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Field effect transistors are considered one of the key technologies to provide real-time and label-free biodetection. Direct detection in physiological solutions is, however, severely limited by the Debye charge-screening effect of the electrical double layer. Most measurements are therefore performed indirectly in diluted ionic-strength solutions. This study proposes a general technique based on modulation of the surface electric field of the CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) extended-gate field effect transistors (EGFETs) to investigate the screening effect on hybridized DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) signals from 1 MHz to 15 MHz. The 32 EGFET sensor array exhibited a floating-gate potential change of 17.4 mV/log[DNA] from 1 fM to 100 pM with a near picomolar-level resolution and a response time below 8 minutes.

Label-free detection of biomolecules using ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) in physiological solutions is limited by the Debye charge-screening effect of the electrical double layer. Most ISFET measurements are therefore performed in diluted ionic-strength solutions to detect the interface potential change on specific binding of biomolecules. The novel CMOS ISFETs proposed in this study have a capacitor structure in the oscillator readout to provide modulation of the surface electric field to reduce the charge screening and nonideal signal drift. Signal modulation was applied at frequencies higher than the ion-strength-dependent cut-off frequency, with the highest applied frequency being approximately 100 MHz among the four proposed designs. The measured results revealed a pH sensitivity from 52.3 to 54.4 mV/pH in terms of the floating-gate potential change. Direct DNA hybridization in a high ionic-strength solution was successfully measured with a near picomolar-level resolution.

Squeeze-film damping due to compressed thin-film gas comprises both the viscous and elastic effects. Based on the latter, this work reports two capacitively-transduced resonant pressure sensors implemented in a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process to provide sensor miniaturization, integration and sensitivity enhancement. Post-CMOS fabrication is simplified as a sealed membrane in conventional pressure sensors is not required. The squeeze-film elastic effect enhanced by the narrow sub- $\mu \text{m}$ gap leads to improved sensitivity and reduced sensor size. The two designs have resonant plates of $200\times200$ and $100\times 100\,\,\mu \text{m}^{2}$ , and demonstrate sensitivities of 0.77 and 5.34 Hz/Pa, respectively.

CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) biosensors are promising to provide label-free and highly sensitive detection with high throughput. Ion-sensitive field effect transistors (ISFETs) can sensitively detect the charges carried by target analyte upon specific binding. This work studies the hybridization of complementary DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) strands by ISFETs implemented in a $0.35-\mu $ m CMOS process. Three designs of different electrode and transistor sizes are implemented, with pH sensitivities measured between 27 to 32 mV/pH in terms of the threshold voltage shift. The increase of current in the p-type ISFETs due to hybridized target DNA molecules is successfully detected near femtomolar concentration, which is among the best sensing resolution for CMOS ISFETs.

This work presents a biaxial electromag- netically-driven piezoresistively sensed scanning mirror fabricated in a CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) process. The structure containing the CMOS metal/dielectric layers and underlying silicon is released after back- and front-side etch. The drive coil and piezoresistive sensors are implemented by the metal and polysilicon thin films. Biaxial resonances at 1.13 kHz and 41.5 kHz, and an optical angle of 50° for horizontal scan under a drive current of 12.5 mA are measured. Closed-loop control and oscillation for vertical and horizontal scans are also demonstrated for practical applications.

To assess the effect of the intraoperative application of the Aquamantys® system to treat the hepatic resection margin on local and overall recurrence of HCC. We retrospectively analyzed 101 patients admitted from November 2016 to June 2018 who underwent hepatectomy using the Aquamantys® as hemostatic device, who were matched with 101 patients (control group) using conventional hemostatic devices through PSM. Univariate and multivariate analyses of recurrence-free survival (RFS) and local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) were performed using the Cox proportional hazard model. There were no significant differences in baseline data and surgical procedures between the two groups. The Aquamantys® group showed less blood loss (P = 0.005) and a lower blood transfusion rate (P = 0.036), while the incidences of postoperative complications of the two groups showed no difference (P = 0.266). OS rates of the Aquamantys® group and the control group were 82.6% and 84.2%, respectively (P = 0. 446), and RFS rates were 65.5% and 58.2%, respectively (P = 0.153), with no significant differences. The Aquamantys® group and the control group had two cases and 11 cases of local recurrence, respectively, with LRFS rates of 98% and 87.9%, respectively, in the follow-up period, corresponding to a significant difference (P = 0.011). Multivariate analysis showed that microvascular invasion (MVI), tumor diameter > 5 cm, and the control group were independent risk factors for LRFS. Our results indicate that application of the Aquamantys® system in hepatectomy can reduce local recurrence, but it can neither reduce overall recurrence nor improve OS.

