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Root canal therapy is to eliminate or at least reduce the number of microorganisms and remove inflamed or necrotic pulpal tissue. Root canal cleaning and disinfection during chemomechanical preparation relies heavily on irrigants because of the anatomic complexities of the pulp canal system.Although endodontic irrigants have been well characterized individually, combinations of the materials are not well understood.To know the interactions of different irrigants this review throws more light in depth to understand the interactions of irritants better.

Introduction: A matrix is defined as a properly contoured piece of metal or other contoured piece of metal or other material used to support and give form to material used to support and give form to the restoration during its placement and restoration during its placement and hardening. Characteristics of a good matrix are rigidity, establishment of proper anatomical contour,restoration of correct proximal contact relation, easy adaptation to the tooth, easy adaptation to the tooth,ability to be contoured,prevention of gingival excess, strength to offer resistance to condensation pressure and easy removal from the tooth. Aim: To check the knowledge and practice of different matrix systems in class 2 composite restoration. Materials and Methods: Self administrated questionnaire was designed based on matrix systems for class 2 composite restoration. The questionnaire was distributed through an online survey link. The questionnaire was completed by 100 participants, and the data were analysed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics and Pearson Chi square test were done to analyze the results of the survey. Majority of the participants are aware of the different matrix system for class 2 composite restoration.

Aim: To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Curcuma Longa, 17% EDTA, and 3% sodium hypochlorite against E.faecalis, C.Albicans. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial activity was determined using disc diffusion test. Ethanol extract of turmeric, 3% Sodium hypochlorite, 17% EDTA, absolute ethanol, Enterococcus faecalis cultures, Candida Albican cultures, Mueller Hinton agar. The disc diffusion test was performed in Mueller Hinton agar plates. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours and zone of inhibition were recorded. Finally, it was statistically analyzed. Results: Ethanol extract of turmeric showed zones of inhibition suggesting that they had anti-microbial properties. Ethanol extract of turmeric showed significantly greater (almost same) zones of inhibition than 2% chlorhexidine. Henceforth research should be directed towards the use as an irrigant in root canal treatment. Conclusion: Under the limitations of this study, it was concluded that Ethanol extract of turmeric has a significant antimicrobial effect against E. faecalis. Microbial inhibition potential of ethanol extract of turmeric observed in this study opens perspectives for its use as an intra-canal irrigant.

The aim is to assess how aware the dental students are about endodontic irrigants and the deleterious effect. Successful root canal therapy relies on the combination of proper instrumentation, irrigation, and obturation of the root canal. Of these three essential steps of root canal therapy, irrigation protocol is very important as it determines the healing of the periapical tissues. The primary endodontic treatment goal must thus be to optimize root canal disinfection and to prevent reinfection. Cytotoxicity of root canal irrigants is essential due to their close contact with host tissues. The study aimed to assess how aware the dental students are about the deleterious effects of endodontic irrigants. A cross-sectional study was conducted among dental students in January 2020. The survey was made on the app survey planet and a questionnaire was administered to 100 dental students about their awareness of cytotoxicity of irrigants in endodontics. The data was collected and put into bar charts in SPSS version 20 by IBM for statistical results. It is observed 38% were interns, 33% were final years and 29% were third years. 90% were aware of what irrigants are, 86% were aware of the types of irrigants, 76% were aware of the cytotoxicity of irrigants, 49% used sodium hypochlorite, 21% used chlorhexidine, 10% used MTAD, 8% used citric acid and 12% have used all of the above. 65% are aware of the duration of irrigants in canals. 59% think irrigants can be used in a previously treated tooth, 20% disagree and 21% are not sure. A p-value of 0.000 was obtained which is statistically significant as p

Introduction: Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis are the most predominant microorganisms found in the canals of failed root canal treated teeth. Thorough debridement of an infected root canal and complete elimination of microorganisms are objectives of effective endodontic therapy. For thousands of years, humans have used herbs as the primary means to sort out health issues and illnesses. Not all herbs have shown to provide scientific evidence as medicine to illness. Neem is a Botanical herb that is truly remarkable with its scientific value, a tropical evergreen native to India. Although different agents have been suggested as root canal irrigants, sodium hypochlorite and EDTA are the most popularly used. Aim: To compare the antimicrobial efficacy of commercially available irrigants, 17% EDTA and a herbal product, neem leaf extract compared with 3% sodium hypochlorite as a control against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial activity was determined using the agar well diffusion method. Freshly prepared neem leaf extracts, 17% EDTA, 3% Sodium hypochloriteStandard strain of E. Faecalis and C. Albicans were used in this study. These isolates were subcultured on to Brain heart infusion agar (BHI agar) and HI-chrome candidal differential media respectively. The agar well diffusion test was performed in brain heart infusion media and broth. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours and the zone of inhibition was recorded and analyzed statistically. Results: Zones of inhibition were present with Neem leaf extract suggestive of antimicrobial properties. Zones of inhibition were greater with Neem extract than 17% EDTA. Hence, further research should be directed towards the use of this herbal extract as an irrigant clinically with endodontic therapy. Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, it was found that neem leaf extract had a significant antimicrobial effect against E. Faecalis and C. Albicans compared to EDTA and Sodium Hypochlorite. Since the study is a qualitative analysis, further testing needs to be done to final quantitative analysis of the antimicrobial activity of neem leaf extract.

