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1. In situ, broadband measurement of the radio frequency attenuation length at Summit Station, Greenland

Author

J. A. Aguilar, P. Allison, J. J. Beatty, D. Besson, A. Bishop, O. Botner, S. Bouma, S. Buitink, M. Cataldo, B. A. Clark, Z. Curtis-Ginsberg, A. Connolly, P. Dasgupta, S. de Kockere, K. D. de Vries, C. Deaconu, M. A. DuVernois, C. Glaser, A. Hallgren, S. Hallmann, J. C. Hanson, B. Hendricks, C. Hornhuber, K. Hughes, A. Karle, J. L. Kelley, I. Kravchenko, R. Krebs, R. Lahmann, U. Latif, J. Mammo, Z. S. Meyers, K. Michaels, K. Mulrey, A. Nelles, A. Novikov, A. Nozdrina, E. Oberla, B. Oeyen, Y. Pan, H. Pandya, I. Plaisier, N. Punsuebsay, L. Pyras, D. Ryckbosch, O. Scholten, D. Seckel, M. F. H. Seikh, D. Smith, D. Southall, J. Torres, S. Toscano, D. Tosi, D. J. Van Den Broeck, N. van Eijndhoven, A. G. Vieregg, C. Welling, D. R. Williams, S. Wissel, R. Young, and A. Zink

Subjects
Ground-penetrating radar, ice physics, ice thickness measurements, radio-echo sounding, Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract

Over the last 25 years, radiowave detection of neutrino-generated signals, using cold polar ice as the neutrino target, has emerged as perhaps the most promising technique for detection of extragalactic ultra-high energy neutrinos (corresponding to neutrino energies in excess of 0.01 Joules, or 1017 electron volts). During the summer of 2021 and in tandem with the initial deployment of the Radio Neutrino Observatory in Greenland (RNO-G), we conducted radioglaciological measurements at Summit Station, Greenland to refine our understanding of the ice target. We report the result of one such measurement, the radio-frequency electric field attenuation length $L_\alpha$. We find an approximately linear dependence of $L_\alpha$ on frequency with the best fit of the average field attenuation for the upper 1500 m of ice: $\langle L_\alpha \rangle = ( ( 1154 \pm 121) - ( 0.81 \pm 0.14) \, ( \nu /{\rm MHz}) ) \,{\rm m}$ for frequencies ν ∈ [145 − 350] MHz.

Published
2022
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2. Reconstructing the neutrino energy for in-ice radio detectors

Author

J. A. Aguilar, P. Allison, J. J. Beatty, H. Bernhoff, D. Besson, N. Bingefors, O. Botner, S. Bouma, S. Buitink, K. Carter, M. Cataldo, B. A. Clark, Z. Curtis-Ginsberg, A. Connolly, P. Dasgupta, S. de Kockere, K. D. de Vries, C. Deaconu, M. A. DuVernois, C. Glaser, A. Hallgren, S. Hallmann, J. C. Hanson, B. Hendricks, B. Hokanson-Fasig, C. Hornhuber, K. Hughes, A. Karle, J. L. Kelley, S. R. Klein, R. Krebs, R. Lahmann, U. Latif, T. Meures, Z. S. Meyers, K. Mulrey, A. Nelles, A. Novikov, E. Oberla, B. Oeyen, H. Pandya, I. Plaisier, L. Pyras, D. Ryckbosch, O. Scholten, D. Seckel, D. Smith, D. Southall, J. Torres, S. Toscano, D. Tosi, D. J. Van Den Broeck, N. van Eijndhoven, A. G. Vieregg, C. Welling, S. Wissel, R. Young, and A. Zink

Subjects
Astrophysics, QB460-466, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Abstract Since summer 2021, the Radio Neutrino Observatory in Greenland (RNO-G) is searching for astrophysical neutrinos at energies $${>10}$$ > 10 PeV by detecting the radio emission from particle showers in the ice around Summit Station, Greenland. We present an extensive simulation study that shows how RNO-G will be able to measure the energy of such particle cascades, which will in turn be used to estimate the energy of the incoming neutrino that caused them. The location of the neutrino interaction is determined using the differences in arrival times between channels and the electric field of the radio signal is reconstructed using a novel approach based on Information Field Theory. Based on these properties, the shower energy can be estimated. We show that this method can achieve an uncertainty of 13% on the logarithm of the shower energy after modest quality cuts and estimate how this can constrain the energy of the neutrino. The method presented in this paper is applicable to all similar radio neutrino detectors, such as the proposed radio array of IceCube-Gen2.