Compressed thin-film gas between the plates produces the squeeze-film damping force that comprises both dissipative and elastic effects. The latter is used in this paper as the mechanism to modify the structural resonance with respect to the change of ambient pressure. Capacitively sensed squeeze-film pressure sensors are implemented in a silicon-based fabrication platform. Nine designs with resonant plate sizes from $200\times 200$ to $800\times 800\,\,\mu \text{m}^{\mathbf {2}}$ , and different natural frequencies for the same size are comprehensively studied. Measured sensitivities range from 94 to 762 Hz/kPa. Both simulations and measurements show the design tradeoff between sensitivity and quality factor. Required critical dimensions such as gap spacing and structural thickness to increase the squeeze-film elastic effect are also analyzed.

Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) are the most widely symbiosis in terrestrial ecosystem. Leaf N and P are the most important plant functional traits due to their influence on biogeochemical cycling. However, as the notable nitrogen (N) fixing plants, the variations of leaf N, P and N:P and their relationship among mycorrhizal types had been hardly studied based on functional groups. In this study, we studied the leaf N, P and N:P and their relationship between AM and other mycorrhizal types (others) among different functional groups or climate zones. The results indicated that AM improve significantly leaf N and P, while reduce N:P comparing to others. However, the influences of AM and others on leaf N, P and N:P changed with plant functional groups or climate zone. The relationships between leaf N and P, between N and N:P and between P and N:P also exhibit great variation between AM and Others.

The legume is notable owing to their symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixing ability. Usually, higher leaf N concentration and N to phosphorus (P) ratio (N:P) in legumes than non-legumes. However, the variations of leaf N, P and N:P and their relationship had been hardly studied based on functional groups. In this study, we studied the leaf N, P and N:P and their relationship among different functional groups. The results showed that the average values of leaf N, P and N:P ratios for all legumes were 27.33 mg g-1, 1.27 mg g-1 and 21.94, respectively. Leaf N (36.96 mg g-1) and P (2.15 mg g-1) of herbaceous legumes are significantly higher than N (24.97 mg g-1) and P (1.18 mg g-1) in woody plants, respectively. Moreover, leaf N, P and N:P of shrub markedly higher than them in tree. Leaf N and P are always higher in deciduous than evergreen legumes. A negative correlation was found between leaf N:P and P in overall and different functional groups of legumes.

Label-free biological detection using ion sensitive field effect transistors (ISFET) in high ionic strength solution is known hampered by the charge-screening effect of the electrical double layer. Our study adopts a detection scheme with CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) ISFETs operated at frequencies higher than the ion-strength-dependent cut-off frequency. Measured results show a high pH sensitivity of more than 50 mV/pH; in addition, detection of direct DNA hybridization under high ionic strength is also successfully demonstrated in this study.

A miniaturized, integrated sensor chip for barometric pressure measurement is desired to be deployed for mobile applications. In this work, a capacitive pressure sensor operated based on the elastic squeeze-film damping effect is implemented in a CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) process to provide convenient signal transduction and excellent sensitivity. Post-CMOS fabrication of the aluminum/silicon dioxide microstructure is convenient as the sensor operation does not require a sealed reference cavity. Compared to prior CMOS micromachined sensors [1], this work demonstrates a better sensitivity of 5.3 Hz/Pa improved by nearly 7X, and a smaller resonant plate size of $100\times 100\ \mu\mathrm{m}^{2}$ reduced by 4X.

A new poly (acrylonitrile) (PAN)-based gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is fabricated to study the effect of carbon nanotube (CNT) on dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) efficiency. The GPEs are examined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to analyze ionic conductivity. A maximum of 4.45 mS cm−1 ionic conductivity is achieved at room temperature with incorporation of 11 wt.% CNT. Performance of DSSC is examined with a solar simulator, and the highest energy conversion efficiency of 8.87% is achieved with the addition of 11 wt.% CNT. All GPE samples are found to follow Arrhenius model with temperature-dependent ionic conductivity testing. Structural properties are also characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.

