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Purpose To compare the evaluation of collaterals on multiphase computed tomography (CT) angiography using the score proposed by the reference study by Menon et al. and the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT (ASPECT) score for the prediction of favorable clinical outcome in patients with anterior ischemic stroke (IS). Materials and methods Retrospective single center study including 199 patients with anterior ischemic stroke and evaluated using multiphase CT angiography. Collaterals were assessed using the reference score and ASPECT score. The early clinical outcome [National Institute of Health Stroke Score (NIHSS) over day 1] and later clinical outcome [90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS)] were collected. The primary analysis related to the association between collateral scores and clinical outcome. Results Collaterals are an independent predictive factor of favorable clinical outcome with the two scores, ranging from an odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 1.84 [1.23; 2.76], P = 0.003 for the reference score to an OR [95% CI] = 2.63 [1.21; 5.73], p = 0.015 for the phase 3 ASPECT score. The phase 3 ASPECT score offers better sensitivity (Se) for the prediction of a favorable clinical outcome [Se = 95%, specificity (Sp) = 37% for a threshold of 7/7] than the reference score (Se = 83%, Sp = 47% for a threshold of 4/5). Conclusion This study demonstrates the value of the ASPECT score in analyzing collaterals using multiphase CT angiography for the prediction of clinical outcome.

This paper explores and illustrates empirically how the Capabilities Approach (CA) can be used to frame and understand Sport for Development (SfD) practices. Based on research with a SfD project in...

aIn the following, I present and detail the ways in which I believe Sport for Development (SfD) research can further extend its empirical knowledge and theoretical foundation. The ideas found of th...

Introduction Le diagnostic de primo-infection reste insuffisamment évoqué compte tenu des moyens de diagnostic limités dans le contexte des pays à ressources limitées. Ce travail a pour but d'identifier les cas d'infection aigüe à VIH dans le district de Bamako au Mali. Méthodologie Il s'agit d'une étude prospective transversale et descriptive réalisée chez les tout-venants en consultation dans 12 centres de santé, de conseil et de dépistage volontaire de Bamako. La démarche du diagnostic consistait à utiliser une approche clinique combinée à un counseling permettant d'obtenir les symptômes et les comportements à risque et une approche biologique consistant à réaliser les tests de diagnostic du VIH. Les marqueurs biologiques recherchés et la détermination des stades de l'infection aigüe ont été faits comme décrits par Fiebig et al. Résultats Sur 29130 sujets dépistés dans les 12 centres tous cas confondus, 19 avaient une infection aigue avec une anomalie hématologique associée (thrombopénie, lymphopénie ou neutropénie). La charge virale médiane était de 58108 copies/ml (4,8Log10), le CD4 médian de 339 cellules/mm3 et le CD8 médian de 772 cellules/mm3. Les stades d'infection aigues étaient les suivants : stade 1 (5 cas), stade II (1 cas), stade III (6 cas) et stade IV (7 cas). Le facteur d'exposition le plus fréquent était le rapport sexuel non protégé retrouvé dans 14 cas. Conclusion Dans le renforcement du dépistage, un accent particulier devrait être mis sur l'identification des infections aigues avec un renforcement du counseling dans les groupes à risque d'exposition élevé

Accidental exposure to blood (AEB) constitutes a risk of transmission of blood-borne viruses including HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus especially amongst health workers. This study aims to describe accidental exposure to blood and post exposure management five years after it begin at the Hospital of Gao, since 2012 there is insurrection in this area making difficult to maintain health care system. This study will help to identify gaps to fill in order to improve the prevention of blood borne pathogen infection in this hospital. All cases of AEB declared at the Hospital from January 1st 2007 to December 31, 2011 have been enrolled. The sociodemographic profile of victims, the circumstances of the accident, the post exposure management and the follow up of subject have been registered. Data were entered and analyzed with the SPSS software. Chi square test was used with the level of significance p

Introduction : La sphère oculaire est une localisation rare de la tuberculose. Nous rapportons un cas de cette infection à localisation oculaire chez une jeune fille malienne. Décrire les lésions oculaires au cours d'une infection tuberculeuse. Observation :Il s'agit d'une étude de cas clinique descriptive concernant une fillette de 13 ans, reçue en consultation dans notre service pour rougeur et baisse de l'acuité à l'œil droit évoluant progressivement depuis quelques mois. Malgré les multiples consultations et traitements reçus, les symptômes persistaient et s'aggravaient insidieusement. Dans ses antécédents, nous n'avons pas trouvé de notion de traumatisme oculaire, ni de contage tuberculeux. L'examen ophtalmologique révèle une uvéite antérieure granulomatose avec baisse importante de l'acuité visuelle. L'examen des crachats est négatif, en revanche, l'IDR à la tuberculine est phlycténulaire avec un diamètre d'induration > 35mm. Le traitement anti tuberculeux selon le protocole du Programme Nationale de Lutte contre la Tuberculose (PNLT) a permis une amélioration clinique et fonctionnelle rapide, puis la guérison de la patiente. Conclusion : Le diagnostic de la tuberculose oculaire est difficile dans les pays en voie de développement. Il nécessite la mise à disposition de nouveaux outils diagnostics et une collaboration multidisciplinaire

The occurrence of plastic additives and their ecological impacts have attracted much attention in recent years globally. Among plastic additives, the trace metals (e.g., Cd, Pb) are widely used as color pigments and stabilizers, whereas bisphenol A (BPA) is added to enhance the desired physical characteristics of plastic products. However, these additives can easily leach out of plastic materials and enter the aquatic environment causing risks to aquatic ecosystems. Although the toxicity of a single additive on various aquatic organisms has been studied, the responses of zooplankton exposed to the mixed plastic additives have not been fully understood. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effects of the binary mixtures (BPA+Cd, BPA+Pb) and trinary mixture (BPA+Pb+Cd) at the metal concentrations of 5 µg/L and BPA level of 50 µg/ L on the life history traits and food feeding rate of the freshwater micro-crustacean, Daphnia magna. The results showed exposures to these mixtures for 24h could significantly enhance the food feeding rate of D. magna from 2.5 – 5.8 times higher than the control. The survival rate was decreased from 50 – 90% in the organisms exposed to these mixtures after 18 incubated days. We found a synergistic effect of BPA+Pb but an antagonistic effect of BPA+Pb+Cd on the survivorship of D. magna. Similarly, the organisms in the exposures delayed their maturity age and reduced their reproduction. The potent impact order of the mixtures on D. magna was BPA+Cd > BPA+Pb+Cd > BPA+Pb. Our results evidenced the adverse effects of plastic additive mixtures on aquatic organisms. Therefore, the use and disposal of plastic materials and plastic additives should be paid more attention to protect the environment, ecosystem, and human health. Moreover, our findings proved that the toxicity of multi-contaminants on organisms could be unpredictable even the toxicity of a single contaminant is known.

