lattice are shown to be effective in preventing the solid state reactions that normally take place between Au and InP during contact sintering. In addition to suppressing the metallurgical interaction, the presence of small amounts of Ga is shown to cause an order of magnitude reduction in the specific contact resistivity. Evidence is presented that the reactions of GaP and GaAs with Au contacts are also drastically affected by the presence of Ga. The sintering behavior of the Au-GaP and the Au-GaAs systems (as contrasted with that of the Au-InP system) is explained as due to the presence of interstitial Ga in the contact metallization. Finally the large, two-to-three order of magnitude drop in the contact resistance that occurs in the Au-InP system upon sintering at 400 degrees Centigrade is shown to be a result of the formation of an Au (sub 2) P (sub 3) layer at the metal-semiconductor interface. Contact resistivities in the 10 (sup -6) ohm square centimeter range are obtained for as-deposited Au on InP when a thin (20 Angstrom) layer of Au (sub 2) P (sub 3) is introduced between the InP and the Au contacts.

Four gold-indium alloys were studied by x ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The binding energies and intensity ratios of the Au 4f7/2 and In 3d5/2 core levels were determined for the bulk alloy compositions of Au(10 percent In), Au3In, AuIn, and AuIn2. These values were determined for the native oxides on the materials, for the surfaces prepared by ion bombardment to remove the oxide and for surfaces scraped in-situ with a ceramic tool to expose the bulk composition. These results furnish calibration values that allow determination of the composition of thin films of this alloy system. In addition the binding energies add to the data base for understanding the effect of alloying on core level binding energies. As an illustration, these results are used to determine the composition of a series of alloy films formed by incongruent evaporation of an alloy charge.

This paper presents measurement and analysis of triple junction InGaP/GaAs/Ge solar cells after irradiation and measurement under low temperature and low intensity (LILT) conditions. The goal of these experiments was to quantify any annealing effects that might emerge after irradiation at low temperature and subsequent measurement after room temperature anneal. This was accomplished by using the facility at JAEA, which enables simultaneous irradiation and measurement at temperature without breaking vacuum. Low intensity illumination was attained by placing screens between the simulator and the low temperature chamber. Proton irradiation at 10 MeV and electron irradiation at 1 MeV were performed. Low temperature irradiations were followed by a room temperature annealing. Room temperature irradiations were also performed for comparison. The results show that cells irradiated at LILT recovers on order of 20% of the radiation-induced degradation in short circuit current after room temperature annealing.