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Silica is a functional material with broad benefits, including as a catalyst. It is essential to substitute synthetic silica with natural silica to support green technology and economic development. The silica extraction process from bamboo leaf waste was carried out using an acid-base solution and a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) template structure to get mesoporous biosilica. This mesoporous biosilica was then applied as a biocatalyst for α-cellulose direct pyrolysis. Biosilica was characterized using various analyses including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Surface Area Analyzer (SAA), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), gravimetric methods, and applications to the cracking process using Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (Py-GCMS). The CTAB addition is divided into three variations, namely 0.05:1, 0.1:1, and 0.2:1. The data found that the highest yield was produced in the CTAB biosilica 0.2:1, and the silica content in the bamboo ash and CTAB biosilica sample was 60% and 90.5- 93.6%, respectively. The surface acidity of the biosilica ranged from 1.97 and 2.1 mmol/g. The essential groups in the biosilica formed are hydroxyl, silanol, and siloxane groups, with the morphology of the silica being observed to be irregular in shape, forming aggregates like coral. The surface area of biosilica with the ratio of 0.05:1, 0.1:1, and 0.2:1 was 177.068 m2 /g, 661.166 m2 /g, and 684.852 m2 /g, respectively, with a pore size distribution following the mesoporous class. The α-cellulose cracking using py-GCMS with a biosilica catalyst at CTAB variations of 0.05:1, 0.1:1, and 0.2:1 yielded a hydrocarbon content of 44.88%; 61.6%; and 30.4%.

Coconut shell, as a lignocellulosic material, has a great potential to be developed as a briquette for energy production. In this research, the aromatic briquette is obtained from a mixture of carbon and activated carbon from coconut shell waste using citronellal as an aromatic additive. A tremendous advantage can be gathered compared to the use of other briquettes. The methods used are carbonization and activation of coconut shell raw material followed by the production of briquette with carbon, activated carbon, adhesive, and aromatic addition. The activated carbon quality results meet all the requirements set by the Indonesian National Standard through a series of analysis procedures. Moreover, the briquette surface successfully adsorbs the citronellal aromatic group. The proximate analysis of briquette, consisting of moisture, ash content, volatile matter content, and fixed carbon, were 8-11%, 2-3%, 8-14.5, 82-87%, respectively. Meanwhile, the briquette's density, compressive strength, and calorific value were 0.7-0.8; 222-393 kg, and 6400- 6700 Kcal/kg. This green aromatic-functionalized briquette produced from a mixture of carbon and activated carbon offers an alternative energy source for a society that mainly gives an economic benefit

Due to its diverse applications in the adsorption process, the activated charcoal encourages the manufacturing technology to produce highquality products. In present study, an industrial-scale activated charcoal was prepared in activated charcoal manufacturing companies using coconut shells waste as raw material. The process of making activated charcoal begins with preparation, carbonization and activation of charcoal into activated charcoal using the addition of steam as an activator. The resulting activated charcoal products meet the quality requirements of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The best-activated charcoal product from PT Nui Hia Prima produces iodine adsorption reaching 876.2 mg/g with the surface area of 504.306 m2/g and a total pore volume of 0.298 cm3/g. After some treatment with steam addition, the best product resulting in iodine and methylene blue adsorption are 973.9 mg/g and 121.25 mg/g, respectively. The development of the activated charcoal products expected to adjust with a technology that is more capable of producing better quality activated charcoal.

Kelurahan Hamadi di Distrik Jayapura Selatan, didorong oleh Pemerintah Kota Jayapura untuk berkembang menjadi objek wisata karena di sana terdapat jembatan Kampung Nelayan Hamadi yang khas dan pasar kerajinan budaya Papua. Namun sebagai kampung nelayan, daerah ini sudah berkembang menjadi kawasan permukiman kumuh yang diperkirakan akan mempengaruhi minat pengunjung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kunjungan wisatawan ke Kampung Nelayan Hamadi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kombinasi antara analisis kuantitatif dan kualitatif serta analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor utama yang mempengaruhi minat pengunjung adalah sarana dan prasarana baru yang dibangun oleh pemerintah kota dan pemandangan alam Samudera Pasifik di lokasi studi sedangkan keberadaan kawasan permukiman kumuh tidak menyurutkan minat pengunjung untuk berekreasi dan berfoto di sana.