Various minimally invasive approaches have been described for infected necrotizing pancreatitis. This article describes a modified minimal-access retroperitoneal pancreatic necrosectomy (MARPN) procedure assisted by gas insufflation.This retrospective, observational study documented patients who had undergone a step-up MARPN between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2016. A minimum follow-up of 1 year was required for inclusion. The step-up approach involved percutaneous catheter drainage followed by the modified MARPN and necrosectomy. If more than one access site was needed it was categorized as complex MARPN.Of 212 patients with infected necrotizing pancreatitis, 164 (77·4 per cent) underwent a step-up approach. The median number of percutaneous catheter drains and MARPN procedures was 3 (range 1-7) and 1 (1-6) respectively. Ninety patients (54·9 per cent) underwent complex MARPN. For residual necrosis after MARPN, three patients (1·8 per cent) underwent sinus tract gastroscopy, and 11 (6·7 per cent) had sinography combined with a tube change. However, operations in 13 patients (7·9 per cent) required conversion to open surgery. Postoperative complications developed in 103 patients (62·8 per cent). The mortality rate was 6·1 per cent (10 deaths).A step-up approach using a modified MARPN for infected necrotizing pancreatitis is a reasonable option.Los procedimientos mínimamente invasivos se han convertido en los más frecuentes para el tratamiento de necrosis pancreáticas infectadas. El objetivo de este estudio fue presentar un procedimiento de necrosectomía pancreática retroperitoneal de acceso mínimo (minimal-access retroperitoneal pancreatic necrosectomy, MARPN) modificado y asistido mediante insuflación de gases, así como evaluar su seguridad y eficacia. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo y observacional de los datos de un hospital desde el 1 de enero de 2010 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2016. Se incluyeron en el análisis todos los pacientes en los que realizó un abordaje por etapas, que consistía en el drenaje percutáneo mediante la colocación de un catéter seguido de un procedimiento MARPN modificado, en los que se dispusiese de un seguimiento postoperatorio mínimo de 1 año. El MARPN en el lado derecho y la necrosectomía realizada a través de más de un acceso se clasificaron como MARPN complejo. Se evaluaron los resultados radiológicos y quirúrgicos.De 212 pacientes con necrosis pancreática infectada, en 164 (77,4%) se realizó un abordaje por etapas. La mediana del número de drenajes percutáneos y procedimientos MARPN fue 3 (rango, 1-7) y 1 (rango, 1-6), respectivamente. En 90 pacientes (54,9%) se realizó un MARPN complejo. Para la exéresis de necrosis residual después de un MARPN, en 3 pacientes (1,8%) se realizó mediante gastroscopia y en 11 pacientes (6,7%) con un recambio de drenaje bajo control radiológico. En 13 pacientes (7,9%) fue necesaria la reconversión a cirugía abierta. Hubo complicaciones postoperatorias en 103 pacientes (62,8%). La tasa de mortalidad fue del 6,1% (n = 10). CONCLUSIÓN: El abordaje por etapas con un MARPN modificado es seguro y efectivo en el tratamiento de la necrosis pancreática infectada.

This work presents a bi-axial electromagnetically-driven piezoresistively sensed scanning mirror with a $\theta_{\text{opt}}.\mathrm{D}\cdot f_{r, fast}$ product over 2400 deg·mm·kHz, showing the capability to achieve HD720 ( $720\times 1280$ ) display resolution. Both driving and sensing capabilities are conveniently realized by CMOS MEMS technologies. The transduction mechanism provides a more linear response than capacitively transduced scanning mirrors. Based on the open-loop characterization of the driving and sensing performance, closed-loop control of slow-axis motion is designed and demonstrated.

A capacitive pressure sensor operated based on the elastic squeeze-film damping effect is implemented, for the first time, in a CMOS process to provide sensor integration and sensitivity improvement. Sensor fabrication is simplified as a squeeze-film pressure sensor does not require a sealed membrane as in conventional sensors; in addition, sensitivity is significantly enhanced with the small gap achieved between capacitive plates. The sensor with a resonant plate size of $200\times 200\ \mu \mathrm{m}^{2}$ demonstrates a sensitivity of 793 Hz/kPa.

