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Iran’s economy has three sectors: hydrocarbons, agriculture and services. Due to the historical trend, Iranian economy is under the influence of government governance in production and services. Considering the role of non-oil exports and the over-reliance of Iranian economy on petroleum and petroleum products, it is necessary to conduct a research to determine the factors, which affect non-oil export.Since oil revenues are not considered as a reliable source of revenue for the government due to their volatility, development of non-oil export is one of the major goals of Iranian most important goals. If the goals, set in this area will be achieved, the country’s position will be improved in terms of foreign exchange, curbing the volatility, caused by oil prices and gaining economic and competitive advantages in the global arena. The most important issue in the development of nonoil exports is the liberalization of economic capacity through new investments.In this article all factors, affecting non-oil exports have been determined, based on studying literature. Considering a survey of 32 executives and experts of Fajre Jam Refining Company as one of the most important condensate exporter companies in the country and region, the most important of them have been identified and then categorized using the affinity graph approach. Pairwise comparisons were used to weight the main and sub-factors with the participation of 10 executives and experts of the mentioned company within the framework of the analytic hierarchy process in expert choice software.

Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) can exert both short-term and long-term effects on a child’s health. Offspring born to mothers who suffer from PPD face an elevated susceptibility to encountering psychological disturbances and developmental delays. Moreover, there has been conjecture surrounding a plausible connection between maternal magnesium (Mg) levels and psychiatric manifestations. This study aims to investigate the relationship between maternal Mg levels and PPD and the correlation between PPD and an infant’s growth and neurodevelopment at 6 and 12 months. Methods: This longitudinal study is a sub-study derived from the “PERSIAN Birth Cohort Study,” encompassing 224 mother–infant pairs randomly enlisted during 2019–2020 in Isfahan. Maternal serum magnesium (Mg) levels were measured at 38 weeks of gestation. PPD was evaluated employing the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) four weeks postpartum. Measurements of birth size were undertaken, adhering to standardized protocols at birth, 6 months, and 12 months. Anthropometric parameters and the Persian version of the validated Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) were employed to assess infant neurodevelopmental status at 6 and 12 months. Results: Overall, 22.3% of mothers grappled with PPD. The mean (standard deviation) maternal magnesium levels (Mg) were 1.95 ± 0.23 mg/dL. No statistically significant association was detected between maternal serum magnesium (Mg) levels and the incidence of PPD. Correspondingly, no significant association emerged between PPD and indices of growth. However, a noteworthy distinction materialized in the communication scores of offspring born to depressed and non-depressed mothers following adjustments for confounding variables at 12 months (β = 1.81; 95% confidence interval: 0.32-3.30). Furthermore, a substantial regression in communication skills became apparent between 6 and 12 months. Conclusions: This study failed to establish a significant association between maternal serum magnesium (Mg) levels and PPD. Nevertheless, research lends credence to an inverse correlation between maternal depression and subsequent behavioral difficulties in offspring, such as communication skills. Thus, the imperative nature of screening for PPD should be underscored to facilitate its early detection and intervention, thereby enhancing infant well-being.

Published data on the relationship between pregnancy outcomes of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in translocation carriers have implicated inconclusive results. To identify potentially eligible reports, an electronic search was conducted in several databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, and Cochrane. Pooled odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (Cis) were estimated based on a random-effect model to evaluate the strength of association between PGD and successful pregnancy outcome in translocation carriers. A total of six cohort studies were included in the current study. The meta-analysis of these studies revealed that the PGD method was associated with an increased successful pregnancy outcome of translocation carriers (OR = 8.58; 95%CI: 1.40–52.76). In subgroup analysis, there was no significant association according to the chromosomal translocation carrier origin and the type of translocated chromosomes, as well as country. In developed countries, the pregnancy outcome of PGD was significantly improved in translocation carriers (OR = 21.79; 95%CI: 1.93–245.52). The current meta-analysis demonstrated that the PGD method is associated with successful pregnancy outcome in both types of reciprocal and Robertsonian translocation carriers, especially in developed countries.