Indonesia memiliki keindahan alam yang tidak kalah jauh dengan negara-negara yang lain,maka dari itu trend saat ini adalah memanfaatkan potensi alam untuk menjadi salah satu basis dari pariwisata. Ekowisata merupakan perpaduan antara kepentingan industri dengan pencinta lingkungan, dengan harapan bertumbuhnya perekonomian dengan basis environment sustainability. Tapi kita harus hati-hati, apabila faktor ekonomi sudah bersinggungan dengan alam, maka yang akan muncul adalah sikap antroposentrism.Melalui potensi sumber daya alam dan lingkungan yang sangat beragam di Indonesia, harapannya akan menarik banyak wisatawan untuk datang , hal ini juga berdampak pada pengembangan perekonomian di daerah setempat.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi ekowisata yang dimiliki oleh Bendungan Karangkates yang dikelola oleh Perum Jasa Tirta 1, yang khususnya akan melihat dari aspek potensi wisata,potensi lingkungan dan potensi keberagaman hayati. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan analisis deskriptif, yang bertujuan untuk menggambarkan potensi ekowisata yang dimiliki dan menganalisa bagaimana pengelolaan ekowisata yang dimiliki oleh bendungan karangkates melalui perspektif stakeholders dan wisatawan.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui dan menganalisis pengaruh variabel pelatihan terhadap keterampilan pramusaji secara simultan, (2) mengetahui dan menganalisis pengaruh variabel pelatihan terhadap keterampilan pramusaji secara parsial, (3) mengetahui dan menganalisis variabel pelatihan yang paling berpengaruh terhadap keterampilan pramusaji. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah Explanatory dengan menggunakan kuisioner sebagai alat pengumpul data yang disebarkan kepada responden dengan sampel sebanyak 15 karyawan pramusaji. Teknik pengambilan sampelnya menggunakan Sampling Jenuh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel pelatihan yang terdiri dari Pelatih Pelatihan (X1), Peserta Pelatihan (X2), Materi Pelatihan (X3), Metode Pelatihan (X4), Tujuan dan Sasaran (X5) secara simultan dan parsial berpengaruh terhadap Keterampilan Pramusaji (Y). Variabel Materi Pelatihan (X3) memiliki pengaruh dominan terhadap keterampilan pramusaji (Y).

Magic state distillation is a resource intensive subroutine that consumes noisy input states to produce high-fidelity resource states that are used to perform logical operations in practical quantum-computing architectures. The resource cost of magic state distillation can be reduced by improving the fidelity of the raw input states. To this end, we propose an initialization protocol that offers a quadratic improvement in the error rate of the input magic states in architectures with biased noise. This is achieved by preparing an error-detecting code which detects the dominant errors that occur during state preparation. We obtain this advantage by exploiting the native gate operations of an underlying qubit architecture that experiences biases in its noise profile. We perform simulations to analyze the performance of our protocol with the XZZX surface code. Even at modest physical parameters with a two-qubit gate error rate of $0.7\%$ and total probability of dominant errors in the gate $O(10^3)$ larger compared to that of non-dominant errors, we find that our preparation scheme delivers magic states with logical error rate $O(10^{-8})$ after a single round of the standard 15-to-1 distillation protocol; two orders of magnitude lower than using conventional state preparation. Our approach therefore promises considerable savings in overheads with near-term technology.

The period of the COVID-19 pandemic has forced all activities in educational institutions to maintain distance and all material delivery through unusual media and methods. To get around this unfavourable situation, online methods are one of the most effective options to overcome it. This research aims to analyse the most expected virtual class model on science learning based on student’s perspective. This research is a case study conducted through a survey method using an online questionnaire using google form. The subjects of this research were all students of basic science courses in the Science Education Study Program Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Universitas Negeri Semarang on odd semester of 2020. The results of this research indicate that the types of virtual classes implemented in basic science courses consist of LMS, LCMS, SLNs, combination of LMS-SLNs and LCMS-SLNs. The virtual classroom model implemented in science learning is in accordance with the objectives that include connectivity, flexibility, interaction, collaboration, development opportunities and motivation. The most expected virtual classroom model in science learning during the Covid-19 pandemic based on student perspectives is a combination of LMS-SLNs of 66.23%, LMS of 23.38%, LCMS-SLNs of 6.49%, and LCMS of 3.90%. The conclusion of this research indicates that the combination Virtual Class model of LMS (Learning Management System) and SLNs (Social Learning Networks) is the most expected according to student perspectives.

Surface free energy analysis on low-grade coal has been conducted. This research shows the interaction between oil and coal which improve the quality of low-grade coal by coating process. Sample coal has a total surface free energy of 22.3 mJ/m2 with 17.51 % polar ratio. The interfacial energy between coal and free fatty acid (FFA) is 9.1 mJ/m2 with adhesive energy by 53.4 mJ/m2 which is able the oil to coated on the coal surface under Van der Waals force effect.

A cyclotron is a machine that accelerates a charged particle in a circular trajectory using electric and magnetic fields. The technical development of 13 MeV cyclotron in PSTA (Pusat Sains dan Teknologi Akselerator) BATAN was started in 2010 which eventually will be used for radioisotope production. A cyclotron consists of various technologies such as an electromagnetic, RF (Radio Frequency), ion source, and vacuum systems. Among them, the electromagnetic creates a magnetic field for particles to accelerate in a stable circular orbit. A particle within a uniform magnetic field moves along a closed trajectory, and that is called an equilibrium orbit. The stability of particle acceleration refers to the movement along the equilibrium orbit with oscillation. This paper deals with the equilibrium orbit verification using CYCLONE. We calculated and analyzed the magnetic and electric fields using Opera, then used them as input data in CYCLONE. The CYCLONE analysis provides several beam parameters such as beam energy, tune diagram, and beam trajectory. The analysis result shows that the beam was accelerated until the desired energy (13 MeV).