Published
2022
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3. Triboelectric backgrounds to radio-based polar ultra-high energy neutrino (UHEN) experiments

Author

J.A. Aguilar, A. Anker, P. Allison, S. Archambault, P. Baldi, S.W. Barwick, J.J. Beatty, J. Beise, D. Besson, A. Bishop, E. Bondarev, O. Botner, S. Bouma, S. Buitink, M. Cataldo, C.C. Chen, C.H. Chen, P. Chen, Y.C. Chen, T. Choi, B.A. Clark, W. Clay, Z. Curtis-Ginsberg, A. Connolly, L. Cremonesi, P. Dasgupta, J. Davies, S. de Kockere, K.D. de Vries, C. Deaconu, M.A. DuVernois, J. Flaherty, E. Friedman, R. Gaior, G. Gaswint, C. Glaser, A. Hallgren, S. Hallmann, Y.-B. Ham, J.C. Hanson, N. Harty, B. Hendricks, K.D. Hoffman, E. Hong, C. Hornhuber, S.Y. Hsu, L. Hu, J.J. Huang, M.-H. Huang, K. Hughes, A. Ishihara, G. Jee, J. Jung, A. Karle, J.L. Kelley, S.R. Klein, S.A. Kleinfelder, J. Kim, K.-C. Kim, M.-C. Kim, I. Kravchenko, R. Krebs, Y. Ku, C.Y. Kuo, K. Kurusu, Hyuck-Jin Kwon, R. Lahmann, H. Landsman, U. Latif, C. Lee, C.-H. Leung, C.-J. Li, J. Liu, T.-C. Liu, M.-Y. Lu, K. Madison, J. Mammo, K. Mase, S. McAleer, T. Meures, Z.S. Meyers, K. Michaels, M. Mikhailova, K. Mulrey, J. Nam, R.J. Nichol, G. Nir, A. Nelles, A. Novikov, A. Nozdrina, E. Oberla, B. Oeyen, J. Osborn, Y. Pan, H. Pandya, M.P. Paul, C. Persichilli, C. Pfendner, I. Plaisier, N. Punsuebsay, L. Pyras, R. Rice-Smith, J. Roth, D. Ryckbosch, O. Scholten, D. Seckel, M.F.H. Seikh, Y.-S. Shiao, B.-K. Shin, A. Shultz, D. Smith, D. Southall, J. Tatar, J. Torres, S. Toscano, D. Tosi, J. Touart, D.J. Van Den Broeck, N. van Eijndhoven, G.S. Varner, A.G. Vieregg, M.-Z. Wang, S.-H. Wang, Y.H. Wang, C. Welling, D.R. Williams, S. Wissel, C. Xie, S. Yoshida, R. Young, L. Zhao, and A. Zink

Subjects
Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics
Abstract

Contains fulltext : 287339.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access)

Published
2023

4. Erratum: Design and sensitivity of the Radio Neutrino Observatory in Greenland (RNO-G)

Author

J.A. Aguilar, P. Allison, J.J. Beatty, H. Bernhoff, D. Besson, N. Bingefors, O. Botner, S. Buitink, K. Carter, B.A. Clark, A. Connolly, P. Dasgupta, S. de Kockere, K.D. de Vries, C. Deaconu, M.A. DuVernois, N. Feigl, D. García-Fernández, C. Glaser, A. Hallgren, S. Hallmann, J.C. Hanson, B. Hendricks, B. Hokanson-Fasig, C. Hornhuber, K. Hughes, A. Karle, J.L. Kelley, S.R. Klein, R. Krebs, R. Lahmann, M. Magnuson, T. Meures, Z.S. Meyers, A. Nelles, A. Novikov, E. Oberla, B. Oeyen, H. Pandya, I. Plaisier, L. Pyras, D. Ryckbosch, O. Scholten, D. Seckel, D. Smith, D. Southall, J. Torres, S. Toscano, D.J. Van Den Broeck, N. van Eijndhoven, A.G. Vieregg, C. Welling, S. Wissel, R. Young, and A. Zink

Subjects
Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Published
2023
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5. A Template-based UHE Neutrino Search Strategy for the Askaryan Radio Array (ARA)

Author

A. Ishihara, Y. Pan, Y. S. Shiao, Chun Hsiung Chen, J. Roth, C. Xie, P. Dasgupta, Yi Chen, M.-Y. Lu, M. Z. Wang, S. Y. Hsu, R. J. Nichol, N. van Eijndhoven, Myoungchul Kim, Eric Oberla, R. Gaior, R. D. Young, N. Harty, A. Karle, A. Nozdrina, Cosmin Deaconu, Amy Connolly, L. Cremonesi, Jorge Torres, Patrick Allison, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, K. Hughes, Abigail G. Vieregg, James C. Osborn, C.Y. Kuo, Jiwoo Nam, D. Seckel, B. Madison, A. Shultz, B. Hendricks, S. Yoshida, J. C. Hanson, S. H. Wang, A. Laundrie, Stephanie Wissel, K.-C. Kim, Thomas Meures, E. Friedman, M. Beydler, J. J. Huang, I. Kravchenko, N. Punsuebsay, Alexander Novikov, Y.H. Wang, Carl Pfendner, J. Touart, Kael Hanson, K. D. Hoffman, J. J. Beatty, Brian Clark, M. Beheler-Amass, J. L. Kelley, J. Davies, P. Sandstrom, D. Z. Besson, K. Mase, S. De Kockere, Simona Toscano, S. Archambault, E. Hong, U. Latif, K. Kurusu, Po-Hsun Chen, G. Nir, R. Krebs, H. Landsman, A. O'Murchadha, K. D. de Vries, J. Flaherty, W. Clay, David J. Smith, Tsung-Che Liu, G. S. Varner, Y. Ku, R. Khandelwal, Michael DuVernois, and M.-H. A. Huang