Several impression techniques have been proposed to achieve passive fitness between the prosthesis and the osseointegrated implant. The aim of this study was to compare closed tray implant impression techniques using snap-on and impression analogues on a clinical radiographic scale. The current study was comparative, descriptive, and retrospective, performed in a university setting in 2020. The data of patients reporting to the Department of Implantology between June 2019 to March 2020 were collected from patient records, and the data of 1000 plus patients were analyzed for snap-on impressions and impression analogue accuracy in seating and associated jig trial seating. A comparison of closed tray implant impression techniques using snap-on and impression analogues on a clinical radiographic scale found both to be perfect. The impression recorded with snappy with abutment and the impression recorded using impression coping exhibited no differences during jig trial seating verification. This study showed that both impression procedures are accurate and can be used for implant impressions.

Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the canal transportation, centering ability, and dentin removal of Profit S3 (PS3), One Curve (OC), and ProTaper Gold (PTG) systems using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: Thirty extracted human single-rooted premolars were used in the present study. Preinstrumentation scanning of all the teeth in arch form was taken using CBCT. To increase standardization, crowns were removed and only teeth measuring 16 mm were included in the study. The samples were randomly divided into three groups, with ten samples in each group; Group I was instrumented with PS3, Group II was instrumented with OC, and Group III – PTG. Postinstrumentation scans were performed, and the two scans were compared to determine canal transportation, centering ability, and dentin removal at 3, 6, and 9 mm, from the apex. Statistical Analysis: One-way-ANOVA and the independent t-test were done for the pairwise comparison. The significance level was set at P = 0.05; statistical analysis was performed with SPSS statistics version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: The mean canal centering ratio and canal apical transportation for PS3, OC and PTG show no statistical difference (P > 0.05). The mean value of dentin removal showed a statistically significant difference between the three groups (P < 0.05). PS3 and OC rotary file showed less removal of dentin compared to PTG (P < 0.00). Conclusion: It was evident that PS3, OC, and PTG had no statistically significant difference when analyzed based on canal transportation and canal centering ratio. However, there was a significant difference among the three groups comparing the removal of dentin. PS3 and OC rotary file showed less removal of dentin compared to PTG.

Aim: The aim of the study was to compare the canal transportation, centering ability, and dentin removal of Profit S3 (PS3), One Curve (OC), and ProTaper Gold (PTG) systems using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: Thirty extracted human single-rooted premolars were used in the present study. Preinstrumentation scanning of all the teeth in arch form was taken using CBCT. To increase standardization, crowns were removed and only teeth measuring 16 mm were included in the study. The samples were randomly divided into three groups, with ten samples in each group; Group I was instrumented with PS3, Group II was instrumented with OC, and Group III – PTG. Postinstrumentation scans were performed, and the two scans were compared to determine canal transportation, centering ability, and dentin removal at 3, 6, and 9 mm, from the apex. Statistical Analysis: One-way-ANOVA and the independent t-test were done for the pairwise comparison. The significance level was set at P = 0.05; statistical analysis was performed with SPSS statistics version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: The mean canal centering ratio and canal apical transportation for PS3, OC and PTG show no statistical difference (P > 0.05)?. The mean value of dentin removal showed a statistically significant difference between the three groups (P Conclusion: It was evident that PS3, OC, and PTG had no statistically significant difference when analyzed based on canal transportation and canal centering ratio. However, there was a significant difference among the three groups comparing the removal of dentin. PS3 and OC rotary file showed less removal of dentin compared to PTG.

Aim: To review the continuous and reciprocating file motions in endodontics Back Ground: The first endodontic file was crafted in the mid 1800’s. Thiis was basically a rudimentary k-file. K-files are, to these days. The most commonly used hand files in clinical practice. Automated instrumentation of the root canal was an early objective of clinical endodontics. Around 1992-1993, the first rotary NiTi instrument was introduced. These rotary NiTi instruments have undergone various modifications over the years to make them more effective and also to enhance their performance. But this system is not without drawbacks. Rotary files were always used in continuous motion. In order to overcome these drawbacks, reciprocation was introduced. This led to increase in the working life of these instruments. This study aims at reviewing both continuous and reciprocating file motion. Reason: This review will give an idea about the advantages and disadvantages of both continuous and reciprocating file motion, thus helping to decide which offers the better treatment outcome.

Invagination of undifferentiated periodontal cells from apical region in immature teeth is called as revascularization. Main goal of endodontic treatment is to eliminate micro organisms from root canal. They cannot be eliminated only irrigation or by chemicomechanical instrumentation. It can be eliminated by advocating anti bacterial intra canal medicament dressing. There are various types of intra canal medicaments in order to eliminate bacteria multiplication and colonisation in the canal. Apex closure, continuing root formation and dentinal wall thickness, resolving periapical periodontitis are the main goal of this treatment. Canal disinfection cannot be achieved by single anti biotic, therefore combination of antibiotics are used to disinfect the canal. Combination of antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, and minocycline are referred to as triple antibiotic paste (TAP). Disadvantages of triple antibiotic paste include tooth discolouration and allergic reaction.

Pulp canal obliteration occurs commonly following traumatic injuries to teeth. Dental trauma to the permanent dentition can lead to clinical complications and its management may considerably challenge a practitioner. One such complication is Calcific Metamorphosis (CM) which can complicate entry in to the root canal system in the future due to difficulty in accessing the canal. It is the Calcific deposits of the pulp chamber that causes the darker hue, translucency loss and the yellowish appearance of the tooth's crown. Locating the canal and negotiating it to full working length may lead to iatrogenic errors such as fractured instrument and perforation. It is characterised by the deposition of hard tissue within the root canal space and a yellow discolouration of the crown. The affected teeth do not always react to sensibility tests for some time. Teeth undergoing pulpal obliteration are generally asymptomatic. The negotiation of small calcified canals is challenging.