This paper reports the design and characterization of a phase-locked loop-based control scheme implemented in a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor process for resonance matching between capacitive micro-resonators. The system-on-chip implementation can be utilized for calibrating individual resonance in a large sensor array or matching the drive and sense modes for micromachined vibratory gyroscopes. The target micro-resonator acts as a voltage-controlled oscillator in the control loop with the resonance being adjusted by the electrostatic spring-softening effect. Sinusoidal test inputs applied to the control loop are shown to provide better resonance matching than square-wave inputs. This paper successfully demonstrates automated matching by pulling the resonance of a target micro-resonator within $2.4\times 10^{-2}$ % of the reference resonance under atmospheric pressure.

Liquid properties can be studied through monitoring the in-liquid resonant behavior of micromechanical oscillators. This paper presents the first attempt to implement capacitively transduced micromechanical oscillators in a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process for in-liquid operation. The parallel-plate drive and sense capacitors have a 2- $\mu \text{m}$ gap and 1- $\mu \text{m}$ dielectric sidewalls to protect the electrodes. A wide-range CMOS phase-locked-loop circuit is designed to sustain oscillation in face of the large resonance shift while operating in liquids. Measurements show that the capacitive micro-resonator is driven to oscillation at 51.2 kHz in air. The resonant frequency increases to 78.1, 121.9, and 203 kHz in ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and deionized water, respectively, due to the elastic squeeze-film damping effect and individual liquid properties. The large resonance shift in liquids can be utilized for sensitive bio/chemical detection in the future.

This work proposes to develop a CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) capacitive ultrasonic sensor chip that can be jointly operated with an acoustic lens system to achieve fast 3-D photoacoustic imaging. Compared to conventional piezoelectric technology, capacitive transducers have a wider bandwidth and can be miniaturized and fabricated in a dense array to provide better imaging quality. Different from our previous approach that requires a long acquisition time to measure the complete waveform of each sensor for 3-D image reconstruction, the new scheme only has to detect the peak amplitude of a waveform. This paper reports the characterization of the fabricated sensors, which shows the sensors have a resonant frequency near 3.5 MHz and the peak detection errors are typically within ±10% for test signals from 1 to 10 MHz with the amplitude from 50 to 400 mV.

Closed-loop control of slow-axis trajectory for a bi-axial capacitive raster-scanning micro-mirror is studied in this work. To minimize the design area, the implementation features the use of shared electrodes for simultaneous driving and sensing. To ensure stable operation, the control system design with a phase-lead controller considers the effects of electronics noise and dc offset, and nonlinearity of the vertical comb electrodes. Stable closed-loop operation is demonstrated for triangular wave input at 60 Hz.

In this work, capacitively sensed squeeze-film pressure sensors are implemented in a silicon-based fabrication platform to facilitate multi-sensor integration. The squeeze-film pressure sensors do not require a mechanical membrane with a sealed reference cavity as in conventional devices. We study the performance of sensors with different plate sizes from 400×400 to 800×800 μm2, as well as with the same size but different natural frequencies. Measured sensitivity reaches 0.61 Hz/Pa for the 800-μm design. The important design trade-off between quality factor and sensitivity is also illustrated by the measured results.

Bi-axial or two-dimensional (2D) MEMS micro-scanning mirrors (or micro-scanners) are considered the key component for laser scanning projectors. Many studies have shown the mechanical characterization of fabricated devices driven by various mechanisms. This work presents an electrostatically driven bi-axial micro-scanner with capacitive position sensing for Lissajous scanning projection. With the added sensing capability, a PLL (phase-locked loop)-based oscillator loop is developed to sustain mechanical resonance and to provide mirror position information, which are equally important for practical applications. The micro-scanner and the required circuits are implemented using bulk micromachining SOI (silicon on insulator) and 0.35-μm CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) technologies, respectively. The measured resonant frequencies of the bi-axial micro-scanner for the slow and fast-axis scans are 1.4 and 21.9 kHz, and the associated optical scan angles are 22.5° and 40°, respectively, under pulse modulation of 48 and 115 V pp . The fabricated micro-scanner is adopted in a laser beam scanning projection system to achieve WVGA (852 × 480) display resolution.