Nous assistons de plus en plus à l'émergence de certaines maladies, comme les fièvres hémorragiques virales (FHV). Certaines de ces maladies se transmettent de personne à personne par contact direct ou indirect avec des patients symptomatiques. Les vecteurs ou les réservoirs sont des moyens de transmission faciles pour ces fièvres hémorragiques virales. La fièvre de Lassa, a été révélée au Mali en 2009 chez l'homme. Depuis plusieurs études ont été menées sur les rongeurs avec une séroprévalence qui atteint parfois 50% au sud du Mali. Chez l'homme, la prévalence allait de 14,5 à 44% et une incidence de 6,3%. Pour la Fièvre Hémorragique de Crimée Congo, les auteurs ont retrouvés une séroprévalence humaine de 4,5%. Chez les bovins, des traces sérologiques ont été retrouvées dans tout le pays allant de 15% à 95%. Le Mali a connue deux incursions séparées de la Maladie à virus Ebola à partir de la Guinée Conakry. Le diagnostic des 103 échantillons de cas suspects a été réalisé au Laboratoire SEREFO/UCRC avec 10 cas positif au virus Ebola. La dengue était présente avec une séroprévalence allant de 40% à 93%. Un cas humain de la Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift a été identifié au Mali en 2017, mais la maladie est présente chez les bovins surtout dans les régions septentrionales du pays. Le diagnostic a été réalisé surtout par la méthode ELISA (recherche d'IgG ou d'IgM). La biologie moléculaire a été utilisée dans certains cas

The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is an important tropical crop with a high economic value that has been successfully cultivated in Xishuangbanna, China. Xishuangbanna has a long dry season (November–February) with cold nights and frequent fog events. Thus, it is important to select chilling-tolerant cultivars in order to understand better the role of fog in protecting rubber tree from chilling-induced photodamage. In this study, we examined the photosynthetic responses of six rubber tree cultivars (Lan 873, Yunyan 77-2, Yunyan 77-4, GT1, Reken 523, and Reyan 733-97) to night-chilling stress (0, 5, and 10°C) and two different irradiances (100 and 50% of full sunlight). Our results showed that all six cultivars could withstand nights at 10°C for three days, while night chilling at 0 and 5°C impaired photosynthesis, which was indicated by photoinhibition, decrease of soluble protein content, and accumulation of malondialdehyde. Reken 523 and Reyan 733-97 were more sensitive to night chilling than other cultivars. Low irradiance (50% of full sunlight) after the chilling treatment apparently mitigated the effect of night-chilling stress. It indicates that frequent fog events after cold nights might greatly contribute to the success of rubber tree cultivation in Xishuangbanna.

Prurigo is one of the most common dermatological conditions during HIV infection and AIDS. It appears as an immunosuppression marker associated with HIV infection. The study objective was to determine the prevalence of prurigo in people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) in Fousseyni N'Daou Hospital of Kayes, and to describe the socio-demographic aspects of patients and lesions associated with prurigo among PLHIV.It was a descriptive cross-sectional study included all cases of HIV infected patients with prurigo in the Dermatology-Venomology Department of Fousseyni N'DAOU Hospital from January 1, 2015 to August 31, 2015.We collected 121 cases of prurigo. The hospital prevalence was 14.5% among PLHIV with 65% Female and the average age was 34.8 years old (SD: 15-81 years). The elementary lesions associated with prurigo were seropapules (40.2%), vesiculo-crusts (13%), excoriated papules (33.3%), lichenified papules (10.8%), and cicatricial lesions (2.7%). The prurigo was generalized in 68.5% of cases and localized in 31.24%. More than half of our patients had weight loss, fever, diarrhea and oral candidiasis in their medical history. Patients were infected with HIV1 in 60.03% and HIV1+ 2 in 24.3%. More than the half of our patients had a CD4 count inferior to 250 cells/mm3 at the time of prurigo diagnosis.In our study, prurigo remains a common condition in PLHIV, particularly in patients with low CD4 counts. Early detection and rapid antietroviral therapy can reduce the frequency of prurigo in PLHIV.Le prurigo est l'une des affections dermatologiques les plus fréquentes au cours de l'infection à VIH et du sida. Il apparait comme un marqueur de l'immunodépression associée à l'infection VIH. L'objectif était de déterminer la prévalence du prurigo chez les personnes vivant avec le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (PVVIH) à l'hôpital Fousseyni N'Daou de Kayes (HFDK) et décrire le profil sociodémographique des patients et les lésions associées au prurigo chez les PVVIH à HFDK.Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale descriptive de tous les cas de prurigo chez les PVVIH dans le service de Dermatologie-Vénéréologie de l'hôpital Fousseyni N'DAOU durant la période du 1Nous avons colligé 121 cas de prurigo. La prévalence hospitalière a été de 14,5% chez les PVVIH. Le sexe féminin a représenté 65% des cas. L'âge moyen a été de 34,8 ans (extrêmes :15 – 81 ans). Les lésions élémentaires associées au prurigo ont été les séropapules (40,2%), vésiculo-croutes (13%), papules excoriés (33,3%), papules lichenifiés (10,8%), lésions cicatricielles (2,7%). La forme généralisée a représenté 68,5% et la forme localisée 31,24%. Plus de la moitié de nos patients avait la notion d'amaigrissement, de fièvre, de diarrhée et des candidoses buccales dans leurs antécédents. Le VIH1 a représenté 60,03% et l'association VIH1 et VIH2 a représenté 24,3% des cas. Plus de la moitié de nos patients avait un taux de CD4 inférieure à 250 cellules/mmDans notre étude, le prurigo reste une affection fréquente chez les PVVIH, particulièrement lorsque le taux de CD4 est bas. Un dépistage précoce et le traitement antirétroviral rapide permet de réduire la fréquence du prurigo chez les PVVIH.