In order to increase a capacity building of an accelerator development, Center for Accelerator Science and Technology (CAST) - BATAN Yogyakarta, is developing DECY-13 Cyclotron for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radioisotope production. One of the main components of the cyclotron, a magnet has been designed based on equilibrium orbits analysis of each increase in energy. To assure the designed magnet can guide a particle up to 13 MeV, a particle tracking is important to be carried out using simulation codes that have been benchmarked. Here, the designed magnetic field data and electric field data of the Dee were used in particle tracking simulation. The particle tracking results show that particles in the pass acceptance range can pass the central region and be accelerated up to 13 MeV. These results are consistent with the previous result of our particle tracking code. The range of phase acceptance of accelerated particle is around 110 degrees and the maximum initial axial excursion of the accelerated particles is + 1.5 mm. These results verify that the designed magnet can guide particles up to 13 MeV.

Appropriate propagation technology to promote bamboo sustainability is important in supporting conservation and industrial needs. As part of smart ecotourism package based on the integrated charcoal and bamboo tourism at Lake Toba, this research aimed to develop appropriate propagation for the selected bamboo species. Various bamboo species were collected and propagated by both ex vitro and in vitro propagation. Survival rate of the selected bamboo shoots after 3 months in the ex vitro planting medium was in the range of 25 to 50% of 10 – 25 planted shoots, from the highest to the lowest rate were Bambusa sp., Dendrocalamus asper, Oxythenantera abyssinica, and Balcoa 36. Meanwhile, the efficiency of the shoot formation in the in vitro medium was in the range of 7 to 13%, from the highest to the lowest percentage were D. asper, Gigantochloa cf robusta, O. abyssinica and Bambusa sp. Various types of explant (leaves disc, shoots tips, and nodal segment) from G. robusta and O. abyssinica were induced in six different combinations and concentrations of induction callus medium. Explant from nodal segment of G. robusta and O. abyssinica showed a positive response, i.e., 6% and 20% consecutively, in the Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium containing 4 mg/L of 2,4-D and 0.5 mg/L of IBA. The nodal segment explant of G. robusta was also able to form callus (13%) on the MS medium containing 6 mg/L of kinetin. A similar efficiency percentage was also obtained from O. abyssinica nodal segment explant on the MS medium containing 3 mg/L of 2,4-D and 2 mg/L of kinetin. This research opens a possibility of cultivating bamboo by in vitro propagation and generating new variety of bamboo with desirable characteristics.

Bamboo pyrolysis was carried out at a temperature of 400°C for 4 hours to obtain a carbon as a pyrolysis product. The carbon soaked using potassium hydroxide (KOH) 5.35 M for 24 hours. The carbon obtained heated in a reactor at a temperature of 800°C for 5 hours then washed and neutralized until activated carbon obtained. The characterization of activated carbon conducted based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 06-3730-1995). The methylene blue adsorption process using a concentration of 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm for 120 minutes reaction with the contact time variation are 30, 60, 90, 120,150, and 180 minutes in optimum concentration. The result shows that activated carbon has good quality based on SNI 06-3730-1995. The optimum methylene blue removal by bamboo activated carbon reached 99.77% in 120 minutes reaction and the adsorption type follows Langmuir isotherm.

Agarwood is a commodity that has many benefits for the community, one of which is as medicine. Gyrinops versteegi (Gilg.) Domke, as one of plant producing agarwood and an endemic plant in West Nusa Tenggara, has less information of biological activity. The present study aims to investigate the biological activities from G. versteegii, particularly for anti-oxidants and anti-diabetic activities and their cytotoxicity. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-radical scavenging activity assay was used to determine the anti-oxidant activity, whereas the α-glucosidase inhibition assay was conducted to determine the antidiabetic activity. The cytotoxicity test used brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) and phytochemical analysis were also conducted. The highest anti-oxidant and antidiabetic activity was found in the methanol extract of leaves from infected G. versteegii with IC50 values of 32.89±2.7 and 55.01±2.4 μg/mL, respectively. The cytotoxicity test showed high toxicity with the LC50 value of 1.09 μg/mL. Therefore, their high activities showed that those extracts are potent for antioxidant and anti-diabetic agent.

