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Background Overweight and obesity, low physical activity and lack of motivation to exercise are common among young adults. Thus, the objective of the study is to evaluate the efficiency of Nordic Walking for weight loss and improvement of functional and physiological state in young adults with overweight and obesity. Methods The study enrolled 77 students from Sechenov University with overweight and obesity aged from 17 to 23 years. Forty students in the main group completed an individual 9-months Nordic Walking exercise program. Thirty-seven students in the control group were engaged in physical training within the curriculum of the university. The components of body composition, level of physical working capacity and psycho-emotional status were studied. Results The final tests showed significant excessive body weight loss in students in the main group due to fat mass reduction by 18%; increase of physical working capacity by 22.5%; improvement of emotional stability by 22% and self-confidence level growth by 24%. Conclusions Nordic Walking is an effective type of physical training with high motivational component for excessive body weight loss in young adults. It is proved by significant improvement of the majority of morphofunctional and psychological parameters in students in the main group. Nordic Walking can be used in physical education program at high schools for pupils and students with overweight and obesity. The materials of the article are of practical value for PT tutors, advisors on healthy way of life and public health, specialists in physical rehabilitation, general practice doctors.

Aim of the study. To assess the effectiveness of the physical rehabilitation in the first year in recipients with donor kidney. Material and Methods. The article presents an assessment of the functional state and adaptive body reserves using hardware-software complex (HSC) “Sources of Health” for patients before and after the kidney transplantation. The results of the examination and treatment of 57 recipients (of the mean age - 35±9.65) donor kidney at different times of the postoperative period. Depending on the physical rehabilitation program there were selected 2 groups of patients: in Group I the physical rehabilitation was carried out during the year, in Group II - only in the first week after surgery for the prevention of early postoperative complications. Group III combined 30 relatively healthy people (15 women, 15 men) without the need for an organ transplant and of a mean age of 33.7 ± 8.7 years, keeping a normal lifestyle, not engaged in the regular recreational physical exercises. The functional state and adaptive body reserves were evaluated with HSC “Sources of Health” at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. Results. The physical rehabilitation with a personalized approach for one year after the kidney transplantation can significantly improve functional and adaptive body reserves in donor kidney recipients. Conclusion. Patients are shown to need for the physical rehabilitation at least for a year after the kidney transplantation in order to improve the functional state and adaptive body reserves.

The relevance of this ensues from the fact that despite the numerous currently available health promotion training programs for the reduction of body weight, there is still the need for the development of the new forms of the efficacious physical training programs and the methods of motivation for compliance with them among the people of different age, sex and social status.The objective of the present study was to determine the role of motivational factors, including the assessment of the biological age, in the improvement of the effectiveness of the health promotion training programs for the reduction of the excess body weight.A total of 82 students with overweight and first-degree obesity at the age from 17 to 21 years (average age 18.5±1.4 years) were examined. 42 girls included in the first (main) group spent 9 months performing health promotion training programs on an individual basis developed taking into consideration the motivational factors. The physical training programs included the aerobic exercise in the form of dance classes. 40 students in the control group were engaged in physical training envisaged by the academic curriculum of the university. The third group (the group of comparison) was comprised of 36 practically healthy girls having the normal body weight. We studied the components of the body composition with the use of bioimpedanceometry, evaluated the physical working capacity (the PWC-170 test) and the adaptive reserves of the body (heart rate variability test as proposed by R.M. Baevskyi, Garkavi test). In addition, the psycho-emotional status of the participants was estimated making use of the Lusher test and SAN. The biological age was determined by the original method based on the combination of the morphological and functional indices.The excess body weight in the students comprising group 1 was reduced by 10% on the average; simultaneously the physical working capacity among these students increased by an average of 24.5% while the level of emotional stability and self-esteem increased by 20% and 24%, respectively. We also documented a decrease in the initially increased biological age by 5 years on the average. The students included in group II did not experience any significant changes in the parameters of interest.The consideration of the motivational factors for the development of the training programs designed to promote the reduction of the excessive body weight significantly increases their effectiveness, as evidenced by the improvement of the morpho-functional and psychological characteristics in the students of the first group and its absence in their counterparts included in group II.Обоснование. Актуальность исследования обусловлена тем, что, несмотря на обилие существующих оздоровительно-тренировочных программ для снижения избыточной массы тела, важной задачей является поиск новых форм эффективных физических тренировок и способов мотивации к ним лиц разного возраста, пола и социальных групп. Цель исследования - определить роль мотивационных факторов, включающих оценку биологического возраста, в повышении эффективности оздоровительно-тренировочных программ для снижения избыточной массы тела. Материал и методы. Обследованы 82 студентки Сеченовского университета с избыточной массой тела и ожирением I степени в возрасте от 17 лет до 21 года, средний возраст 18,5±1,4 года. В 1-ю (основную) группу были включены 42 девушки, которые в течение 9 мес занимались по индивидуальным оздоровительно-тренировочным программам, разработанным с учетом мотивационных факторов. Основу программ физических тренировок составляли нагрузки аэробной направленности в виде занятий танцами. Во 2-ю (контрольную) группу вошли 40 студенток, которые занимались физической культурой по учебной программе вуза. Кроме того, была выделена 3-я группа (сравнения), которую составили 36 практически здоровых девушек с нормальной массой тела. Исследовали компоненты состава тела методом биоимпедансометрии, физическую работоспособность, адаптационные резервы организма, психоэмоциональный статус. Оригинальным способом определяли биологический возраст по совокупности морфологических и функциональных показателей. Результаты. В 1-й группе на фоне снижения избыточной массы тела в среднем на 10% отмечены увеличение физической работоспособности в среднем на 24,5%, повышение уровня эмоциональной стабильности на 20%, рост самооценки на 24%, выявлено снижение изначально повышенного биологического возраста в среднем на 5 лет. Во 2-й группе достоверных изменений анализируемых параметров выявлено не было. Заключение. Учет мотивационных факторов при разработке оздоровительно-тренировочных программ для снижения избыточной массы тела повышает их эффективность, что доказано достоверной положительной динамикой большинства морфофункциональных и психологических показателей у девушек 1-й группы и отсутствием таковых у студенток 2-й группы.

