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PDF file - 403K, Supplemental Figure 1. Heat map of 203 metabolites in 21 pairs of CAFs and NFs. Supplemental Figure 2. The distributions of "relative" t-scores for the 203 metabolites categorized into 46 biochemical subgroupings. Supplemental Figure 3. Total LAMP 2A expression in 8 NF/CAF pairs determined by quantitative Western blotting. Supplemental Figure 4: Alteration in glucose concentration has no consistent effect on NF or CAF growth. Supplemental Figure 5. pH calibration curve constructed for rhodamine-fluorescein (R/F)dextran labeled lysosomes in human fibroblasts. Supplemental Figure 6 (A,B,C,D) Rhodamine-fluorescein (R/F) ratios in arbitrary fluorescent units histograms of ROIs of 4 example CAF/NF pairs.

XLSX file - 1691K, Supplemental Table of metabolomic data

Onychophora (“velvet worms”) are charismatic soil invertebrates known for their status as a “living fossil,” their phylogenetic affiliation to arthropods, and their distinctive biogeographic patterns. However, several aspects of their internal phylogenetic relationships remain unresolved, limiting our understanding of the group’s evolutionary history, particularly with regard to changes in reproductive mode and dispersal ability. To address these gaps, we used RNA sequencing and phylogenomic analysis of transcriptomes to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships and infer divergence times within the phylum. We recovered a fully resolved and well-supported phylogeny for the circum-Antarctic family Peripatopsidae, which retains signals of Gondwanan vicariance and showcases the evolutionary lability of reproductive mode in the family. Within the Neotropical clade of Peripatidae, though, we found that amino acid-translated sequence data masked nearly all phylogenetic signal, resulting in highly unstable and poorly supported relationships. Analyses using nucleotide sequence data were able to resolve many more relationships, though we still saw discordant phylogenetic signal between genes, probably indicative of a rapid, mid-Cretaceous radiation in the group. Finally, we hypothesize that the unique reproductive mode of placentotrophic viviparity found in all Neotropical peripatids may have facilitated the multiple inferred instances of over-water dispersal and establishment on oceanic islands.

Crackers produced from high‐quality cassava flour (HQCF), cassava starch, and prawn powder were optimized based on sensory preference testing. Ten different formulations of crackers were produced using mixture design. These were subjected to sensory evaluation using attributes such as taste, crispiness, puffiness, and acceptability on a 7‐point hedonic scale. A mean score of 4.7, 5.6, 5.2, and 5.2 was obtained correspondingly for taste, crispiness, puffiness, and acceptability. Scores for these attributes indicated that the crackers were acceptable. Mixture regression models were used to generate contour plots for the sensory attributes and these were superimposed to obtain an optimal region, from where an optimum formulation was chosen. Verification of the optimal formulation with acceptability studies confirmed that the newly developed snack had a likeness score of 6.3 and was highly acceptable to consumers. The study demonstrates the suitability of HQCF in processing value added snack products.

Insulin controls glucose uptake into adipose and muscle cells by regulating the amount of GLUT4 in the plasma membrane. The effect of insulin is to promote the translocation of intracellular GLUT4 to the plasma membrane. The small Rab GTPase, Rab10, is required for insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Here we demonstrate that both insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane are reduced by about half in adipocytes from adipose-specific Rab10 knockout (KO) mice. These data demonstrate that the full effect of insulin on adipose glucose uptake is the integrated effect of Rab10-dependent and Rab10-independent pathways, establishing a divergence in insulin signal transduction to the regulation of GLUT4 trafficking. In adipose-specific Rab10 KO female mice, the partial inhibition of stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes induces insulin resistance independent of diet challenge. During euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, there is no suppression of hepatic glucose production despite normal insulin suppression of plasma free fatty acids. The impact of incomplete disruption of stimulated adipocyte GLUT4 translocation on whole-body glucose homeostasis is driven by a near complete failure of insulin to suppress hepatic glucose production rather than a significant inhibition in muscle glucose uptake. These data underscore the physiological significance of the precise control of insulin-regulated trafficking in adipocytes.