This study was to determine the characteristics of Indonesia’s low-grade coal, which was sub-bituminous taken from Samarinda coal mine and lignite taken from Palembang coal mine. Experiment was conducted using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to analyze the functional group of the coal. Inherent moisture was 2. 16 g in 5 g lignite coal, and 1. 42 g in 5 g sub-bituminous coal. Soaking coal with liquid smoke reduced the percentage of residual (volatile matter and ash content) combustion and increased fixed carbon. Adsorption of oil by coal was measured by the change of free fatty acid (FFA) in the oil, in which lignite coal was decreased about 0.1 % and sub-bituminous coal was decreased about 0.07 %. In contrast, by heating adsorption 100 °C, FFA change in the oil was increased about 0.28 % for lignite coal and increased about 0.46 % for sub-bituminous coal, by heating adsorption 125 °C, the increase was about 0.44 %for lignite coal and was about 0.59 % for sub-bituminous coal, and by heating adsorption 150 °C, FFA was increased about 0.41 % for lignite coal and about 0.46 % for sub-bituminous coal.

A quantum error correcting protocol can be substantially improved by taking into account features of the physical noise process. We present an efficient decoder for the surface code which can account for general noise features, including coherences and correlations. We demonstrate that the decoder significantly outperforms the conventional matching algorithm on a variety of noise models, including non-Pauli noise and spatially correlated noise. The algorithm is based on an approximate calculation of the logical channel using a tensor-network description of the noisy state., 5 pages, 2 figures; v2 published version

The long-studied Hubbard model is one of the simplest models of copper-oxide superconductors. However, the connection between the model and the experimental phase diagram is still under debate, in particular regarding the existence and extent of the $d$-wave superconducting phase. Recent rapid progress in improving the accuracy of numerical solvers has opened a way to answer this question reliably. Here, we study the hole-doping concentration ($\delta$) dependence of the Hubbard model in the ground states on a square lattice at strong coupling $U/t=10$, for the on-site interaction $U$ and the transfer $t$, using a variational Monte Carlo method. The method, which combines tensor network and Lanczos methods on top of Pfaffian wave functions, reveals a rich phase diagram, in which many orders compete severely and degenerate within the energy range of 0.01$t$. We have identified distinct phases including a uniform $d$-wave superconducting phase for $0.17\lesssim \delta \lesssim0.22$ and a stripe charge/spin ordered phase for $\delta\lesssim0.17$ with the stripe period depending on $\delta$, together with presumable spatially coexisting antiferromagnetic and stripe order for $\delta\lesssim0.07$ and coexisting stripe and $d$-wave superconductivity for $0.07\lesssim\delta\lesssim0.17$. The present, improved method revealed a wider region of a charge uniform superconducting phase than the previous studies and shows a qualitative similarity to the phase diagram of the cuprate superconductors. The superconducting order parameter is largest at doping of around $\delta=0.17$ in the ground state, which undergoes phase transitions from an inhomogeneous to a uniform state., Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures; v2 published version

The surface code, with a simple modification, exhibits ultra-high error correction thresholds when the noise is biased towards dephasing. Here, we identify features of the surface code responsible for these ultra-high thresholds. We provide strong evidence that the threshold error rate of the surface code tracks the hashing bound exactly for all biases, and show how to exploit these features to achieve significant improvement in logical failure rate. First, we consider the infinite bias limit, meaning pure dephasing. We prove that the error threshold of the modified surface code for pure dephasing noise is $50\%$, i.e., that all qubits are fully dephased, and this threshold can be achieved by a polynomial time decoding algorithm. We demonstrate that the sub-threshold behavior of the code depends critically on the precise shape and boundary conditions of the code. That is, for rectangular surface codes with standard rough/smooth open boundaries, it is controlled by the parameter $g=\gcd(j,k)$, where $j$ and $k$ are dimensions of the surface code lattice. We demonstrate a significant improvement in logical failure rate with pure dephasing for co-prime codes that have $g=1$, and closely-related rotated codes, which have a modified boundary. The effect is dramatic: the same logical failure rate achievable with a square surface code and $n$ physical qubits can be obtained with a co-prime or rotated surface code using only $O(\sqrt{n})$ physical qubits. Finally, we use approximate maximum likelihood decoding to demonstrate that this improvement persists for a general Pauli noise biased towards dephasing. In particular, comparing with a square surface code, we observe a significant improvement in logical failure rate against biased noise using a rotated surface code with approximately half the number of physical qubits., Comment: 18+4 pages, 24 figures; v2 includes additional coauthor (ASD) and new results on the performance of surface codes in the finite-bias regime, obtained with beveled surface codes and an improved tensor network decoder; v3 published version

The surface code is a many-body quantum system, and simulating it in generic conditions is computationally hard. While the surface code is believed to have a high threshold, the numerical simulations used to establish this threshold are based on simplified noise models. We present a tensor-network algorithm for simulating error correction with the surface code under arbitrary local noise. We use this algorithm to study the threshold and the subthreshold behavior of the amplitude-damping and systematic rotation channels. We also compare these results to those obtained by making standard approximations to the noise models., 5 pages, 2 figures and supplemental material (3 pages, 2 figures); v2 published version