To report cases of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in consultation and evaluate syndromic management.We carried out a prospective and descriptive study in patients who had consulted for STI at the urology department of the Gabriel Toure University Hospital from April 2013 to March 2014.HIV cases were not included. The syndromic approach was used.We obtained the following results: 460 cases of STI (Dysuria, Cystitis, Scrotal swelling, Prostatitis). The sex ratio was 20.52 in favor of the male sex. The age group 23-32 years was the most affected, and non-married single patients were the most represented. The majority were Bambara. All cases were diagnosed clinically. Additional tests were requested to confirm the diagnosis. In terms of syndromic management, probabilistic antibiotic therapy was applied to each type of STI. Antibiotic therapy was rehabilitative with an effective therapeutic response in 61.61% of cases for prostatitis, 98.60% for urethritis, 100% for scrotal swelling, 90.78% for cystitis.Management of STIs using the syndromic approach is an option in countries where laboratory diagnosis is not always available.Il s'agissait de rapporter des cas d'infection sexuellement transmissible (IST) en consultation et d'évaluer la prise en charge syndromique.Nous avons effectué une étude prospective et descriptive chez les patients qui avaient consulté pour IST au service d'urologie du CHU Gabriel TOURE d'Avril 2013 à Mars 2014.Les cas VIH n'ont pas été inclus. L'approche syndromique a été utilisée.Nous avons obtenu les résultats suivants: 460 cas d'IST (Dysurie, Cystite, Tuméfaction scrotale, Prostatite). Le sexe ratio était de 20,52 en faveur du sexe masculin. La tranche d'âge 23–32 ans était la plus touchée, les patients célibataires étaient les plus représentés. La majorité était bambara. Tous les cas avaient été diagnostiqués cliniquement. Les examens complémentaires étaient demandés pour avoir une confirmation du diagnostic. Sur le plan de la prise en charge syndromique, l'antibiothérapie probabiliste a été appliquée à chaque type IST. L'antibiothérapie, avait été réadaptée à l'antibiogramme avec une réponse thérapeutique efficace dans: 61,61% pour les prostatites, 98,60% pour l'urétrite, 100% tuméfaction scrotale, 90, 78% pour la cystite.La prise en charge des IST selon l'approche syndromique est une option dans les pays où le diagnostic de laboratoire n'est pas toujours disponible.

To determine the impact of emigration on HIV transmission in the Kayes region.It was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2007 in theThe female/male sex ratio was of 2.51. In this data pool, 32.3% (10/31) of men were emigrants. More than a third 37.2% (29/78) of women had an emigrant as a sexual partner. There was no significant difference in the levels of knowledge regarding HIV between emigrants and those who never went abroad. The likelihood of having had relations with a sex worker in the preceding 12 months was nine times higher for an emigrant than to a non-emigrant [OR=9.13, CI 95% (2.20 - 37.84)].An emigrant was five times more likely to have at least two sexual partners [OR=5.11, CI 95% (1.37-18.94)].This study showed that emigration is an important factor regarding the spread of HIV in the region of Kayes Mali. Sensitization of the candidates to emigration must be reinforced.Déterminer la place de l'émigration sur la transmission du VIH dans la région de Kayes.Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale menée en 2007 à l'hôpitalLe sex ratio a été de 2,51 en faveur du sexe féminin. Dans cette série, 32,3% (10/31) des hommes étaient des émigrants. Plus d'un tiers soit 37,2% (29/78) des femmes avaient comme partenaire sexuel un émigré. Il n'y a pas eu de différence significative entre les niveaux de connaissance en matière de VIH selon qu'on soit émigré ou non. Les risques qu'un émigré fréquente une professionnelle de sexe, 12 mois avant notre interview ont été 9 fois supérieurs à ceux d'un non émigré [OR=9,13 ; IC 95% (2,20 – 37,84)]. Un émigré était cinq fois plus susceptible d'avoir au moins deux partenaires sexuels [OR=5,11, 95% IC, (1,37 – 18,94)].Cette étude a montré que le phénomène de l'émigration est un facteur d'expansion du VIH dans la région de Kayes au Mali. La sensibilisation des candidats à l'émigration doit être renforcée.

Maladie de Kaposi en consultation de dermatologie au CHU Gabriel TOURE : étude de 36 cas.

Pityriasis rosea, described by Gibert in 1860, is a frequent, benign, transient dermatosis, with unknown etiology that affects especially young adults. It is believed to be a consequence of a viral infection, but this argument is not convincing. We report a case of Pityriasis Rosea from Gilbert (PRG) revealing viral hepatitis B. Observation: This was a 47-year-old adult from Diago (commune of Kati), with no known medical and surgical history, who was seen for pink spots scattered throughout the trunk associated with pruritus in which the retained diagnosis was PRG. He have given vaseline with urea 5%, and Mequitazine10mg as treatment. Facing the persistence of this pruritus despite this treatment, a biological investigation was done to look for probable etiology was requested and this led to the diagnosis of an infection with the hepatitis B virus. Conclusion: this observation should lead dermatologists to systematically search for hepatitis B viral infection when facing a PRGs that are very pruriginous and resistant to the usual treatments.Mots clés : Pityriasis rosea, Viral hepatis B

Notre etude transversale, menee au centre hospitalier regional d’Aioun du 1er fevrier 2011 au 30 avril 2011, avait pour objectif de determiner les caracteristiques epidemiologiques cliniques, pronostiques de la rougeole. Etaient inclus tous les cas de rougeole en phase evolutive. La definition retenue du cas de rougeole est celle de l’Organisation mondiale de la sante (OMS). En trois mois, trente-six cas ont ete colliges, soit une incidence proportionnelle de 8,84 % (36/407 admissions). Le sex-ratio M/F etait de 1,25 et l’âge moyen des patients etait de 16,5 ans [1-33 ans]. La majorite des patients provenaient du milieu rural (72 %). Parmi eux, 89 % n’etaient pas vaccinees contre la rougeole. L’eruption cutanee etait faite de macules et de papules a contours irreguliers avec des intervalles de peau saine.Les manifestations cliniques qui accompagnaient la fievre et les eruptions cutanees maculopapuleuses etaient dominees par les manifestations respiratoires (83 %), suivies des manifestations digestives (42 %). D’autres signes y etaient associes, tels que la deshydratation (22 % des cas), la denutrition (14 % des cas) et les convulsions (8 % des cas). La duree moyenne de l’hospitalisation etait de 7,5 ± 3 jours (2-12). La letalite globale etait de 8 %. Les facteurs de mauvais pronostic etaient l’absence de vaccination (P = 0,018), la denutrition (P = 0,0059) et les convulsions (P = 0,0553). La rougeole demeure encore un probleme de sante publique dans notre pays. Beaucoup d’efforts devraient etre fournis en matiere de surveillance epidemiologique et de vaccination pour un bon controle de cette maladie.

Multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) is efficient for routine typing and for investigating the genetic structures of natural microbial populations. Two distinct pathovars of Xanthomonas oryzae can cause significant crop losses in tropical and temperate rice-growing countries. Bacterial leaf streak is caused by X. oryzae pv. oryzicola, and bacterial leaf blight is caused by X. oryzae pv. oryzae. For the latter, two genetic lineages have been described in the literature. We developed a universal MLVA typing tool both for the identification of the three X. oryzae genetic lineages and for epidemiological analyses. Sixteen candidate variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) loci were selected according to their presence and polymorphism in 10 draft or complete genome sequences of the three X. oryzae lineages and by VNTR sequencing of a subset of loci of interest in 20 strains per lineage. The MLVA-16 scheme was then applied to 338 strains of X. oryzae representing different pathovars and geographical locations. Linkage disequilibrium between MLVA loci was calculated by index association on different scales, and the 16 loci showed linear Mantel correlation with MLSA data on 56 X. oryzae strains, suggesting that they provide a good phylogenetic signal. Furthermore, analyses of sets of strains for different lineages indicated the possibility of using the scheme for deeper epidemiological investigation on small spatial scales.