Subjects
Physics, Astronomy, Template based, Neutrino
Published
2021
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6. Implementing a Low-Threshold Analysis with the Askaryan Radio Array (ARA)

Author

Patrick Allison, K. D. de Vries, C.Y. Kuo, C. Xie, Alexander Novikov, Michael DuVernois, Eric Oberla, R. Gaior, K. Hughes, A. Karle, A. Nozdrina, M.-C. Kim, J. Davies, I. Kravchenko, J. Touart, Brian Clark, U. Latif, J. Flaherty, Thomas Meures, M.-Y. Lu, N. Harty, W. Clay, J. L. Kelley, M.-H. A. Huang, H. Landsman, A. Shultz, S. Archambault, M. Beydler, J. Roth, Stephanie Wissel, A. O'Murchadha, B. Hendricks, R. J. Nichol, N. Punsuebsay, Simona Toscano, S. Y. Hsu, K. Mase, E. Hong, Chun Hsiung Chen, S. De Kockere, Abigail G. Vieregg, Po-Hsun Chen, L. Cremonesi, A. Ishihara, J. J. Huang, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, G. Nir, M. Beheler-Amass, D. Z. Besson, K. Kurusu, P. Dasgupta, D. Seckel, Cosmin Deaconu, M. Z. Wang, R. Krebs, Y.H. Wang, J. C. Hanson, James C. Osborn, B. Madison, Y. Pan, Jiwoo Nam, Jorge Torres, P. Sandstrom, Yi Chen, A. Laundrie, E. Friedman, J. J. Beatty, K. D. Hoffman, Kael Hanson, N. van Eijndhoven, S. Yoshida, S. H. Wang, K.-C. Kim, Y. S. Shiao, Y. Ku, David J. Smith, Tsung-Che Liu, Amy Connolly, Carl Pfendner, R. D. Young, G. S. Varner, and R. Khandelwal

Subjects
Physics, Early results, Phased array, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Acoustics, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Neutrino, Energy (signal processing), Noise (radio)
Abstract

The Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) is a ground-based radio detector at the South Pole designed to capture Askaryan emission from ultra-high energy neutrinos interacting within the Antarctic ice. The newest ARA station has been equipped with a phased array trigger, in which radio signals in multiple antennas are summed in predetermined directions prior to the trigger. In this way, impulsive signals add coherently, while noise likely does not, allowing the trigger threshold to be lower than a traditional ARA station. Early results on just a fraction of available data from this new system prove the feasibility of a low-threshold analysis.

Published
2021
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7. The Calibration of the Geometry and Antenna Delay in Askaryan Radio Array Station 4 and 5

Author

A. O'Murchadha, S. Yoshida, P. Dasgupta, K. Hughes, P. Sandstrom, I. Kravchenko, U. Latif, M. Beheler-Amass, J. Touart, Y.H. Wang, J. Flaherty, M.-H. A. Huang, C. Xie, Kael Hanson, David J. Smith, M. A. Huang, Y. S. Shiao, G. S. Varner, R. D. Young, Y. Pan, Tsung-Che Liu, W. Clay, J. Roth, R. Krebs, A. Ishihara, Eric Oberla, S. De Kockere, A. Karle, S. Y. Hsu, D. Z. Besson, N. Punsuebsay, K. D. de Vries, R. J. Nichol, H. Landsman, Patrick Allison, James C. Osborn, N. van Eijndhoven, M. Z. Wang, Po-Hsun Chen, Brian Clark, B. Madison, Michael DuVernois, G. Nir, Paramita Dasgupta, C.Y. Kuo, S. Archambault, Jorge Torres, A. Nozdrina, Cosmin Deaconu, Chun Hsiung Chen, Abigail G. Vieregg, K. Mase, E. Hong, R. Gaior, Y. Ku, Jiwoo Nam, A. Shultz, Thomas Meures, R. Khandelwal, D. Seckel, Stephanie Wissel, Yi Chen, K. Kurusu, M Beheler Amass, J. J. Beatty, N. Harty, J. L. Kelley, Simona Toscano, Amy Connolly, Carl Pfendner, S. H. Wang, K.-C. Kim, J. C. Hanson, B. Hendricks, K. D. Hoffman, A. Laundrie, E. Friedman, J. J. Huang, L. Cremonesi, M. Beydler, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, M.-Y. Lu, Alexander Novikov, M.-C. Kim, and J. Davies