The motion of a ground vehicle is primarily determined by friction force transferred from road via tires. Therefore, the effect of the compound composition on the hardness and wear resistance is investigated. The grip coefficients on the track in wet and dry conditions are also investigated. In this research, the three combinations of black carbon and sulfur composition namely compound 1, compound 2 and compound 3 are provided. The hardness, wear resistance and grip coefficient are then tested. The results of the tests are also compared to the existing compound material which is already on the market. The shore A hardness of compound 1, compound 2 and compound 3 are 75, 75, and 77 respectively. The wear rate of compound 1, compound 2 and compound 3 in dry asphalt condition are 19.49 mm3/sec, 18.64 mm3/sec and 13.42 mm3/sec respectively. The wear rate of compound 1, compound 2 and compound 3 in wet asphalt condition are 6.457 mm3/sec, 5.933 mm3/sec and 4.133 mm3/sec respectively. The grip coefficient of compound 1, compound 2 and compound 3 in dry asphalt condition are 0.756, 0.751, and 0.725 respectively. The grip coefficient of compound 1, compound 2 and compound 3 in wet asphalt condition are 0.702, 0.693, and 0.685 respectively. The compound material already on the market has shore A hardness of 71, wear rate in dry asphalt condition of 11.40 mm3/sec, wear rate in wet asphalt condition of 2.800 mm3/sec, grip coefficient in dry asphalt condition of 0.773 and grip coefficient in wet asphalt condition of 0.727. The shore A hardness and wear rate of compound 1, compound 2 and compound 3 are higher than the shore A hardness and wear rate of the compound material already on the market. While the grip coefficient of compound 1, compound 2 and compound 3 are lower than the grip coefficient of the compound material already on the market.

Initial optimization of fine tuner’s position on the cyclotron DECY-13’s rf dee system. Initial optimization of fine tuner’s position has been carried out on the cyclotron DECY-13’s RF dee system. The initial optimization was carried out to obtain the resonance frequency 77,76 MHz between RF generator and RF dee system in accordance with the specification of cyclotron DECY-13. The optimization was performed by measuring cyclotron DECY-13’s frequency using the Network Analyzer tool while shifting the fine tuner’s position. The shifting of fine tuner’s position started from the farthest to the closest gap between fine tuner and dee component with an increment of 5 mm continued with an increment of 1 mm from the nearest measured frequency. We obtain cyclotron DECY-13’s frequency for position 0 mm, 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm respectively 77,925 MHz, 77,875 MHz, 77,775 MHz, 77,625 MHz, 77,325 MHz, 76,075 MHz and the nearest frequency is 77,75 MHz, obtained in the position of 11 mm from the farthest gap. These results could be used as a reference point in the future experiment mainly in cyclotron’s hot test and fine tuner’s control system.

Gyrinops versteegii is an endemic plant in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, which produce agarwood. In vitro anti-oxidant and anti-diabetes activities from several extracts of agarwood produced by G. versteegii were investigated. The 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-radical scavenging activity assay was used to determine the anti-oxidant activity, whereas the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity assay was conducted to determine the anti-diabetes activity. The toxicity test using brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT) and phytochemical analysis were also conducted in this experiment. As the results, the acetone extracts of infected wood of G. versteegii had the highest anti-oxidant activity with the IC50 value of 65.62 μg/mL, whereas the acetone extracts of agarwood had the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with the IC50 value of 53.46 μg/mL. The toxicity test to the both samples shows the high toxicity with the LC50 values of 1.98 and 15.44 μg/mL, respectively. The high anti-oxidant and anti-diabetes activities in both of the acetone extracts of infected wood and agarwood may be caused by their high content of total phenolic (12.75 and 9.17%, respectively) and total flavonoid (19.96 and 14.34%, respectively). The anti-diabetes activity found in agarwood extracts produced by G. versteegii from Lombok is firstly reported.

Investigation was conduct to determine the chemical composition of Cymbopogon nardus oil (CNO). Firstly, the leaves of CNO was characterized on its macro nutrient. Distillation was carried out on C. nardus leaves which were air dried conditioning for previous 24 hours. CNO was then analyzed using GCMS Pyrolysis Type Shimadzu QP2010. The nutrient laboratory test found that C.nardus leaves have water content 11.15%, C organic 25.30%, total N 0.77%, C/N ratio (33.00%), total P (0.40%) and total K (1.08%). Literature study on benefit uses were carrying on previous study. A total of 29 active compounds have been identified and quantified by GCMS Shimadzu QP2010. Predominant constituent among them: ammonium carbamate (18.26%), carbinol (13.57%), neophytadiene (11.65%), transgeraniol (6.92%), phenol-methoxy (6.15%), norolean (4.93%), benzofuran (3.9%), guaiacol (3.23%), hexadecen-phytol (3.1%), beta-citronellol (2.69%), trans-caryophyllene (2.61%), alpha.-humulene (2.45%) and valerol (2.38%). A diverse spectrum benefit among: bactericidal activity (BA), anti-fungal, anti-free radicals, waste degradation (agricultural, faecal), insect repellents and natural staple preservation.The constituents of CNO active compound varied related habitat, distillation and analysis method. Agreement among researchers on predominant compounds: citral, citronellal, geranyl acetate, geraniol and citronellol to be responsible compounds on a broad of benefit.