Objectif : Notre travail consiste a : Determiner les periodes de risque pour la meningite et le paludisme a Bamako; Etablir une correlation entre : - d’une part les parametres meteorologiques (temperature de l’air, humidite relative de l’air, pluviometrie, insolation et vitesse du vent) et la frequence des occurrences de paludisme ; - d’autre part les memes parametres pour la meningite. Methode : Nous avons fait une etude retrospective de l’evolution du paludisme et de la meningite en fonction de la variation des parametres meteorologiques (temperature de l’air, humidite relative de l’air, pluviometrie, insolation et vitesse du vent) a Bamako. Resultats : Le paludisme, rare au 1 er et 2 em trimestres, est tres frequent au 3 e trimestre et au 4 e trimestre. Quant a la meningite elle est frequente au premier semestre et rare pendant le reste de l’annee. La frequence du paludisme est liee a la temperature moyenne de l’air, a la grande humidite de l’air, a la pluviometrie abondante, a la faible insolation et a la faible vitesse du vent. La frequente de la meningite est liee a la haute temperature de l’air, a la faible humidite de l’air, a la faible pluviometrie, a la forte insolation et a la grande vitesse du vent. Conclusion : La frequence du paludisme est liee a la grande humidite, et a la faible insolation. Quant a la meningite, sa frequence est liee a la haute temperature, a la grande vitesse du vent et a la forte insolation. Mots-cles : Facteurs climatiques - meningite – paludisme- Bamako.

Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) is known to naturally grow under a wide range of elevational gradients in South America. We assessed the combined effects of altitude (560, 900, 1200, and 1490 m asl) and season on leaf- and whole-plant traits and seed chemicals of sacha inchi plants in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China, to explore the optimum altitudinal zone for its cultivation. Leaf maximum net photosynthetic rate (A(max)), stomatal conductance (g(s)), and dark respiration (R-d) were greatest in the wet season and lowest in the cool season. With similar values in the wet season between altitudes, the reduction in A(max) and g(s) was greater in plants growing in higher elevations than in lower elevations in the cool season. Plant biomass and fruit production were highest at lower altitudes and dramatically decreased above 900 m, which can primarily be attributed to a C source limitation. Sacha inchi could be useful for cropping in cooler regions because the reproductive growth is adapted to high elevations. The oil and protein content and linolenic and unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) concentrations in seeds were highest in the cool season. With an increase in elevation, the linolenic and UFA concentrations in seeds increased. We concluded that lower altitudes ( 900 m) and in the cool season appear to have better quality.

Le virus de l’hepatite B est un probleme majeur de sante publique dans le monde et particulierement en Afrique subsaharienne. Le but de ce travail etait de determiner la frequence du portage de l’AgHBs dans le laboratoire de reference nationale de l’Institut national de recherche en sante publique (INRSP) sur une periode de dix ans (1997–2006). La recherche de l’AgHBs a ete faite par VIDAS® PC (BioMerieux® France) utilisant la methode enzyme linked fluorescent assay (ELFA). La frequence du portage de l’AgHBs a ete estimee a 24,9 % dans une population de 4 466 patients. Les hommes etaient plus nombreux par rapport aux femmes avec un sex-ratio H/F de 1,30. La forte prevalence a ete observee dans la tranche d’âge de 25–34 ans avec un taux de 29,7 %. Les chauffeurs, les militaires et les policiers avaient la frequence la plus elevee, soit respectivement 32,3 et 30,1 %. Dans 35,8 % des cas, les demandeurs de depistage de l’AgHBs etaient en bonne sante apparente. Dans 64,2 %, le depistage a ete motive par un signe d’appel. Les campagnes de sensibilisation et de vaccination doivent etre intensifiees dans la population jeune au Mali afin de reduire la morbidite liee a ce virus.

La prévalence du VIH a augmenté de 0,6 à 1,1 % entre 2001 et 2006 dans la région de Gao. En Afrique, la pandémie du VIH/SIDA affecte surtout les jeunes et se transmet en grande partie par voie sexuelle. Nous avons menée une étude transversale chez les lycéens de la ville de Gao pour évaluer leur connaissances attitudes et pratiques par rapport à l'infection par le VIH. L'inclusion des sujets s'est faite de façon exhaustive ou par un échantillonnage aléatoire selon la taille de l'effectif des écoles. Un questionnaire individuel et anonyme a été rempli par les élèves après obtention de leur consentement éclairé. Nous avons interviewé 446 élèves. La moyenne d'âge était de 16,6±1,4 ans, la majorité était des hommes (66,5%), 6,1% était marié et 5,2% avait déjà eu un enfant. Quarante et huit pourcent des élèves avaient déjà eu des relations sexuelles. La proportion de garçons qui avait déjà eu une relation sexuelle était significativement plus élevée que celle des filles (56,6% vs 30,8%) (p

Characterizing perturbations in the immune response to tuberculosis in HIV can develop insights into the pathogenesis of coinfection. HIV+ TB+ and TB monoinfected (TB+) subjects recruited from clinics in Bamako prior to initiation of TB treatment were evaluated at time-points following initiation of therapy. Flow cytometry assessed CD4+/CD8+ T cell subsets and activation markers CD38/HLA-DR. Antigen specific responses to TB proteins were assessed by intracellular cytokine detection and proliferation. HIV+ TB+ subjects had significantly higher markers of immune activation in the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared to TB+ subjects. HIV+ TB+ had lower numbers of TB-specific CD4+ T cells at baseline. Plasma IFNγ levels were similar between HIV+ TB+ and TB+ subjects. No differences were observed in in-vitro proliferative capacity to TB antigens between HIV+ TB+ and TB+ subjects. Subjects with HIV+ TB+ coinfection demonstrate in vivo expansion of TB-specific CD4+ T cells. Immunodeficiency associated with CD4+ T cell depletion may be less significant compared to immunosuppression associated with HIV viremia or untreated TB infection.