Bi-axial MEMS scanning mirrors are considered the key component for applications like laser scanning projectors and Lidars. Most studies have shown fabricated devices driven by open-loop operation without sensing, making it difficult to meet the requirements for practical applications. To facilitate bi-axial closed-loop operation, this work presents an electro magnetically-driven scanning mirror with piezoresistive sensing conveniently implemented in a CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) process. The measured resonant frequencies with respect to the slow and fast axes are 4.3 and 36.05 kHz, respectively, with the aim to provide SXGA display resolution.

This work presents a CMOS capacitive biosensor array for detection of the pathogenic avian influenza virus DNA. Sensing resolution is significantly enhanced by monolithic integration to reduce the parasitic effect and the use of a thin dielectric layer as the sensing interface. The array contains both planar and interdigitated electrode designs with the same CMOS readout to compare their sensing capabilities. Both designs show highly sensitive detection. The interdigitated electrode design shows more sensitive detection with a larger capacitance change, illustrating a limit of detection near 10 aM level. Detection of the hepatitis B virus DNA is also demonstrated to show similar detection limit.

This work proposes to develop a CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) capacitive ultrasonic sensor chip that can be jointly operated with an acoustic lens system to achieve fast 3-D photoacoustic imaging. Compared to conventional piezoelectric technology, capacitive transducers have a wider bandwidth and can be miniaturized and fabricated in a dense array to provide better imaging quality. Different from our previous approach that requires a long acquisition time to measure the complete waveform of each sensor for 3-D image reconstruction, the new scheme only has to detect the peak amplitude of a waveform. This paper reports the characterization of the fabricated sensors, which shows the sensors have a resonant frequency near 3.5MHz and the peak detection errors are typically within ±10% for test signals from 1 to 10MHz with the amplitude from 50 to 400mV.

Magnetic microbeads are widely used in biotechnology and biomedical research for manipulation and detection of cells and biomolecules. Most lab-on-chip systems capable of performing manipulation and detection require external instruments to perform one of the functions, leading to increased size and cost. This work aims at developing an integrated platform to perform these two functions by implementing electromagnetic microcoils and capacitive biosensors on a CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) chip. Compared to most magnetic-type sensors, our detection method requires no externally applied magnetic fields and the associated fabrication is less complicated. In our experiment, microbeads coated with streptavidin were driven to the sensors in the center of microcoils with functionalized anti-streptavidin antibody. Detection of a single microbead was successfully demonstrated using a capacitance-to-frequency readout. The average capacitance changes for the experimental and control groups were −5.3 fF and −0.2 fF, respectively.

Cancer patients with terminal stage peritoneal carcinomatosis are often unable to eat, rendering total parenteral nutrition (TPN) as the only option to avoid starvation. In this retrospective study, we reviewed the medical records of 46 patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis and compared them to the records of 51 patients who had gastrointestinal malignancy without evidence of peritoneal carcinomatosis. The factors evaluated include demographic data, cause of primary malignancy, ascites formation, anthropometric measurements, laboratory tests, and outcome measurements as well as factors associated with greater than 90-day survival. In-hospital mortality was observed in 31 of the 46 patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis, with a median survival time of 40 days (4-148 days) for all 46 patients. The median duration of TPN administration in the peritoneal carcinomatosis group was 24.1 ± 27.4 days (3-68 days). Severe infection related to TPN application was seen in 5/46 (10.7%) patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis and 6/51 (9.8%) patients without peritoneal carcinomatosis. The length of survival varied widely among terminal patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. The average survival time in peritoneal carcinomatosis patients receiving TPN was short, indicating that the nutrition support of TPN was relatively suboptimal. Ascites was not a prognostic factor for peritoneal carcinomatosis, while body mass index was a predictor for 90-day survival.

Summary In China, the majority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are predominately subtype B. It is important to characterize the HIV-1 subtype B-specific and its T cell response within the Chinese population, with the aim of identifying protective correlates of immunity to control HIV-1 infections. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis looking into the magnitude/strength of T cell responses directed at the Gag protein of the HIV-1 subtype B, one of the most conserved HIV-1 proteins. The study group consisted of anti-retroviral native and chronic HIV-1 subtype B-infected individuals. We used enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay to quantify the total T cell responses to HIV-1 Gag at the single peptide level. Twenty-eight (38%) peptides were recognized in 24 (82·8%) individuals. The p24 was identified as the most frequently recognized subunit protein with the greatest T cell response in the test, which correlated positively with CD4+ T cell count and inversely with viral load (VL). At the level of the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) supertypes, we detected the highest levels and a significant correlation with both the CD4+ T cell count and the VL with Gag T cell responses in Bw4/Bw4. These findings demonstrate that (i) the HIV-1B Gag p24-specific immune responses play an important role in controlling viral replication and slowing clinical progression; and (ii) HLA-Bw4/Bw4 allele has stronger T cell responses, which is associated with slow clinical progression in Chinese HIV patients.