The problem of small signal stability is one of the main problems in the current power system because the purpose of operating the system is close to the limit. Small signal stability is important because small disturbances in the form of non-dampened electromechanical oscillations have limited the power flow limit in a steady state, so the oscillation will affect the operating system in a security and quality review. The entry of renewable energy in the Sulawesi interconnection system certainly has an impact on system stability and the emergence of electromechanical oscillations. An estimated 75 MW of power will come from the PLTB that will be built in Sidrap and 62.5 MW in Jeneponto. This study aims to analyze small signal stability due to the development of EBT generators on the Sulawesi interconnection system through eigenvalue characteristics and participation factors. The PLTB that will be integrated in the Sulawesi system certainly affects power flow which has an impact on small signal stability.

The objectives of the study are to develop biodegradable plastic composite and to investigate the mechanical characteristic and water absorption. It was made from polypropylene (PP) mixed with corn stalks powder. In this study, the weight fraction of polypropylene and powder was varied as 95% : 5%; 90% : 10%; 85% : 15%. For the water absorption test, the specimens were soaked in the water for 1, 7, and 14 days. The highest value of the tensile test was delivered from a specimen of 95% : 5% weight fraction. The tensile test of the soak specimen for 0, 1, 7, 14 days was obtained 17.41 MPa, 16.94 MPa, 16.11 MPa, 13.51 MPa respectively. The strain was 1.07, 1.19, 1.01, and 0.87%. The modulus of elasticity was 1686.74, 1500.42, 1712.1, and 1558.49 MPa. By adding the powder to the plastic, it was able to absorb water. The water absorption after 1, 7, and 14 days of water soak was 0.607, 1.468, and 4.651% respectively. The specimen of biodegradable plastic composites with a 95% : 5% ratio have compatible characteristics with commercial plastics and can be degraded easier than the origin plastic.

We develop a machine learning method to construct accurate ground-state wave functions of strongly interacting and entangled quantum spin as well as fermionic models on lattices. A restricted Boltzmann machine algorithm in the form of an artificial neural network is combined with a conventional variational Monte Carlo method with pair product (geminal) wave functions and quantum number projections. The combination allows an application of the machine learning scheme to interacting fermionic systems. The combined method substantially improves the accuracy beyond that ever achieved by each method separately, in the Heisenberg as well as Hubbard models on square lattices, thus proving its power as a highly accurate quantum many-body solver., Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, 4 tables

The phenomenon of reclamation on Serangan Island is an inexhaustible field for further research. Reclamation of the island conducted by private company to build tourist destination facilities, started in 1995 and stalled in 1998 due to monetary, political, social and cultural issues factors. Post-reclamation physical changes have an effect on land use change owned by the village such as Pelaba Temple land and Druwe Desa land. Through this research, it will be explored how many land uses have changed through land comparation pre and post-reclamation. Research method used is qualitative descriptive with purposive sampling method. The result of the research shows that the land of Pelaba Temple and Druwe Desa is owned by Puri Kesiman and Desa Pakraman Serangan. There are 3 types of changes in the land use Pelaba Temple and Druwe Desa land that is the use of land that functions social, economic, and religious scattered in residential areas and areas of PT. BTID. In other words, there are land ownership of Desa Pakraman Serangan on the territory of PT. BTID with religious functions such as Temple Pat Payung, Temple Batu Api, Temple Tirta Arum and other temples.

We present a systematic study of two-ring-one-bus (2R1B) and two-ring Mach-Zehnder interferometer (2RMZI). By exciting the cavity modes in certain ways, it is possible to shape the transmission spectrum that may be suitable for specific applications, such as relaxation of critical coupling for the case of 2R1B or finesse enhancement for the case of 2RMZI. The deteriorating effects of resonator self-coupling known as coupling-induced resonance frequency shift is quantized. The two-ring structures are demonstrated on a silicon-on-insulator platform where good agreement is obtained between the experiment and the theory.

We present a pole-zero analysis, based on the transfer matrix method, for ring resonator (RR)-based filters of Type I and Type II, consisting of mutually coupled and side-coupled RRs. The pole-zero plot determines the filter spectral characteristics and is determined primarily by the coupling coefficient between the resonators. The pole-zero dynamics (or root locus) shows how the poles and zeros move in the complex frequency plane as we vary the coupling coefficient. We show that the pole-zero dynamics for the two types of filter are complementary and, furthermore, that the pole-zero plots are related to the conditions of critical coupling and oscillation in the presence of loss or gain. We also show a pole-zero analysis for the apodization of these filters based on an actively tunable Mach-Zehnder-type coupler, where it is shown that apodization corresponds to designing pole-zero pairs with wide separations, whereas the required bandwidth determines the specific values of the coupling coefficient.