Malgré les efforts consentis par les services de santé pour la prévention et l'éradication de la poliomyélite antérieure aiguë, la surveillance de la Paralysie Flasque Aiguë (PFA) reste un instrument sensible pour suivre les progrès de l'Initiative Mondiale pour l'éradication de la poliomyélite. Cette étude rétrospective et descriptive avait comme objectif principal d'évaluer l'effet de la vaccination sur la morbi-mortalité liée à la poliomyélite au Mali pendant la période de 2001 à 2012. La couverture vaccinale en Vaccin Polio Oral1 était inférieure à 100% de 2001 à 2003, mais supérieure à 100% de 2004 à 2012. Celle en VPO3 était inférieure à 100% dans l'ensemble. La couverture vaccinale en VPO3 en 2001 était faible, moins de 60% dans la plupart des districts. La quasi totalité des districts sanitaires du Nord du Mali avait des couvertures vaccinales en VPO inférieures à 60% en 2012. De 2001 à 2012, le Mali a enregistré 1956 cas suspects de PFA. La plus forte prévalence a été enregistrée en 2012 avec 266 cas soit proportion de 13,6%. La tranche d'âge de 1- 4 ans a été la plus représentée avec 1098 cas soit 56,1%. Entre 2001 et 2012, le Mali a notifié des épidémies de poliovirus sauvage: 19 cas de PVS1 en 2004, 3 cas de PVS1 en 2005, 1 cas de PVS1 en 2008, 2 cas de PVS1 en 2009, 3 cas de PVS1 et 1 cas de PVS3 en 2010 et 7 cas de PVS3 en 2011. Les causes de ces insuffisances pourront être liées à l'inaccessibilité géographique à ces districts, l'instabilité du personnel qualifié, la destruction des infrastructures sanitaires et surtout l'insécurité qui s'sévissait dans le Nord du pays en 2012. L'étude a montré également que la baisse de la couverture vaccinale entraine une augmentation du nombre de cas de maladie, ce qui favorise l'élévation de la susceptibilité pour la survenue d'épidémies.

But du travail : Le but de notre étude était de suivre l'évolution du taux de lymphocytes T CD4+ chez les patients infectés par le VIH à Ségou (Mali). Matériel et Méthodes : Nous avons recruté 270 patients infectés par le VIH. La numération des lymphocytes T CD4+ a été faite à l'aide d'un cytomètre de flux FACSCount. La numération des lymphocytes T CD4+ a été effectuée au début puis aux 6ème, 12ème et 18ème mois du traitement antirétroviral. Résultats : Sur 270 patients, 193 (71,4 %) sont âgés de 25 à 44 ans, 190 (70 %) sont du sexe féminin. Le VIH-1 prédomine à Ségou. Aux 6ème, 12ème et 18ème mois du traitement antirétroviral le taux des lymphocytes T CD4+ était compris entre 200 et 350 chez 54,3 %, 74,5 % et 77,4 % de nos patients respectivement. Au 18ième mois, il y avait une différence significative entre les moyennes du taux des lymphocytes T CD4+ chez les patients dont le taux est compris entre 200 - 350 à M0 et M18 (p < 0,01). Conclusion : Le traitement antirétroviral a amélioré l'état immunitaire chez nos patients avec une augmentation considérable du taux des lymphocytes T CD4+. Nous recommandons l'utilisation du FASCount dans le suivi en zone décentralisée pour les patients infectés par le VIH.

Introduction et Méthodes: Au Mali les études sur l'association Tuberculose-Diabète sont insuffisantes. Devant la gravité et la complexité de sa prise en charge, nous avons mené une étude rétrospective entre janvier 1993 et Décembre 2009 afin de déterminer la prévalence, et les caractéristiques épidémio-cliniques de cette association à Bamako. Résultats : Parmi les 2 110 malades diabétiques, 120 avaient développé une tuberculose, soit une prévalence de 5,7%. Le sex-ratio était de 1,6. La tranche d'âge 50-59 ans était la plus représentée avec un âge moyen de 52,4+/-13,5 ans et des extrêmes allant de 7 à 83 ans. La prévalence de l'infection par le Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine (VIH) était de 5%. Le diabète de type 2 était rencontré chez la plupart des malades jusqu'à 77,5%. La tuberculose (TB) était de localisation pulmonaire (TP) dans 80 cas (66,7%), extra pulmonaire (TEP) dans 33 cas (27,5%) et multifocale dans 7 cas (5,8%). Le moyen de diagnostic de la TB le plus utilisé était l'association de la clinique, de la radiologie, et du test thérapeutique de la TB. A la fin du traitement 84,2% des patients ont présentés des complications liées au diabète, 17,5% de complications liées à la TB et 20% de décès. Conclusion : L'association TB/Diabète est fréquente à Bamako jusqu'à 5,6%. La co-infection avec le VIH est de 5%, et cette association avec le VIH est plus mortelle. Le pronostic des deux pathologies associées est mauvais avec 20% de décès.

Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola was first reported in Africa in the 1980s. Recently, a substantial reemergence of this disease was observed in West Africa. Samples were collected at various sites in five and three different rice-growing regions of Burkina Faso and Mali, respectively. Sixty-seven X. oryzae pv. oryzicola strains were isolated from cultivated and wild rice varieties and from weeds showing BLS symptoms. X. oryzae pv. oryzicola strains were evaluated for virulence on rice and showed high variation in lesion length on a susceptible cultivar. X. oryzae pv. oryzicola strains were further characterized by multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) using six housekeeping genes. Inferred dendrograms clearly indicated different groups among X. oryzae pv. oryzicola strains. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using the transcriptional activator like effector avrXa7 as probe resulted in the identification of 18 haplotypes. Polymerase chain reaction-based analyses of two conserved type III effector (T3E) genes (xopAJ and xopW) differentiated the strains into distinct groups, with xopAJ not detected in most African X. oryzae pv. oryzicola strains. XopAJ functionality was confirmed by leaf infiltration on ‘Kitaake’ rice Rxo1 lines. Sequence analysis of xopW revealed four groups among X. oryzae pv. oryzicola strains. Distribution of 43 T3E genes shows variation in a subset of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola strains. Together, our results show that African X. oryzae pv. oryzicola strains are diverse and rapidly evolving, with a group endemic to Africa and another one that may have evolved from an Asian strain.

Cerebral toxoplasmosis is common opportunistic infections of central nervous system in AIDS. It occurs most often in case of severe immunosuppression. The aim of this study is to investigate the general characteristics of cerebral toxoplasmosis during HIV infection and AIDS in hospital area in Bamako. It is a retrospective study of 5 years (form January 2001 to December 2005), conducted in the infectious diseases department of Point G Teaching Hospital of Bamako. It concerned all patients infected with HIV, hospitalized for cerebral toxoplasmosis. The diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis was based on clinical, C T and therapeutic arguments. A total of 745 patients investigated, 26 met cerebral toxoplasmosis diagnostic criteria (14 men and 12 women). The rate of cerebral toxoplasmosis in the study population was 3.5%. The average age was 38.1 years (18-58 years). Focused neurological deficit (73.07%), intracranial hypertension signs (69.20%), meningeal syndrome (15.40%), seizures (57.69%) and consciousness disorders (30.80%) were the clinical characteristics. Hypodensity with or without peripheral enhancement images (93.75%) were found on CT. The average rate of CD4 T cells was 98.7cells/mm3 (5-473 cells/mm3). Oropharyngeal candidiasis in 61.53% of cases, intestinal cryptosporidiosis (11.53%), herpes zoster (3.84%) and Pott's disease (3.84%) were the opportunistic infections associated. Cotrimoxazole was used in 88.46% of patients and 3 patients (11.54%) received the standard treatment (Sulfadiazine-Pyrimethamine). Antitoxoplasmic treatment led to a clinical improvement in 84.61% and 4 deaths (15.39%). were recorded. The technical platform for etiological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is not available at the Point-G Teaching Hospital, so in case of encephalitis signs in a HIV positive patient, CT should be urgently perform and a treatment trial must begin without delay.