Introduction and Significance: Situs inversus totalis is characterized by the complete transposition of thoracic and abdominal viscera. Individuals can live asymptomatically with this condition; however, it may be associated with certain abnormalities of the organs involved., Case Presentation: Herein, we present a case of a situs inversus totalis woman presented with choledocholithiasis. Elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed on the patient with intraoperative modifications. The patient was discharged in a healthy condition., Clinical Discussion: Several case reports have documented the typical presentation of cholelithiasis, which is characterized by pain in the left upper quadrant and epigastric region. Our patient exhibited similar symptoms and was diagnosed with choledocholithiasis., Conclusions: Diagnostic and therapeutic management of morbidities in SIT individuals can be performed with recommended modifications that can lead to favorable outcomes., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement The authors deny any conflict of interest in any terms or by any means during the study., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Obesity is the result of positive energy balance in which various hormones and neurotransmitters are involved. Using Dietary supplements is a common and popular method to lose weight. Medicinal plants with specific effects on metabolizing enzymes, blocking adipogenesis, and improving energy metabolism can be a suitable alternative to these supplements. In this study, the role of hydro-alcoholic extract of Dactylorhiza maculate (Salep) plant on obesity and its related hormones and antioxidants was investigated. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Control, Sham, and Salep extract (three doses): 80, 160, and 320 mg/kg. The extract was fed by gavage for 29 days. After the 29 th day, blood and tissue samples were taken. Rats' ELISA kits were used to measure adiponectin, obestatin, resistin, orexin-A, insulin, epinephrine, Agouti Related Neuropeptide (AgRP), omentin, chemerin, amylin, neuropeptide-Y (NPY), and ghrelin. In addition, we measured leptin, cholecystokinin (CCK), antioxidants, and lipid profile factors. Evaluation of weight changes showed that Salep extract helped the animals to lose weight significantly in the 160 and 320 mg/kg Salep groups. Leptin, adiponectin, AgRP, obestatin, CCK, chemerin, adiponectin, and total antioxidants displayed a significant increase compared to the control group. In contrast, ghrelin, omentin, resistin, NPY, amylin, orexin-A, epinephrine, and Malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased in the Salep groups. The lipid profile was also affected by the extract. These findings suggest that the Salep extract prevents appetite, reduces ghrelin, and affects digestive factors; the Salep extract can change the secretory factors of adipose tissue and lipid profile and ultimately help to lose weight., Competing Interests: Authors disclose any conflict of interest in accordance with journal policy.

Objective: Coronavirus disease 2019 has significantly impacted the rate of emergency department visits among patients with the non-repository disease. Patients with acute appendicitis are also likely to delay their visit to the health care center, which can lead to complications including perforated appendicitis. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of perforated appendicitis during the COVID19 and pre-pandemic periods., Methods: This retrospective study was performed on all appendectomies performed during COVID-19, Group A, and one year earlier, Group B. A questionnaire comprising demographic variables (age, gender, occupation, education), clinical variables (white blood cell count, fever), location and type of appendicitis, the status of appendectomy, and duration of hospitalization was completed for all the patients included in the study., Results: The demographic variables were not significantly different among the two groups. The perforation appendicitis rate during the COVID19 pandemic increased compared to the previous year, The difference was not statistically significant. The number of negative appendectomy in group A was significantly less compared to group B. The mean time from the onset of pain to the time of referral was significantly lesser in group A. The mean length of hospital stay in group B was longer than in group A. In terms of fever, patients with perforated appendicitis in group B had a higher fever than in group A, which was statistically significant., Conclusion: A non-significant increase in the number of perforated appendicitis cases during the pandemic period. Duration of hospitalization and fever was significantly greater in pre-pandemic perforated appendicitis cases., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2022 The Authors.)