Subjects
Physics, Calibration (statistics), Acoustics, Antenna (radio)
Published
2021
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8. A neural network based UHE neutrino reconstruction method for the Askaryan Radio Array (ARA)

Author

Thomas Meures, P. Dasgupta, R. Krebs, R. D. Young, J. Flaherty, Y. S. Shiao, A. Ishihara, K. Mase, M. Beydler, Jiwoo Nam, J. Roth, W. Clay, I. Kravchenko, M.-H. A. Huang, S. Y. Hsu, M.-Y. Lu, J. L. Kelley, E. Hong, K. Kurusu, U. Latif, J. Touart, Simona Toscano, Patrick Allison, K. D. de Vries, R. Khandelwal, R. J. Nichol, A. Laundrie, E. Friedman, R. Gaior, C.Y. Kuo, L. Cremonesi, P. Sandstrom, Po-Hsun Chen, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, Cosmin Deaconu, G. Nir, Y.H. Wang, D. Z. Besson, N. Harty, Amy Connolly, Chun Hsiung Chen, Alexander Novikov, N. Punsuebsay, Brian Clark, A. O'Murchadha, M.-C. Kim, J. Davies, Carl Pfendner, G. S. Varner, Y. Ku, S. H. Wang, B. Hendricks, K.-C. Kim, Yue Pan, H. Landsman, M. Z. Wang, C. Xie, J. J. Huang, Michael DuVernois, David J. Smith, A. Shultz, Tsung-Che Liu, K. Hughes, James C. Osborn, M. Beheler-Amass, Stephanie Wissel, Jorge Torres, B. Madison, Eric Oberla, A. Karle, Abigail G. Vieregg, D. Seckel, S. Archambault, A. Nozdrina, S. De Kockere, Y. Pan, K. D. Hoffman, Kael Hanson, Yi Chen, S. Yoshida, N. van Eijndhoven, J. C. Hanson, and J. J. Beatty

Subjects
Physics, Vertex (graph theory), Interferometry, Particle physics, Amplitude, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Filter (signal processing), Neutrino, Event (particle physics), Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

The Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) is an ultra-high energy (UHE) neutrino ($E_{\nu}$ > $10^{17}$ eV) detector at South Pole. ARA aims to utilize radio signals detected from UHE neutrino interactions in the glacial ice to infer properties about the interaction vertex as well as the incident neutrino. To retrieve these properties from experiment data, the first step is to extract timing, amplitude and frequency information from waveforms of different antennas buried in the deep ice. These features can then be utilized in a neural network to reconstruct the neutrino interaction vertex position, incoming neutrino direction and shower energy. So far, vertex can be reconstructed through interferometry while neutrino reconstruction is still under investigation. Here I will present a solution based on multi-task deep neural networks which can perform reconstruction of both vertex and incoming neutrinos with a reasonable precision. After training, this solution is capable of rapid reconstructions (e.g. 0.1 ms/event compared to 10000 ms/event in a conventional routine) useful for trigger and filter decisions, and can be easily generalized to different station configurations for both design and analysis purposes.

Published
2021
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9. Modeling in-ice radio propagation with parabolic equation methods

Author

J. J. Beatty, Patrick Allison, Rose S Stanley, Thomas Meures, Jiwoo Nam, D. Van den Broeck, Cade Sbrocco, D. Z. Besson, C. Hast, Paramita Dasgupta, Radar Echo Telescope, Simona Toscano, Katie Mulrey, U. Latif, S. Prohira, Vesna Lukic, S. De Kockere, Chung-Yun Kuo, Amy Connolly, John Ralston, A. Nozdrina, Jorge Torres, Dylan Frikken, N. van Eijndhoven, Stephanie Wissel, Cosmin Deaconu, K. D. de Vries, E. Huesca Santiago, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Physics, and Elementary Particle Physics

Subjects
Physics, Current (mathematics), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Finite-difference time-domain method, FOS: Physical sciences, Généralités, Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph), 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Computational physics, Telescope, Radio propagation, Neutrino detector, law, physics.comp-ph, 0103 physical sciences, Sensitivity (control systems), Radar, 010306 general physics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Physics - Computational Physics, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, astro-ph.IM
Abstract

We investigate the use of parabolic equation (PE) methods for solving radio-wave propagation in polar ice. PE methods provide an approximate solution to Maxwell's equations, in contrast to full-field solutions such as finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) methods, yet provide a more complete model of propagation than simple geometric ray-tracing (RT) methods that are the current state of the art for simulating in-ice radio detection of neutrino-induced cascades. PEs are more computationally efficient than FDTD methods, and more flexible than RT methods, allowing for the inclusion of diffractive effects and modeling of propagation in regions that cannot be modeled with geometric methods. We present a new PE approximation suited to the in-ice case. We conclude that current ray-tracing methods may be too simplistic in their treatment of ice properties, and their continued use could overestimate experimental sensitivity for in-ice neutrino detection experiments. We discuss the implications for current in-ice Askaryan-type detectors and for the upcoming Radar Echo Telescope, two families of experiments for which these results are most relevant. We suggest that PE methods be investigated further for in-ice radio applications., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2021