The incidences of cutaneous drug eruption constitute a real public health problem.The aim of this study was to describe the cutaneous drug eruption in Gabriel Touré Hospital in Bamako.This is a prospective longitudinal study from 1 July 2005 to August 31, 2006. The study included patients with a lesion cutaneous Contemporary taking medication, without other cause and consent.We included 61 cases of toxdermies. The mean age was 28 ± 14.8 years with extremes of 18 and 77 years. The sex ratio was 2.4 for women. Self-medication was most often found in 51% of cases. The fixed drug eruption (EPF) with 26 cases (30.6%); acne with 23 cases (27%), erythema multiforme with 14 cases (16.5%) are the predominant manifestations toxidermy. The causative drugs are molecules with 12.6% with analgesics, NSAIDs with 12.6%, 13.6% with ARVs; sulfonamides with 9.5% with 7.4% beta-lactam; anticonvulsants with 5.2%. The therapeutic management was simple for minor forms. Severe forms have been hospitalized and often the help of intensive care and ophthalmology. Mortality was 2.3%.The toxidermy exist in Mali with a frequency more and more increasing. We recommend the systematic toxidermy consultations especially among HIV patients in Mali.

Cryptococcus meningitis is the most severe form of cryptococcal infections that infects the brain parenchyma and sub-arachnoid space. It often progresses to fatal disease states when it goes untreated. The clinical presentation and disease course of cryptococcal infection is partially marked by changes that occur as a result of certain medical conditions including, use of glucocorticoids or other immunosuppressive drugs, diabetes, as well as the immune status of the host (Chuck, 1989; Dismukes, 1988). Mostly, the disease affects people with a compromised immune system and is found in people with advanced HIV infection and AIDS, with the major burden in South-East Asia and Africa (Mwaba, 2001; Maher, 1994; Moosa, 1997). The infection itself is caused by inhalation of a yeast-like round fungus with a polysaccharide capsule, known as Cryptococcal neoformans, and disseminates from the lungs. This fungus is the only pathogenic species of the genus Cryptococcus. Based on the capsule components four serotypes of C. neoformans (A, B, C and D) have been isolated, and the species is divided into two forms. Each serotype has different epidemiologic and pathogenic profile and their presence suggests an environmentally unfriendly atmosphere for people with a defective T cell function. Consequently, the common forms of C. neoformans that affect humans in Europe and parts of US is C. neoformans var neoformans, whereas in tropical areas such as the Far East, Africa and Australia, C. neoformans var gattii is the common form of cryptococcal infection (Gari-Toussaint,1996). C. neoformans var gattii is also thought to be ecologically resident on Eucalyptus trees (Ellis, 1990). An outbreak of Cryptococcosis in healthy humans and animals in Vancouver Island, Canada, and the subsequent isolation of C. neoformans var gattii in Washington and Oregon in the US, have now led to the understanding that this species is not restricted to tropical and sub-tropical climates alone (Datta, 2009). Rather it has a wider geographic distribution and can also thrive in temperate climates, as well as on species of trees other than Eucalyptus (Datta, 2009). Estimates indicate that worldwide, the burden of human cryptococcal infections ranges between 2 to 30 % and most infected patients have HIV/AIDS (Bicanic, 2006; French, 2002). An observation in the US in 1990 showed an increase to 5000 cases of cryptococcal meningitis infection in AIDS patients, compared to 300 cases in 1980 where half of these cases were

HIV/AIDS related disorders have a negative impact on the assumption of responsibility of other Comorbidities and could lead to a highest lethality rate. The goal was to evaluate the prevalence of the psychiatric disorders during HIV/AIDS at infectious diseases service of “hôpital du Point G”. We carried out an exploratory study and descriptive energy of July 1, 2004 to bearing 31 October 2005 out of 166 patients. The cases of HIV were defined on the basis of positivity of serology HIV by at least 2 fast tests associated or not with clinical signs with the AIDS according to CDC. Any disturbance of the higher functions was regarded as psychiatric demonstrations. The female sex was in a majority with a sex- ratio of 0.9. The ages bracket the most touched lay between 36 and 41ans. The housewives were 36.7%. The grooms accounted for 64.5%. The prevalence of the psychiatric disorders was 58.9%. The disorders were dominated by the depression (45.8%) followed confusional syndrome 31.9% and epilepsy 7.8%. All the patients with psychiatric antecedents developed a confusional syndrome. The subjects having presented a psychiatric disorder were infected by the HIV-1 in 93.4% of the cases.Occurred of the psychiatric disorders was inversely proportional to the rate of CD4. Lethality was very high is 56%.

The goal of this prospective work were to describe the clinical, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of Kaposi’s disease occurring during AIDS in the infectious diseases service from October 1, 2004 to September 30, 2005. The diagnosis of the infection by the HIV was based on the positivity of serology with 2 fast tests. That of the Kaposi’s disease was based on the clinical aspect and /or histological of the lesions. On these 2189 patients, 37 presented the Kaposi’s disease that means a prevalence of 1.6%. They were 17 men and 20 women average age 39.5 years and heterosexuals in 97.30 % of the cases. Kaposi’s disease limited on the skin and mucous were most represented within (48.65 %), followed by the skin limited (43.24 %) and mucous localization (8.11%). Papulo-nodulare feature was the major clinical founded to the physical examination in 54.05 %. The rate of average CD4 was 76 cellules/mm3 with the extreme one going from 1 to 512 cellules/mm3. It was favorable at 14 (43.75%) of the 32 patients having profited from antiretroviral treatment. The Kaposi’s disease during the AIDS is relatively frequent with the service of the infectious diseases and the prognosis remains severe. However the antiretroviral therapy can improve the prognosis of the skin limited forms.

In comparing gene expression of normal and CML CD34+ quiescent (G0) cell, 292 genes were downregulated and 192 genes upregulated in the CML/G0 Cells. The differentially expressed genes were grouped according to their reported functions, and correlations were sought with biological differences previously observed between the same groups. The most relevant findings include the following. (i) CML G0 cells are in a more advanced stage of development and more poised to proliferate than normal G0 cells. (ii) When CML G0 cells are stimulated to proliferate, they differentiate and mature more rapidly than normal counterpart. (iii) Whereas normal G0 cells form only granulocyte/monocyte colonies when stimulated by cytokines, CML G0 cells form a combination of the above and erythroid clusters and colonies. (iv) Prominin-1 is the gene most downregulated in CML G0 cells, and this appears to be associated with the spontaneous formation of erythroid colonies by CML progenitors without EPO.