Background: Migraine is one of the most common types of headache, and it is the second most common cause of neurological disorders, with an annual prevalence of about 15% of the population. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of BoNT-A on the duration and intensity of migraine attacks. In addition, we investigated the effective injection sites., Methods: According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched online databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Google Scholar from 2011 to 2021., Results: A total of 24 articles were included in the study. The use of BoNT-A in individuals suffering from chronic migraine (CM) decreases the frequency of migraine attacks per month, pain intensity, medication use, emergency visits, and migraine-related disabilities. The BoNT-A was well tolerated and leads to improved performance and better quality of life (QoL). Overall, treatment with BoNT-A in adults with CM is beneficial. In addition, the use of BoNT-A in individuals with vestibular migraine (VM) reduces the frequency of migraines and brings about the improvement of disability status caused by migraine headaches. Meanwhile, the use of BoNT-A reduces the frequency of migraine attacks per month among individuals with chronic refractory migraine (CRM)., Conclusions: The use of BoNT-A is a low-cost option for the treatment of various kinds of migraines, including chronic, episodic, unilateral, and vestibular types. BoNT-A can reduce the frequency of migraine attacks per month and diminish the severity of pain., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Negar Shaterian et al.)

One of the most common symptoms in stroke patients is spasticity. The aims were to investigate the effects of anodal trans-cranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) over the affected primary motor cortex (M1) on ankle plantar flexor spasticity and dorsiflexor muscle activity in stroke patients. The design of this study was a randomized sham-controlled clinical trial. Thirty-two participants with stroke were randomly assigned to three groups (experimental, sham, control groups). Participants in the experimental and sham groups received 10-session 20-min M1 a-tDCS concurrent with physical therapy (PT), while the control group only received 10-session PT. All groups were instructed to perform home stretching exercises and balance training. Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) of plantar flexors, and EMG activity of lateral gastrocnemius (LG) and tibialis anterior (TA) were recorded during active and passive ankle dorsiflexion immediately and 1 month after interventions. A significant reduction was shown in MAS and EMG activity of LG during dorsiflexion, immediately and 1 month after intervention in the M1 a-tDCS group (p <0.001). BBS also significantly increased only in the M1 a-tDCS group (p <0.001). In addition, EMG activity of TA during active dorsiflexion increased immediately and 1 month after intervention in the M1 a-tDCS group (p <0.001). However, in the sham and control groups, EMG activity of TA increased immediately (p<0.001), while this was not maintained 1 month after intervention (p >0.05). PT concurrent with M1 a-tDCS can significantly prime lasting effects of decreasing LG spasticity, increasing TA muscle activity, and also balance in stroke patients., (© 2021. Fondazione Società Italiana di Neurologia.)

Background: This study aims to determine the factors affecting the tendency to lose weight (TLW) and its methods in Iranian children and adolescents., Methods: In this cross-sectional nationwide study 14800 students, aged 7-18 years, living in 30 provinces of Iran were selected via multistage cluster random sampling method. The dietary and physical activity habits and TLW as well as psychosocial health status, anxiety, self-satisfaction, and change in dietary behaviors were assessed by the global school-based student health survey (WHO-GSHS) questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify factors influencing TLW., Results: Overall, 14274 students (participation rate of 99%), consisting of 51% boys and 71.4% urban residents, completed the study. Of them, 37.7% (51.4% Girls and 48.6% boys) tended to lose weight. In multivariate model, the odds for TLW was 12% higher in students aged 13-18 years than those aged 6-12 years (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.23; P < 0.001). Students with high anxiety level were 43% more likely to have TLW (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.28-1.59; P < 0.001). The odds of increasing physical activity for weight loss was 22% lower in obese than in normal weight students (OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.66 to 0.93; P < 0.001)., Conclusions: TLW was significantly higher in girls, as well as in those with higher anxiety level. In addition to dietary change, increasing physical activity should be encouraged among children and adolescents with excess weight. Public education regarding proper lifestyle change for reaching healthy weight should be underscored., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2020 International Journal of Preventive Medicine.)