10. Design and Sensitivity of the Radio Neutrino Observatory in Greenland (RNO-G)

Author

J. J. Beatty, Hans Bernhoff, Robert Lahmann, C. Hornhuber, Christian Glaser, Daniel P. Smith, Lilly Pyras, J. L. Kelley, Alexander Novikov, M. A. DuVernois, Brian Hendricks, Stijn Buitink, Cosmin Deaconu, Ilse Plaisier, Mitchell Magnuson, Albrecht Karle, Eric Oberla, K. D. de Vries, Steffen Hallmann, Paramita Dasgupta, Brian Clark, Adrian Zink, N. van Eijndhoven, H. Pandya, Dirk Ryckbosch, P. Allison, S. Toscano, Olga Botner, Daniel Southall, Abigail G. Vieregg, D. Van den Broeck, Jorge Torres, Zachary S. Meyers, C. Welling, Daniel García-Fernández, Katie Carter, Anna Nelles, Ryan Krebs, N. Bingefors, Olaf Scholten, A. Connolly, D. Seckel, S. De Kockere, Robert Young, N. Feigl, Allan Hallgren, J. C. Hanson, Stephanie Wissel, T. Meures, Kaeli Hughes, Bob Oeyen, Ben Hokanson-Fasig, David Zeke Besson, Juanan Aguilar, Spencer Klein, Physics, Elementary Particle Physics, and Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences

Subjects
Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, ice, FOS: Physical sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Askaryan effect, 03 medical and health sciences, neutrino, 0302 clinical medicine, Observatory, 0103 physical sciences, hardware, Neutrino detectors, 14. Life underwater, Sensitivity (control systems), ddc:610, Instrumentation, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Mathematical Physics, Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), astro-ph.HE, Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, sensitivity, cascade, observatory, detector [radio wave], Physics and Astronomy, Neutrino detector, Physique des particules élémentaires, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, astro-ph.IM
Abstract

This article presents the design of the Radio Neutrino Observatory Greenland (RNO-G) and discusses its scientific prospects. Using an array of radio sensors, RNO-G seeks to measure neutrinos above 10 PeV by exploiting the Askaryan effect in neutrino-induced cascades in ice. We discuss the experimental considerations that drive the design of RNO-G, present first measurements of the hardware that is to be deployed and discuss the projected sensitivity of the instrument. RNO-G will be the first production-scale radio detector for in-ice neutrino signals., Comment: 51 pages, 27 figures, version updated to include corrected figure of effective areas

Published
2021
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11. The Radar Echo Telescope for Cosmic Rays: Pathfinder experiment for a next-generation neutrino observatory

Author

U. Latif, K. D. de Vries, Patrick Allison, John Ralston, A. Nozdrina, C. Hast, Jorge Torres, S. Prohira, Amy Connolly, E. Huesca Santiago, Vesna Lukic, S. De Kockere, N. van Eijndhoven, Cosmin Deaconu, Jiwoo Nam, Chung-Yun Kuo, D. Van den Broeck, Dylan Frikken, Cade Sbrocco, J. J. Beatty, Stephanie Wissel, Katie Mulrey, Rose S Stanley, Thomas Meures, Paramita Dasgupta, Eric Oberla, Simona Toscano, D. Z. Besson, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Physics, and Elementary Particle Physics

Subjects
Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Telescope, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Observatory, law, 0103 physical sciences, Radar, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), astro-ph.HE, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, hep-ex, Echo (computing), Pathfinder, 13. Climate action, Neutrino, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, astro-ph.IM
Abstract

The Radar Echo Telescope for Cosmic Rays (RET-CR) is a recently initiated experiment designed to detect the englacial cascade of a cosmic-ray initiated air shower via in-ice radar, toward the goal of a full-scale, next-generation experiment to detect ultra high energy neutrinos in polar ice. For cosmic rays with a primary energy greater than 10 PeV, roughly 10% of an air-shower's energy reaches the surface of a high elevation ice-sheet ($\gtrsim$2 km) concentrated into a radius of roughly 10 cm. This penetrating shower core creates an in-ice cascade many orders of magnitude more dense than the preceding in-air cascade. This dense cascade can be detected via the radar echo technique, where transmitted radio is reflected from the ionization deposit left in the wake of the cascade. RET-CR will test the radar echo method in nature, with the in-ice cascade of a cosmic-ray initiated air-shower serving as a test beam. We present the projected event rate and sensitivity based upon a three part simulation using CORSIKA, GEANT4, and RadioScatter. RET-CR expects $\sim$1 radar echo event per day.