This review of literature presents modern pathogenetic treatment options for obesity and overweight correction including the optimization of the motor function, nutrition education, drug therapy, surgical techniques and psychotherapy. The need for a multidisciplinary approach to the development of combined treatment programs is underlined taking into account the multifactorial pathogenesis of obesity. A combination of optimal physical activity and diet therapy with active personal involvement in the process of recovery is accentuated among the priority areas of excess body weight correction, as well as the treatment and prevention of obesity. It is shown that the physical rehabilitation should focus on the individualization of the physical exertion, its adequate dosing and intensity control using heart rate monitors to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the training sessions. The article also presents data on the effectiveness of rational medical and other types of treatment of obesity when the adjustment of physical activities and nutrition is insufficient. In particular, the results of the world's largest observation program of safe weight loss for the treatment ofpatients with alimentary obesity held in Russia from 2012 to 2015 are described.

The article is a review of recent epidemiological observations concerning the prevalence of overweight and obesity in different countries among people of different gender, age. social and ethnic groups. It also presents and analyses health risks and comorbidities leading to disability and death as reported by domestic and foreign researchers. It was found that obesity has multifactorial pathogenesis directly related to energy balance, consumed and expended calories. The need of a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment and prevention of the disease is emphasized taking into consideration the influence of the environment and increasing urbanization on the development of the pathology as well as the role of government efforts to stimulate physical activity of the population in the framework of integral interdisciplinary programs and control over the quality of food. The priority areas for the correction of overweight include optimization of motor activity and diet correction.

In the literature review there are presented current research trends in the management of obesity and overweight correction. There was noted a multifactoriality ofpathogenesis of obesity and the needfor a multidisciplinary approach to the development of comprehensive programs, including surgical, medical and physiotherapeutic techniques. There were determined priority directions ofpathogenetic treatment process, including the correction of diet, optimization of the motor regimen and the use of aerobic physical loads. There was pointed up the necessity for precise dosing of the load for this category ofpatients, there were presented modern methods of the control of its effective and safe intensity.

The review presents epidemiological observations of recent years about the prevalence of overweight and obesity in different countries among people of different gender, age and social groups, and ethnicity. It also presents and analyses health risks and comorbidities leading to disability and death according to national and foreign researchers. It was found that the pathogenesis of obesity was multifactorial and also it was noted the importance of energy balance, consumed and expended calories. It was emphasized the need of a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment and prevention of the disease. The significant influence of the environment and increasing urbanization on the development of the pathology as well as the role of government support in relation to increasing physical activity of the population, including integrated interdisciplinary programs with environmental changes to increase physical activity and control over the quality of food was investigated. The priority areas for correction of overweight including optimization motion activity and correction of the diet were identified.

The article is a review of recent epidemiological observations concerning the prevalence of overweight and obesity in different countries among people of different gender, age. social and ethnic groups. It also presents and analyses health risks and comorbidities leading to disability and death as reported by domestic and foreign researchers. It was found that obesity has multifactorial pathogenesis directly related to energy balance, consumed and expended calories. The need of a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment and prevention of the disease is emphasized taking into consideration the influence of the environment and increasing urbanization on the development of the pathology as well as the role of government efforts to stimulate physical activity of the population in the framework of integral interdisciplinary programs and control over the quality of food. The priority areas for the correction of overweight include optimization of motor activity and diet correction.

This review of literature presents modern pathogenetic treatment options for obesity and overweight correction including the optimization of the motor function, nutrition education, drug therapy, surgical techniques and psychotherapy. The need for a multidisciplinary approach to the development of combined treatment programs is underlined taking into account the multifactorial pathogenesis of obesity. A combination of optimal physical activity and diet therapy with active personal involvement in the process of recovery is accentuated among the priority areas of excess body weight correction, as well as the treatment and prevention of obesity. It is shown that the physical rehabilitation should focus on the individualization of the physical exertion, its adequate dosing and intensity control using heart rate monitors to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the training sessions. The article also presents data on the effectiveness of rational medical and other types of treatment of obesity when the adjustment of physical activities and nutrition is insufficient. In particular, the results of the world's largest observation program of safe weight loss for the treatment of patients with alimentary obesity held in Russia from 2012 to 2015 are described.

The review of literature presents the results of recent epidemiological studies in obese people in Russia and abroad taking into account gender, age, ethnic, social, and geographical factors. The increase of obesity prevalence among different population groups including children and adolescents was registered. The risks of health problems associated with overweight and obesity probably leading to disability and mortality were analyzed. It was shown that the energy imbalance played a key role in the etiopathogenesis of obesity among many other factors. This occurs as a consequence of discrepancy between energy consumption and energy discharge especially under the conditions of hypokinesia in all spheres of modern life. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of environmental factors, increasing urbanization, and socio-economic conditions of modern life. The fundamental importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the development of prevention and treatment and rehabilitation programs was accentuated. The attention was paid to the role of economic factors in the development of carbohydrate metabolism disorders. The important role of the goverment was shown in the development of health improvement programs including improvement of the environmental situation, change in anthropogenic environment due to physical activity. The preferred direction of comprehensive programs of prevention and treatment of obesity were defined including optimization of the motor regime, diet correction, increasing the motivation to healthy lifestyle, physical education and sports, as well as increasing the individual’s personal responsibility for their health.