Search

Individual-level and local socioeconomic status (SES) are both significant social determinants of adolescents' health, but usually their distinct effects are not properly disentangled. A validated health survey of 76 items was conducted among last compulsory education course students (15/16 years old) in 59 municipalities from Barcelona province, Spain (N = 7351). Individual SES was defined by the Family Affluence Scale and municipal SES by its Gross Disposable Household Income. Both were dichotomized and crossed. Bivariate analyses were performed for all variables, comparing Low (L) and High (H) Individual (i) SES, L and H Municipal (m) SES and then the 4 groups: LiLm, LiHm, HiLm, HiHm. Chi square tests were performed with SAS. The significance level was set to 0.05. Most of the items (self-perceived health, general mood, night leisure, excessive use of internet, and unsafe sex, among others) were only related to individual SES (in the direction usually described in literature) without municipal influence. Only for sexual harassment was found a significant association with the municipal SES (more on Lm) but no differences between individual SES groups. Different patterns emerged when individual and municipal significant associations were detected. In a LiLm-LiHm-HiLm-HiHm order, a healthy gradient was observed in frequency of sport and physical activity, neighbourhood assessment and adherence to Mediterranean Diet. On the contrary, a risk gradient appeared on tobacco, cannabis and alcohol consumption. An opposite SES effect was found on gender violence and on sexual health information demands: Individual SES was positively associated with demand while Municipal SES was negatively associated. No association with neither individual nor municipal SES was found on information interest on bullying. The different effect of individual and municipal SES and their interactions on various aspects of adolescents' health should be taken into account in health promotion. Key messages Individual SES have stronger association with most of adolescents’ health items than Municipal SES. The latter reinforces, except on gender and sexual health information demands where link is opposed. Different effects and interactions between individual and municipal socioeconomic status in adolescents’ health should be incorporated in health promotion priorization.

This work presents the PAU instrument aboard the satellite INTA MicroSAT-1. The PAU instrument is a combination of a Radiometer and a GNSS Reflectometer designed to study the relationship GNSS-R observables (Delay Doppler Maps) and the L-Band brightness temperature measurements to improve the Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) retrievals. This work describes an airborne experiment conducted to preliminary test the PAU instrument GNSS-R observables sensibility to sea state and to explore other applications of the instrument

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Reflectometry was originally proposed for mesoscale altimetry, but today its feasibility for sea state, soil moisture, vegetation and snow height has already been demonstrated. This paper describes a GNSS-Reflectometer develop to perform the sea state correction in L-band radiometric measurements, and therefore, improve the quality of the sea surface salinity retrievals. The instrument is currently being developed as a secondary payload to be launched aboard INTA (Instituto Nacional de Técnicas Aerospaciales, Spanish Aerospace Center) MicroSat-1. The basic principles of operation and the instrument development status are presented.

This work presents the flight model of a PAU version to be flown in INTA's (Instituto Nacional de Tecnicas Aeroespaciales, Spanish Aerospace Center) MicroSat-1 and the tests performed. PAU is a hybrid GNSS-Reflectometer / Microwave Radiometer developed to assess the impact of the sea state on the L-band brightness temperatures and on the GNSS-R observables (the Delay Doppler Maps or DDMs). The DDMs can be used in the future to perform the sea state correction in the L-band radiometric measurements, and therefore, improve the quality of the sea surface salinity retrievals. This work also describes a sensitivity test, a Doppler test, and a preliminary field experiment to evaluate the performance.