To discuss the significance of three-dimensional reconstruction as a method of preoperative planning of laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation(LRFA).Thirty-two cases of LRFA admitted from January 2014 to December 2015 in Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital were analyzed(3D-LRFA group). Three-dimensional(3D) reconstruction were taken as a method of preoperative planning in 3D-LRFA group.Other 64 LRFA cases were paired over the same period without three-dimensional reconstruction before the operation (LRFA group). Hepatobiliary system contrast enhanced CT scan of 3D-RFA patients were taken by multi-slice spiral computed tomography(MSCT), and the DICOM data were processed by IQQA(®)-Liver and IQQA(®)-guide to make 3D reconstruction.Using 3D reconstruction model, diameter and scope of tumor were measured, suitable size (length and radiofrequency length) and number of RFA electrode were chosen, scope and effect of radiofrequency were simulated, reasonable needle track(s) was planed, position and angle of laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS) probe was designed and LUS image was simulated.Data of operation and recovery were collected and analyzed. Data between two sets of measurement data were compared with t test or rank sum test, and count data with χ(2) test or Fisher exact probability test.Tumor recurrence rate was analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier survival curve and Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test.Compared with LRFA group ((216.8±66.2) minutes, (389.1±183.4) s), 3D-LRFA group ((173.3±59.4) minutes, (242.2±90.8) s) has shorter operation time(t=-3.138, P=0.002) and shorter mean puncture time(t=-2.340, P=0.021). There was no significant difference of blood loss(P=0.170), ablation rate (P=0.871) and incidence of complications(P=1.000). Compared with LRFA group ((6.3±3.9)days, (330±102)U/L, (167±64)ng/L), 3D-LRFA group ((4.3±3.1) days, (285±102) U/L, (139±43) ng/L) had shorter post-operative stay(t=-2.527, P=0.016), less post-operation ALT changes (t=-2.038, P=0.048) and post-operative TNF-α changes(t=-2.233, P=0.027). Disease-free survival between two groups was significantly different (χ(2)=4.049, P=0.046). Disease-free survival of 12 months survival rates were 77.6% and 65.7% in 3D-LRFA group and LRFA group, respectively.The median disease-free survival was 16.0 months in LRFA group and over 24.0 months in 3D-LRFA group.Three-dimensional model of liver reconstruction based on image information is a powerful tool in liver surgery planning.It helps to simulate tumor location and vital tubular structure, make plan for interventional treatment, and therefore mean puncture time and operation time is shortened, influence on liver function is reduced, hospital stay is decreased and DFS is prolonged.

To explore the changing trend and clinical significance of disease spectrum of biliary surgery among 30 years in PLA General Hospital.We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 21 189 consecutive patients with biliary diseases in PLA General Hospital between January 1985 and December 2014 according to the inclusion criteria. Taking 5 years as a research group, all patients were divided into 6 groups, and then the 30 years of the disease spectrum of biliary surgery was described.(1) From January 1985 to December 2014, the PLA General Hospital performed 21 189 cases of patients with biliary surgery diseases, including 9 460 cases of male, 11 729 cases of female (female∶male=1.24∶1). The average age was 52.1±13.5 years old (6-98 years). (2) Of the all cases, the most patients was cholelithiasis, accounting for 65.26%, and gallbladder stones accounting for 53.61%. The following disease was cholangiocarcinoma, accounting for 12.79%, and hilar cholangiocarcinoma accounting for 5.95%. (3) From the perspective of disease spectrum changing trend, the proportion of patients with cholelithiasis were decreased gradually, from 74.9% to 65.2%, while the proportion of patients with cholangiocarcinoma showed a gradual upward trend, rising from 6% to 14% (P0.05); and the proportion of bile duct cystic dilatation and gallbladder carcinoma shared a gradual increase(P0.05), however, the variation of proportion of gallbladder polyps and biliary stricture were not statistically significant (P0.05). (4) In patients with cholelithiasis, the proportion of patients with gallbladder stones increased gradually from 71.9% to 82%, while the proportion of patients with bile duct stones decreased gradually from 28.1% to 18%. There was no statistical significance in the proportion of different types of cholangiocarcinoma patients (P0.05) (40% of the patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma, 25% of the intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and 35% of the extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma).With the time changing, the disease spectrum of biliary surgery has also changed. The proportion of patients with cholelithiasis, especially the patients with bile duct stones, was declining gradually, and the proportion of patients with cholangiocarcinoma was increasing gradually.