Thymulin is a peptide hormone which is mainly produced by thymic epithelial cells and it has immune-modulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of different doses and various timings of thymulin intraperitoneal administration on spinal microglial activity and intracellular pathways in an inflammatory rat model of Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Thymulin treatment was implemented following CFA-induced inflammation for 21 days. After conducting behavioral tests (edema and hyperalgesia), the cellular and molecular aspects were examined to detect the thymulin effect on inflammatory factors and microglial activity. We demonstrated that thymulin treatment notably reduced thermal hyperalgesia and paw edema induced by CFA. Furthermore, molecular investigations showed that thymulin reduced CFA-induced activation of microglia cells, phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and the production of spinal pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) during the study. Our results suggest that thymulin treatment attenuates CFA-induced inflammation. This effect may be mediated by inhibition of spinal microglia and production of central inflammatory mediators which seems to be associated with the ability of thymulin to reduce p38 MAPK phosphorylation. These data provide evidence of the anti-hyperalgesic effect of thymulin on inflammatory pain and characterize some of the underlying spinal mechanisms., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: A favorable or unfavorable attitude about self was named self esteem. According to Maslow theory to achieve quality of life and happiness, one must reach the gradual fulfillment of human needs, including a high degree of own self-esteem. Body dissatisfaction is a negative distortion of one's body which is especially mentioned by the women. Many studies have shown links between self esteem, body dissatisfaction, health and behaviors. this study intends to determine relationship between body satisfaction, self esteem and unhealthy weight control behaviors between women., Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 408 women employees in Isfahan University and Isfahan University of Medical Sciences during 1390. They were chosen according to the stratified random sampling method. Inclusion criteria were 1) willing to participate in the study and 2) lack of serious physical defect 3) not being in pregnancy or breastfeeding course. Exclusion criteria was filling out questionnaires incompletely. Data collection tool was a multidimensional questionnaire which comprised of 4 sections as following: demographic (5items), A self-administrative questionnaire for body Satisfaction (7 items), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (10 items) and a standard Weight Control Behavior Scale (18 items). Cranach's alpha was 0.9 or higher for the different sections. Finally, collected data was analyzed with SPSS18 using the independent T-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, regression, Spearman correlation., Results: Frequencies of participants by weight category were 14.1% for obese, 35.3% for overweight, 47.6% for normal weight. The mean body satisfaction score in the studied women was 63.26 ± 16.27 (from 100). Mean score of self esteem was 76.70 ± 10.45. 51.5% of women had medium self esteem, 47.5% had high self esteem. Pearson correlation showed that the variables of body Satisfaction (r = 0.3, P = 0.02), BMI (r = - 0.14, P < 0.003), education level (r = 0.22, P < 0.001), income (r = 0.14, P < 0.004), consumption of fruit (r = 0.13, P < 0.008) all correlated with self-esteem significantly. Women with higher self esteem used higher fruits had a good nutrition overall (r = 0.11, P = 0.02). 92.15%, 10.8% of women respectively participated in one of healthy and unhealthy weight control behavior. There was not any Relationship between self esteem and healthy weight control behavior while finding showed reverse relationship between self esteem and Unhealthy Dieting Behaviors., Conclusion: It seemed women identity in our society tied to social appreciations that formed and supported by body satisfaction. When they feel their current appearance is differ from ideal appearance, they feel down and have lower self esteem and used unhealthy dieting behavior and low fruits daily. Due to importance of precise self evaluation, self esteem can be used to design and conduct public health programs, especially for women.

Background: Ritalin has high tendency to be abused. It has been the main indication to control attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The college students may seek for it to improve their memory, decrease the need for sleep (especially during exams), which at least partially, can be related to serotonergic system. Therefore, it seems worthy to evaluate the effect of Ritalin intake on mature brain. There are many studies on Ritalin effect on developing brain, but only few studies on adults are available. This study was undertaken to find Ritalin effect on serotonin transporter (SERT) density in medial frontal cortex (MFC) of mature rat., Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were used in the study. Rats were assigned into five groups (n = 6 per group): one control, two Ritalin and two vehicle groups. Twelve rats received Ritalin (20 mg/kg/twice a day) orally for eleven continuous days. After one week of withdrawal and another two weeks of rest, in order to evaluate short-term effects of Ritalin, six rats were sacrificed. Another six rats were studied to detect the long-term effects of Ritalin; therefore, they were sacrificed 12 weeks after the previous group. The immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the results., Results: Immunohistochemistry studies showed a higher density of SERT in both 2 and 12 weeks after withdrawal from Ritalin intake in MFC of rat and there was no significant difference between these two groups., Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated both short- and long-term effects of Ritalin on frontal serotonergic system after withdrawal period.