Published
2021
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12. Constraints on the Diffuse Flux of Ultra-High Energy Neutrinos from Four Years of Askaryan Radio Array Data in Two Stations

Author

H. Landsman, R. Gaior, Michael DuVernois, K. D. de Vries, I. Kravchenko, A. Laundrie, E. Hong, E. Friedman, J. Touart, K. Mase, Brian Clark, P. Sandstrom, U. Latif, L. Hu, K. Kurusu, A. Shultz, Amy Connolly, C. C. Chen, A. Nozdrina, R. Young, Po-Hsun Chen, Thomas Meures, R. Khandelwal, D. Z. Besson, S. Archambault, G. Nir, David J. Smith, J. C. Hanson, Tsung-Che Liu, C.-J. Li, Stephanie Wissel, S. Yoshida, J. J. Huang, M.-H. A. Huang, S. H. Wang, G. S. Varner, J. Roth, K.-C. Kim, James C. Osborn, B. Madison, A. Ishihara, W. Clay, J. Nam, Y. S. Shiao, S. Y. Hsu, Kael Hanson, Kara Hoffman, S. De Kockere, N. van Eijndhoven, Patrick Allison, Chun Hsiung Chen, Aongus O'Murchadha, Abigail G. Vieregg, R. J. Nichol, D. Seckel, J. L. Kelley, M. Beheler-Amass, Y. Pan, Cosmin Deaconu, J. J. Beatty, Eric Oberla, A. Karle, K. Hughes, M.-Y. Lu, M. Beydler, L. Cremonesi, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, C. Pfendner, Alexander Novikov, M.-C. Kim, J. Davies, M. Z. Wang, Jorge Torres, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Physics, and Elementary Particle Physics

Subjects
Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), astro-ph.HE, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Flux, FOS: Physical sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, Neutrino detector, 0103 physical sciences, Diffuse flux, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Ultrahigh energy, Neutrino, 010306 general physics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Radio wave, astro-ph.IM
Abstract

The Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) is an ultra-high energy (UHE, $>10^{17}$ eV) neutrino detector designed to observe neutrinos by searching for the radio waves emitted by the relativistic products of neutrino-nucleon interactions in Antarctic ice. In this paper, we present constraints on the diffuse flux of ultra-high energy neutrinos between $10^{16}-10^{21}$ eV resulting from a search for neutrinos in two complementary analyses, both analyzing four years of data (2013-2016) from the two deep stations (A2, A3) operating at that time. We place a 90 % CL upper limit on the diffuse all flavor neutrino flux at $10^{18}$ eV of $EF(E)=5.6\times10^{-16}$ $\textrm{cm}^{-2}$$\textrm{s}^{-1}$$\textrm{sr}^{-1}$. This analysis includes four times the exposure of the previous ARA result, and represents approximately 1/5 the exposure expected from operating ARA until the end of 2022., 12 pages, 7 figures; Accepted to PRD