We propose for the first time, a newly configured device based on nested-ring Mach-Zehnder interferometer structure (NRMZI). The device is capable of generating a box-shaped spectral response approaching an ideal filter due to the double-Fano resonances that arise from multiple interference within the nested-ring as well as that within the MZI. It may be considered as the integrated-optic analog of a reflection or diffraction grating, and as with grating, can be used efficiently as a filter, sensor, or switch at the appropriate operating wavelengths.

We present a transfer matrix analysis of a two-dimensional (2-D) filter to study its frequency response functions. The (M/spl times/N) array consists of N independent columns of microring resonators side-coupled to two channel bus waveguides, with equal spacing between columns and each column consisting of M coupled resonators. We show that such a general 2-D lattice network of lossless and symmetric resonators can approximate an ideal bandpass filter characterized by a flat-top box-like amplitude response without out-of-band sidelobes, and a linear phase response. The bandwidth is determined by the coupling factor between resonators. The 2-D periodic structure exhibits nonoverlapping photonic bandgaps arising from the complementary transmission properties of the row and column arrays. The row array behaves as a distributed feedback grating giving rise to narrow bandgaps corresponding to the flat reflection passbands of the filter with out-of-band sidelobes. The column array, on the other hand, acts as a high-order coupled-cavities filter with broad bandgaps that overlap with the sidelobe regions, thereby effectively suppressing the sidelobes. The phase response is linear except near the band edges, where enhanced group delay limits the usable bandwidth of the filter to about 80%. The minimum size of the array required is about 3/spl times/10, but is ultimately limited by waveguide loss.

We present a comparison of directional couplers and multi-mode interferometers based on the unique properties of high-index contrast ridge waveguides. The two devices are intimately related as the MMI is structurally derived from the DC. For the first time, the continuous evolution from the two-mode coupling characteristic of DC to the multi-mode mixing and interference characteristic of MMI is shown. We show that practical directional couplers with reasonable gap size can also be quite compact and have the same coupling length for both TE and TM polarizations. Consequently, the DC can be just as polarization insensitive as the MMI. These features, however, require careful design control involving a large set of design parameters. On top of that, we also show a novel design of polarization splitter based on both DC and MMI. By comparison, the MMI design is more robust and involves fewer design variables.

We present a rigorous comparison of the unique characteristics of directional couplers and multimode interferometers based on the unique properties of high-index contrast ridge waveguides. The two devices are intimately related as the multimode interference (MMI) is derived from the directional couplers (DCs). We show for the first time the continuous evolution from the two-mode coupling characteristic of DC to the multimode mixing and interference characteristic of MMI, as the DC is structurally transformed into the MMI. We also show that DC can be designed to have the MMI features of compactness and polarization-insensitivity, two traits that reflect their shared lineage. The performance of MMI and DC are compared in terms of coupling length, polarization dependence, crosstalk, excess loss, and fabrication tolerances. We show that the DC, as long as it is designed to have nearly the same coupling length for transverse electric and transverse magnetic, can potentially have better performance than the MMI in terms of crosstalk and polarization sensitivity. Such a DC, however, requires careful control of many design parameters, while the MMI design is more robust and involves fewer design variables. Finally, the effect of higher-order modes and mode filtering are also considered.

The effect of Lactobacillus reuteri against one of the major cariogenic organism, Streptococcus mutans, was studied. Yogurt products containing L.reuteri showed a significant growth inhibitory effect against S. mutans, whilst yoghurts with lactobaccilli other than L. reuteri did not show such inhibition. Further, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial demonstrated that consuming yogurt with L. reuteri significantly reduced the oral carriage of mutans streptococci, compared with the placebo yogurt.

We study the spectral properties of a family of quantum antiferromagnets on two-dimensional (2D) lattices. This family of models is obtained by a deformation of the well-studied 2D quantum antiferromagnetic model of Affleck, Kennedy, Lieb and Tasaki (AKLT); they are described by two-body, frustration-free Hamiltonians on a three-colourable lattice of spins. Although the existence of a spectral gap in the 2D AKLT model remains an open question, we rigorously prove the existence of a gap for a subset of this family of quantum antiferromagnets. Along with providing new progress for the gap problem in AKLT-type antiferromagnets in 2D, this result has implications for the theory of quantum computation as it provides a family of two-body Hamiltonians for which the ground state is a resource for universal quantum computation and for which a spectral gap is proven to exist., Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures, comments welcome; v2 published version

We propose and demonstrate a two-ring coupled Mach-Zehnder interferometer (2RMZI) device that exhibits a sharp resonance with background suppression to give both high finesse and modulation depth. The combination of MZI and the two-ring structure leads to more complete destructive interference that effectively removes the unwanted background envelope effect found in the transmission spectrum of a simple two-ring-two-bus (2R2B) system. The projected finesse enhancement of 2RMZI relative to one-ring coupled MZI and 2R2B is discussed based on best-fit parameter values that match the fabricated devices.