Since 2004, we have been developing an in-situ storage image sensor (ISIS) that captures more than 100 consecutive images at a frame rate of 10 Mfps with ultra-high sensitivity as well as the video camera for use with this ISIS. Currently, basic research is continuing in an attempt to increase the frame rate up to 100 Mfps and above. In order to suppress electro-magnetic noise at such high frequency, a digital-noiseless imaging transfer scheme has been developed utilizing solely sinusoidal driving voltages. This paper presents highly efficient-yet-accurate expressions to estimate attenuation as well as phase delay of driving voltages through RC networks of an ultra-high-speed image sensor. Elmore metric for a fundamental RC chain is employed as the first-order approximation. By application of dimensional analysis to SPICE data, we found a simple expression that significantly improves the accuracy of the approximation. Similarly, another simple closed-form model to estimate phase delay through fundamental RC networks is also obtained. Estimation error of both expressions is much less than previous works, only less 2% for most of the cases . The framework of this analysis can be extended to address similar issues of other VLSI structures., {"references":["T. G. Etoh, D. Poggermann, A. Ruckelshausen, A. J. P. Theuwissen, G.\nKreider, H. O. Folkerts, H. Mutoh, Y. Kondo, H. Maruno, K. Takubo, H.\nSoya, K. Takehara, T. Okinaka, Y. Takano, T. Reisinger, and C. Lohman,\n\"A CCD image sensor of 1Mframes/s for continuous image capturing of\n103 frames\", Digest of Technical Papers, IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits\nConf., San Francisco, CA, pp. 46-47, 2002.","T. G. Etoh, D. Poggermann, G. Kreider, H. Mutoh, A. J. P. Theuwissen, A.\nRuckelshausen, Y. Kondo, H. Maruno, K. Takubo, H. Soya, K. Takehara,\nT. Okinaka, and Y. Takano, \"An image sensor which captures 100\nconsecutive frames at 1,000,000 frame/s\", IEEE Trans.Electron Dev., vol.\n50, no. 1, Jan. 2003, pp. 144-151.","T. G. Etoh, C. Vo Le, Y. Hashishin, N. Otsuka, K. Takehara, H. Ohtake,\nT. Hayashida, and H. Maruyama, \"Evolution of ultra-high-speed CCD\nimagers\", Plasma and Fusion Research, 2, S1021, 2007.","T. G. Etoh, L. C. Vo, H. Kawano, I. Ishikawa, A. Miyawaki, V. T. S. Dao,\nH. D. Nguyen, S. Yokoi, S. Yoshida, H. Nakano, K. Takehara, Y. Saito,\n\"Ultra-high-speed bionanoscope for cell and microbe imaging\", in Proc.\nInternational. Congress on High Speed Imaging and Photonics, Canberra,\nVol. 7126, 2008, pp. 712605-712605-11.","C. Vo Le, H.D. Nguyen, V. T. S. Dao, K. Takehara, T. G. Etoh, T. Akino,\nK. Kitamura, T. Arai, H. Maruyama, \"Technologies to develop a video\ncamera with the frame rate higher than 100 Mfps\", in Proc. International.\nCongress on High Speed Imaging and Photonics, Canberra, Vol. 7126,\n2008, pp. 712606-712606-9.","V. T. S. Dao, L. C. Vo, H. D. Nguyen, T. G. Etoh, K. Takehara, T.\nAkino, K. Nishi, \"Estimation of driving voltage attenuation of an ultrahigh-\nspeed image sensor by dimensional analysis\", World Academy of\nScience, Engineering and Technology, Intl. Journal of Elect., Circuits\nSyst., vol. 4, 2008, pp. 200-204. URL: http://www.waset.org/ijecs/v2/v2-\n4-36.pdf","W.C. Elmore, \"The transient response of damped linear networks with\nparticular regard to wide-band amplifiers,\" J. Appl. Phys., vol. 19, no. 1,\nJan. 1948, pp. 55-63.","S. Y. Kim and S. S. Wong, \"Closed-form RC and RLC delay models\nconsidering input rise time,\" IEEE Trans.Circuits Syst.-I, Regular Papers,\nvol. 54, no. 9, Sep. 2007, pp. 2001-2010.","L.T. Pillage and R.A. Rohrer, \"Asymptotic waveform evaluation for\ntiming analysis,\" IEEE Trans. Comput-Aided Des.Integr.Circuits Syst.,\nvol. 9, no. 4, Apr. 1990, pp. 352-366.\n[10] C. L. Ratzlaff, N. Gopal, and L. T. Pillage, \"RICE: Rapid interconnect\ncircuit evaluator,\" in Proc. IEEE/ACM Design Automation Conf., 1991,\npp. 555-560.\n[11] Y. I. Ismail and C. Amin, \"Computation of Signal Threshold Crossing\nTimes Directly from Higher Order Moments\", IEEE Trans. Comput-\nAided Des.Integr. Circuits Syst.,vol. 23, no. 8, Aug. 2004, pp. 1264-1276.\n[12] D. E. Khalil, Y. Ismail, M. Khellah, T. Karnik, and V. De, \"Analytical\nModel for the Propagation Delay of Through Silicon Vias\", in Proc. 9th\nInt. Symp. Quality Electronic Design, 2008, pp. 553-556.\n[13] J. Vlach, J. A. Barby, A. Vannelli, T. Talkhan, and C. J. Shi, \"Group\ndelay as an estimate of delay in logic,\" IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Des.\nIntegr. Circuits Syst., vol.10, no. 7, July 1991, pp. 949-953.\n[14] M. Celik and L. T. Pillegi., \"Metrics and bound for phase delay and\nsignal attenuation in RC(L) clock trees,\" IEEE Trans.Comput.-Aided Des.\nIntegr. Circuits Syst., vol.18, no. 3, Mar. 1999, pp. 293-300."]}

A floating-point processor with the IBM System/390® architecture is implemented in one CMOS VLSI chip containing over 70,000 cells (equivalent inverters), using a transistor channel length of 0.5 µm. All floating-point instructions are hard-wired, including the binary integer multiplications. The chip is implemented in a 1-µm technology with three layers of metal. All circuits are realized in standard cells except for a floating-point register and a multiplier array macro, which are custom designed to save chip area. Instructions are performed in a five-stage pipeline with a maximum operating frequency of 37 MHz. The chip measures 12.7 mm × 12.7 mm, and dissipates 2 W. It is part of the chip set which forms the core of the IBM Enterprise System/9000™ Type 9221 entry-level models.