Published
2020

13. IceCube-Gen2: The Window to the Extreme Universe

Author

J. Kim, A. Gartner, A. Obertacke Pollmann, B. Hoffmann, J. L. Kelley, Markus Ahlers, Jenni Adams, Akimichi Taketa, D. van Eijk, Daniel Bindig, G. H. Collin, T. C. Arlen, Robert Lahmann, J. J. Beatty, Tianlu Yuan, U. Nauman, Azadeh Keivani, Y. L. Li, Karl J. Clark, T. Kintscher, M. Song, T. L. Carver, Paras Koundal, Michael Kovacevich, Christian Glaser, Frederik Hermann Lauber, T. Huege, Erik Ganster, Benedikt Riedel, D. Seckel, Anna Nelles, R. G. Stokstad, F. McNally, R. Maunu, M. Prado Rodriguez, Kayla Leonard, N. Kurahashi, James E. Braun, Amy Connolly, Samvel Ter-Antonyan, A. Terliuk, Justin Lanfranchi, Pranav Dave, Jannis Necker, C. Wendt, S. Wren, A. Sharma, Sukeerthi Dharani, David Vannerom, M. H. Shaevitz, Alexander Trettin, Reina H. Maruyama, Francis Halzen, J. Merz, K. Krings, Rasha Abbasi, Ben Smithers, Qinrui Liu, M. J. Larson, T. Anderson, Summer Blot, G. de Wasseige, I. Ansseau, D. Hebecker, Jorge Torres, Killian Holzapfel, Martina Karl, C. J. Lozano Mariscal, John Hardin, Jean Pierre Twagirayezu, Daniel García-Fernández, T. Stezelberger, S. Mandalia, E. O'Sullivan, R. Hoffmann, M. Plum, Juliana Stachurska, H. Dembinski, C. Pérez de los Heros, S. Márka, G. WSullivan, A. Haungs, Paul Coppin, Z. Griffith, J. C. Gallagher, Saskia Philippen, Federica Bradascio, Jochen M. Schneider, Srubabati Goswami, Andrea Turcati, Wing Yan Ma, Nahee Park, Y. Makino, Sarah Mancina, C. Walck, M. Kauer, Suyong Choi, Anna Franckowiak, Tobias Hoinka, Chad Finley, David Kappesser, T. Gregoire, Ella Roberts, J. van Santen, S. De Ridder, Jan Weldert, Chunfai Tung, F. Jonske, Ken'ichi Kin, L. Halve, Philipp Eller, K. Hultqvist, N. L. Strotjohann, H. Dujmovic, Vedant Basu, M. A. Unland Elorrieta, Alex Pizzuto, K. D. de Vries, I. CMariş, Gerrit Wrede, R. Gernhaeuser, Thomas Huber, Matti Jansson, Thomas K. Gaisser, M. Richman, Christoph Tönnis, James DeLaunay, Gary Binder, K.-H. Becker, Ek Narayan Paudel, Allan Hallgren, U. Latif, Hiroyuki Tanaka, I. Safa, Steve Sclafani, J. Kiryluk, K. Andeen, P. B. Price, H. Schieler, Kirill Filimonov, Segev BenZvi, Alexander Fritz, D. Z. Besson, Darren Grant, Marjon Moulai, Yiqian Xu, Felix Henningsen, S. Robertson, Aswathi Balagopal, Francesco Lucarelli, Pisin Chen, Matt Dunkman, Merlin Schaufel, Patrick Allison, Spencer Klein, Cosmin Deaconu, Tim Ruhe, A. Ludwig, George Japaridze, Javier Gonzalez, C. B. Krauss, Roxanne Turcotte, T. O. B. Schmidt, Simona Toscano, Roger Moore, P. Heix, R. S. Busse, Chujie Chen, Pablo Correa, L. Gerhard, S. De Kockere, J. Felde, Surujhdeo Seunarine, R. Snihur, J. Buscher, D. Rysewyk Cantu, A. Weindl, R. Hellauer, Giorgio Maggi, H. Niederhausen, Mauricio Bustamante, D. Southall, Julia Böttcher, J. Bourbeau, Lenka Tomankova, Maryon Ahrens, A. Burgman, Christopher Wiebusch, Darko Veberič, Juanan Aguilar, T. R. Wood, Christian Spiering, Frederik Tenholt, R. Nagai, L. Schumacher, C. De Clercq, Benjamin Hokanson-Fasig, L. V. Nguyen, C. Lagunas Gualda, K. Hughes, Kara Hoffman, C. Alispach, J. M. LoSecco, Joshua Hignight, K. Helbing, Timo Sturwald, Xinyue Kang, Richard Naab, Kunal Deoskar, Janet Conrad, Zackary Meyers, K. Meagher, Mehmet Gunduz, Agnieszka Leszczyńska, R. C. Bay, David A. Williams, Kurt Woschnagg, M. Zöcklein, M. Silva, Claudio Kopper, Eric Oberla, Ramesh Koirala, E. Cheung, Thomas Stuttard, Martin Rongen, Najia Moureen Binte Amin, R. Cross, Paul Evenson, A. Karle, Sebastian Böser, Seongjin In, Johannes Werthebach, J. P. Lazar, Markus Ackermann, Austin Schneider, Yang Lyu, Justin Vandenbroucke, Juan Carlos Diaz-Velez, Beverley A. Clark, Timo Karg, Sarah Pieper, Hershal Pandya, Wolfgang Rhode, Zhedong Zhang, P. Schlunder, A. Ishihara, Elisa Resconi, Subir Sarkar, William Luszczak, Clara E. Hill, Ava Ghadimi, Alessio Porcelli, Alan Coleman, J. Auffenberg, Grant Parker, Robert Stein, Dirk Ryckbosch, Benjamin Bastian, Anastasia Maria Barbano, Abhishek Desai, T. Kittler, J. Nam, P. Mallik, E. Blaufuss, S. Zierke, T. Stanev, M. Bohmer, Stephan Meighen-Berger, Simone Garrappa, P. Muth, Dmitry Chirkin, M. E. Huber, Marcos Santander, Christoph Raab, Nadège Iovine, J. Becker Tjus, L. Classen, Colin Turley, S. C. Nowicki, K. Farrag, M. Kleifges, O. Kalekin, A. Olivas, Alexander Kappes, D. Berley, G. C. Hill, Abigail G. Vieregg, Frank G. Schröder, D. Heinen, Erin Carnie-Bronca, N. Kulacz, D. Tosi, J. C. Hanson, Bunheng Ty, Ralph Engel, Moritz Kellermann, Gisela Anton, Elisa Lohfink, Elisa Bernardini, Damian Pieloth, Ali Kheirandish, Jan Soedingrekso, Giovanni Renzi, Michael DuVernois, Jannes Brostean-Kaiser, K. Wiebe, S. Fahey, A. R. Fazely, Tyce DeYoung, J. Lünemann, Thomas Ehrhardt, Nathan Whitehorn, Immacolata Carmen Rea, M. U. Nisa, Aaron Fienberg, Gerald Przybylski, G. Krückl, L. Papp, Amirreza Raissi, L. Köpke, Chris Weaver, R. Halliday, Alejandro Diaz, Stephanie Bron, S. Söldner-Rembold, James Pinfold, Ryan Burley, M. Riegel, H. Bagherpour, Stephanie Wissel, Olga Botner, Y. Pan, A. Steuer, S. Tilav, D. Kang, M. deWith, V. Baum, J. P. Yanez, I. Taboada, Stephen L. Hauser, Raamis Hussain, Michael O. Wolf, M. Stamatikos, John Evans, Shefali Shefali, Christoph Welling, Abdul Rehman, Carsten Rott, K. Tollefson, A. Goldschmidt, Y. Popovych, Troels Petersen, S. E. Sanchez Herrera, Simeon Reusch, S. Hickford, Xianwu Xu, J. Sandroos, C. Bohm, R. Joppe, Spencer Axani, Sebastian Baur, Carlos Arguelles, Jessie Micallef, Teppei Katori, K. Rawlins, James Madsen, Lu Lu, M. G. Aartsen, T. Glüsenkamp, M. Meier, Michael Campana, P. Sandstrom, Kendall Mahn, B. J. P. Jones, K. Hoshina, Glenn Spiczak, Andres Medina, G. Momenté, D. Mockler, M. Rameez, D. F. Cowen, Daria Pankova, E. Friedman, R. Morse, T. Montaruli, E. Unger, Maximilian Karl Scharf, P. Peiffer, J. Stettner, Gerrit Roellinghoff, Mirco Hunnefeld, Marie Oehler, Max Renschler, D. J. Koskinen, E. Bourbeau, Spencer Griswold, Maria Tselengidou, D. Soldin, Z. Márka, Minjin Jeong, L. Rauch, S. Yoshida, N. van Eijndhoven, C. Haack, Emily Dvorak, D. R. Nygren, Marek Kowalski, Kael Hanson, Paolo Desiati, J. Haugen, Lars Steffen Weinstock, Johan Wulff, Won Nam Kang, Timothyblake Watson, X. Bai, G. Neer, Konstancja Satalecka, Theo Glauch, U. Katz, Alexander Sandrock, Ilse Plaisier, K. Mase, D. B. Fox, Hermann Kolanoski, M. J. Weiss, Stef Verpoest, Imre Bartos, David J. Smith, S. Kopper, René Reimann, Leander Fischer, F. Huang, Matthias Vraeghe, Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vriendenkring VUB, and Elementary Particle Physics