According to the typical clinical characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), recurrence and prognosis can differ dramatically between patients. Using RNA sequencing, we identified differential expression of the gene metallothionein 1M (MT1M) by comparing early-recurrence HCC (N = 11), no-recurrence HCC (N = 10), and normal liver tissues (N = 5). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was employed to test MT1M expression levels in 92 HCC tissue samples from a cohort of patients with whom contact was established for post-operative follow-up. Low MT1M expression correlated with high alpha-fetoprotein levels (P = 0.017) and tumor recurrence within 24 months after surgery (P = 0.029). Recurrence rates in high- and low-MT1M groups were significantly different (MT1M cutoff point = 0.066; P = 0.008). Moreover, the disease-free survival time of patients in the former was longer than that of those in the latter (median of 20.39 vs 14.35 months, respectively; P = 0.002). Among early-stage HCC patients (Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage 0/A), those with reduced MT1M expression exhibited higher recurrence rates (37.5 vs 12.1%; P = 0.023). Low MT1M expression is associated with poor HCC prognosis following curative resection, and this also applies to the early stage of this disease.

This work presents miniaturized CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) sensors for non-faradic impedimetric detection of AIV (avian influenza virus) oligonucleotides. The signal-to-noise ratio is significantly improved by monolithic sensor integration to reduce the effect of parasitic capacitances. The use of sub-μm interdigitated microelectrodes is also beneficial for promoting the signal coupling efficiency. Capacitance changes associated with surface modification, functionalization, and DNA hybridization were extracted from the measured frequency responses based on an equivalent-circuit model. Hybridization of the AIV H5 capture and target DNA probes produced a capacitance reduction of −13.2 ± 2.1% for target DNA concentrations from 1 fM to 10 fM, while a capacitance increase was observed when H5 target DNA was replaced with non-complementary H7 target DNA. With the demonstrated superior sensing capabilities, this miniaturized CMOS sensing platform shows great potential for label-free point-of-care biosensing applications.

Biometric techniques, such as fingerprint detection, have been widely applied to identify a specific user for security and safety reasons. This work presents an integrated capacitive sensor array for fingerprint detection based on the difference of pressures induced by the ridges and valleys of a finger tip. The 8 × 32 sensing membranes are released by wet etch of the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) metal layers and no additional thin-film deposition is required to form the capacitive electrodes. Each membrane contains the CMOS dielectric and metal layers with a total thickness of 3.375 μm. The size of each sensing pixel is 65 × 65 μm3, equivalent to an imaging resolution of 390 dpi. The sensing capacitance and capacitive sensitivity are 12 fF and 1.41 fF/MPa, respectively. The measured spring constant of the membrane is close to the simulated value of 1400 N/m. Part of the fingerprint image is successfully produced by the CMOS sensor array.

Miniaturized complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) thermal sensor arrays are presented for real-time, two-dimensional temperature detection of the enzyme-catalyzed glucose reaction. The reaction is measured based on oxidation of glucose and decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, catalyzed respectively by glucose oxidase and catalase. The produced energy results in an increase of the source-to-drain current for the p-type sensing transistors. The measured sensitivity of the detection circuit was 5 mV/°C for an integration time of 4 μs. The average sensitivity of the 8 × 8 sensor array was 5.05 mV/M. A larger 16 × 16 sensor array has also been characterized. The spatial resolutions for the 8 × 8 and 16 × 16 sensor arrays were 20 × 20 and 43 × 34 μm2, respectively. The detectable temperature change was 0.14°C, equivalent to a detectable glucose concentration of 99 mM. The measured thermal time constant of the sensing transistor was about 25 μs.