The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and prognostic profile of tetanus patients managed in the infectious diseases department of the "Hopital du Point G", in Bamako, Mall.This retrospective descriptive study was conducted from July 2001 to August 2004. The following data were collected: age, sex, infection route, clinical features, delay to hospitalization, and outcome.A total of 54 patients hospitalized for tetanus were included. Men accounted for 68.5% of cases. Ages ranged from 15 to 66 years with a mean of 39 years. The most common professional activity was farming: 27.8%. The route of infection was determined in 87% of cases and involved cuts in 46.3% of cases located on the lower limbs in 42.6%. Generalized paroxystic tetanus with opisthotonos was the most prevalent form accounting for 18.5% of cases. Localized tetanus accounted for 12.9% of cases. Outcome was unfavorable with a death rate of 38.9%. All deaths occurred within the first week of hospitalization.Mass vaccination of the population should be a national priority to reduce tetanus-related morbidity and mortality to levels observed in industrialized countries.

To study the factors associated with the observance of treatment ARV among patients followed in hospital medium to Bamako.Inquire longitudinal with collection of the data near the patients followed in one of the three greater sites of assumption of responsibility of the people reached with the VIH/SIDA to Mali. The people were regarded as observing if they took at least 95% of their treatment the moment of the investigation.The patients were between 1 and 40 months of treatment the moment of the investigation. The average age was 44 years with extremes going from 19 to 70 years. Association Lamivudine +Stavudine + Nevirapine (triomune) was the most prescribed antiretroviral therapy (34.2%). The bad observance was noted at 58.5% of the patients. The principal causes of bad observance were: the lapse of memory 47.5% (96/202) and difficulties of access to the hospital 34.6% (70/202). The changes of molecules were due primarily to the out-of-stock condition, and the side effects. The factor associated with a good observance was the assistance of the patient by a member of the family informed of seropositivity.The interest of HIV patient to his treatment could contribute to enhance antiretroviral Adherence particularly in this hospital and generally in Mali.

It is about a 77 years old man admitted for a small hemoptysia and a tuberculosis history that hemoptysia had been developing in a context of 38,5 0 c fever plus some crepitate rales in the right pulmonary area. After tuberculosis has been eliminated trough the bacilloscopy procedure, investigations of aspergillus in the splits have been negative. A pulmonary x ray revealed a retractile standard opacity in right pulmonary area. Amoxicilline based treatment has been conducted for two weeks in vain. Finally the pulmonary aspergillosis diagnosis pulmonary was then accepted following highly positive aspergillary serology.

The syndrome of immunodepression is the bed of multiple infections of which urinary infections. The goal of this study was to determine the aspects clinical and bacteriological urinary infections during the AIDS with the service of the infectious diseases of the hospital of the Point G of February 1, 2003 to June 30 2005. The diagnosis of the urinary infection was retained on the basis of bacteria numberor =10(4) bacteriury and or leucocytes countor =10(5)/mm3. The prevalence of the urinary infection was estimated at 8.85%. The principal clinical aspects were a symptomatic pyelonephritis 73.5%, the leucocytiury 11.8%, the cystitis 8.8%, and acute prostatitis 5.9%. Escherichia coli was the most frequent bacterium (46.7%). The sensitivity of the germs was 91.7% with the aminosides, 90.9% with the fluoroquinolones, from 63.6 to 80% respectively with the cephalosporines of first and second generation. Resistance to ampicilline, chloramphenicol and sulfamides was about 72 and 80%. The systematic research of the urinary infection is necessary during the AIDS and the antibiotherapy of choice in first intention in absence of etiologic possibility of diagnosis should be the aminosides and or the fluoroquinolones.

Summary Dracunculiasis is a dermo-epidermal filariasis that seems to persist in areas of Mali where potable water is scarce. From January to December of 2004 we carried out a study in the Gao region in an effort to determine the frequency of dracunculiasis and describe control efforts and their impact to date. To meet this objective we collected all documented cases of dracunculiasis during the study period and analyzed their reported activity and outcomes in the same year. In total, 294 patients suffering from dracunculiasis were reported in the Gao region during 2004, corresponding to a frequency of 82 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The male to female ratio favored women by a factor of 1.05, or 151 women per 143 men. All age groups were affected with 34.69% of cases falling into the 5 to 14 year old age group and 62.93% in the group of 15 year old and above. Children represented 15.30% of detected cases. School childrean lead with a proportion of 31.97%, followed by homemakers' 31.63%. The needs for trained personnel in the context of dracunculiasis control were met at 90%(48/53); supervision rates of various regional circles were satisfied 100%. This rate varied from 50 to 66% at the outskirts. The need for filters was met, but 39% of these supplies were not distributed to the population. These activities resulted in an augmentation of isolated cases from 52% in 2003 to 62.26% in 2004. Dracunculiasis remains a public health problem in northern Mali. To eradicate this ailment efforts must be made at every level: by medical personnel in the field, sanitation authorities, and the general population. These actions must be accompanied by the provision of additional clean drinking water.

Summary The goal of this study is to describe current epidemiological aspects of human African trypanosomiasis in former historic sectors known for this disease in Mali. We began a study from April to May if 2002 in the districts of Kolondieba, Kenieba, Kati and Kolokani. In the course of study we looked for blood and serum antitrypanosoma antibodies and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense by card agglutination and the mini-column technique, respectively, in 2080 subjects collected during the study period. Than we installed traps along waterways in search of the vector. The seroprevalence from blood samples of the human African trypanasomiasis in the study areas was 5.9%. 5.16% of positive blood samples also corresponded to positive serum samples No trypanosoma were isolated by mini-column test. The tsetse flies were captured from the human subjects' villages. According to these results, we can say that the African human trypanosomiasis no longer poses a public health problem in Mali. However, all contributing environmental and vectorial factors are presently primed for a resurgence of an African trypansomiasis epidemic in the studied area.

Haemorrhagic fever of Creaman virus is a worse virus disease without specific care. It has been described in Africa and in some closed counties to Mali as Mauritania and. The purpose of this study was de determine the serological rate of Crimean Congo Virus Ig G among population living in agro pastoral region in Mali : "Office du Niger" and Baguineda. The study have been taken a period from Jun to November 1991. 228 subject have been involved from "Office du Niger" and 221 sujets from Baguineda area. We used Elisa test to detect the monoclonal antibodies Ig G againt Creaman Congo virus. No antibodies had been founded among the 228 subjects from office du Niger. But 10 subject amont the 212 subject from Baguineda area were positive that means the serological rate of Creaman Congo virus was 4,5% in this area. This study showed that the Creaman Congo virus should circulate in Mali with at lowed spead. The emphazise of the epidemiological survey must be enforced to avoid born and spraying a epidemic due to this virus in Mali and in Africa.