Subjects
Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), astro-ph.HE, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Active galactic nucleus, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, High-energy astronomy, Gravitational wave, media_common.quotation_subject, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, 01 natural sciences, Universe, Neutron star, 0103 physical sciences, Neutrino, Neutrino astronomy, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, media_common
Abstract

The observation of electromagnetic radiation from radio to $\gamma$-ray wavelengths has provided a wealth of information about the universe. However, at PeV (10$^{15}$ eV) energies and above, most of the universe is impenetrable to photons. New messengers, namely cosmic neutrinos, are needed to explore the most extreme environments of the universe where black holes, neutron stars, and stellar explosions transform gravitational energy into non-thermal cosmic rays. The discovery of cosmic neutrinos with IceCube has opened this new window on the universe. In this white paper, we present an overview of a next-generation instrument, IceCube-Gen2, which will sharpen our understanding of the processes and environments that govern the universe at the highest energies. IceCube-Gen2 is designed to: 1) Resolve the high-energy neutrino sky from TeV to EeV energies; 2) Investigate cosmic particle acceleration through multi-messenger observations; 3) Reveal the sources and propagation of the highest energy particles in the universe; 4) Probe fundamental physics with high-energy neutrinos. IceCube-Gen2 will increase the annual rate of observed cosmic neutrinos by a factor of ten compared to IceCube, and will be able to detect sources five times fainter than its predecessor. Furthermore, through the addition of a radio array, IceCube-Gen2 will extend the energy range by several orders of magnitude compared to IceCube. Construction will take 8 years and cost about \$350M. The goal is to have IceCube-Gen2 fully operational by 2033. IceCube-Gen2 will play an essential role in shaping the new era of multi-messenger astronomy, fundamentally advancing our knowledge of the high-energy universe. This challenging mission can be fully addressed only in concert with the new survey instruments across the electromagnetic spectrum and gravitational wave detectors which will be available in the coming years., Comment: 56 pages, 29 figures

Published
2020
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