For the first time, a nested-ring Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) on silicon-on-insulator is realized using a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-based process. In this letter, we verify that the device operates in two modes: the inner-loop resonance dominant mode due to strong build-up inside the inner-ring, and the double-Fano resonances mode due to strong light interaction with the outer loop. The results show that the inner-loop resonance is highly sensitive to the MZI arm imbalance compared to the double-Fano resonance mode. Based on these considerations, we obtain a good fit between theory and experiment.

The framework of measurement-based quantum computation (MBQC) allows us to view the ground states of local Hamiltonians as potential resources for universal quantum computation. A central goal in this field is to find models with ground states that are universal for MBQC and that are also natural in the sense that they involve only two-body interactions and have a small local Hilbert space dimension. Graph states are the original resource states for MBQC, and while it is not possible to obtain graph states as exact ground states of two-body Hamiltonians here we construct two-body frustration-free Hamiltonians that have arbitrarily good approximations of graph states as unique ground states. The construction involves taking a two-body frustration-free model that has a ground state convertible to a graph state with stochastic local operations, then deforming the model such that its ground state is close to a graph state. Each graph state qubit resides in a subspace of a higher dimensional particle. This deformation can be applied to two-body frustration-free Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki (AKLT) models, yielding Hamiltonians that are exactly solvable with exact tensor network expressions for ground states. For the star-lattice AKLT model, the ground state of which is not expected to be a universal resource for MBQC, applying such a deformation appears to enhance the computational power of the ground state, promoting it to a universal resource for MBQC. Transitions in computational power, similar to percolation phase transitions, can be observed when Hamiltonians are deformed in this way. Improving the fidelity of the ground state comes at the cost of a shrinking gap. While analytically proving gap properties for these types of models is difficult in general, we provide a detailed analysis of the deformation of a spin-1 AKLT state to a linear graph state., Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures, comments welcome; v2 published version

A region of east Indonesia with a big geothermal energy potential is Akesahu in the province of North Maluku. Akesahu is located on the island of Tidore. An integration investigation included geological, geochemical, and geophysical survey has been completed to determine of subsurface mapping in this area. There are seven hot springs are found in this area as a surface manifestation of geothermal system. Furthermore, Hg and CO2 mapping has been supporting an investigation due to of ability to indicate a heat fluid leak and structure zone mapping. The presences of these hot spring and also the other supporting data from geological and previously geophysical data could be help on magnetotelluric data interpretation. Based on these previous survey data, data compilation are consistent shown a reservoir prospect in Akesahu area is in the northeastern of Tidore Island. At least, there are three layers shown in LINE-01 and LINE-02 MT section. In addition, the presences of other structures or weak zones that appear on MT seem consistent with the interpretation based on the other data sets and it’s proved by 1-D magnetotelluric data which show the top reservoir is 900 m.

We experimentally demonstrate coupled-resonator-induced-transparency (CRIT) phenomenon in ring-bus-ring (RBR) geometry synergistically integrated with Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The RBR consists of two detuned resonators indirectly coupled through a center bus waveguide. The transparency is obtained by increasing the light intercavity interaction through tailoring the RBR phase response while ensuring balanced MZI operation. In this work, a CRIT resonance with a quality factor of ~18,000 is demonstrated with cavity size detuning of ~0.035% and power coupling of ~60%, which are in good agreement with the theory.

We develop the temporal coupled mode theory for the ring-bus-ring device by taking account of the energy-conservation. The presence of the center waveguide in the tri-coupler section of the RBR facilitates the interaction between the two side-coupled rings. The correspondence between the coupled mode theory in time and transfer matrix formalism (TMF) is established. A very good agreement is obtained between the TMF and the 2D finite-difference time-domain simulations (FDTD). Some applications using RBR device such as channel dropping filter and selective power splitter are presented.

Measurement-based quantum computing, a powerful alternative to the standard circuit model, proceeds using only local adaptive measurements on a highly-entangled resource state of many spins on a graph or lattice. Along with the canonical cluster state, the valence-bond solid ground state on a chain of spin-1 particles, studied by Affleck, Kennedy, Lieb, and Tasaki (AKLT), is such a resource state. We propose a simulation of this AKLT state using linear optics, wherein we can make use of the high-fidelity projective measurements that are commonplace in quantum optical experiments, and describe how quantum logic gates can be performed on this chain. In our proposed implementation, the spin-1 particles comprizing the AKLT state are encoded on polarization biphotons: three level systems consisting of pairs of polarized photons in the same spatio-temporal mode. A logical qubit encoded on the photonic AKLT state can be initialized, read out and have an arbitrary single qubit unitary applied to it by performing projective measurements on the constituent biphotons. For MBQC, biphoton measurements are required which cannot be deterministically performed using only linear optics and photodetection., 9 pages, 4 figures, published version