The discovery, development, and use of biomarkers for a variety of drug development purposes are areas of tremendous interest and need. Biomarkers can become accepted for use through submission of biomarker data during the drug approval process. Another emerging pathway for acceptance of biomarkers is via the biomarker qualification program developed by the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER, US Food and Drug Administration). Evidentiary standards are needed to develop and evaluate various types of biomarkers for their intended use and multiple stakeholders, including academia, industry, government, and consortia must work together to help develop this evidence. The article describes various types of biomarkers that can be useful in drug development and evidentiary considerations that are important for qualification. A path forward for coordinating efforts to identify and explore needed biomarkers is proposed for consideration.

Aims: T o determine the effects of sodium metabisulphite and blanching pretreatments on the quality characteristics of yam bean ( Pachyrhizus erosus ) flour. Study Design: Evaluation of the effects of peeling, blanching and sodium metabisulphite pretreatments on the ease of drying, particle size distribution, colour and pH of yam bean flour using a 2 x 3 factorial design. Place and Duration of Study : Yam bean roots were ob tained from the CSIR - Crops Research Institute, Kumasi, Ghana. All reagents used were obtained from accredited suppliers in Accra

Many plant species that are suitable for food across the world are neglected and underutilized. In order to increase their diversified food uses and thus help enhance food and nutrition security, we studied the chemical and functional properties of Pachyrhizus erosus (yam bean), which is a neglected and underutilized legume species. The chemical properties of flour produced from the yam bean include 5.8% moisture content, 5.7% crude fat, 6.2% crude fiber, and 85% available carbohydrate, indicating appropriate shelf‐stable flour, low fat, and abundant energy. The results also showed a reducing sugar content of 2.0% and 21.0% starch. Pasting temperature was 70.6°C with peak viscosity of 14.5 BU, which supports ease of cooking of the flour. The swelling power obtained was 752.9 g/100 g at 85°C with a solubility index of 54%. Water holding capacity (WHC) obtained for the flour was 363.88%, whereas swelling volume was 14.0 ml and makes the flour appropriate for the production of infant foods. The P. erosus flour therefore exhibits good functional and chemical properties that would make the flour quite suitable as a substitute for other flours in food systems.

Cancer cells undergo a metabolic reprogramming but little is known about metabolic alterations of other cells within tumors. We use mass spectrometry–based profiling and a metabolic pathway–based systems analysis to compare 21 primary human lung cancer–associated fibroblast lines (CAF) to “normal” fibroblast lines (NF) generated from adjacent nonneoplastic lung tissue. CAFs are protumorigenic, although the mechanisms by which CAFs support tumors have not been elucidated. We have identified several pathways whose metabolite abundance globally distinguished CAFs from NFs, suggesting that metabolic alterations are not limited to cancer cells. In addition, we found metabolic differences between CAFs from high and low glycolytic tumors that might reflect distinct roles of CAFs related to the tumor's glycolytic capacity. One such change was an increase of dipeptides in CAFs. Dipeptides primarily arise from the breakdown of proteins. We found in CAFs an increase in basal macroautophagy which likely accounts for the increase in dipeptides. Furthermore, we show a difference between CAFs and NFs in the induction of autophagy promoted by reduced glucose. In sum, our data suggest that increased autophagy may account for metabolic differences between CAFs and NFs and may play additional as yet undetermined roles in lung cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 11(6); 579–92. ©2013 AACR.

The order Thysanoptera (Paraneoptera), commonly known as thrips, displays a wide range of behaviours, and includes several pest species. The classification and suggested relationships among these insects remain morphologically based, and have never been evaluated formally with a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis. We tested the monophyly of the suborders, included families and the recognized subfamilies, and investigated their relationships. Phylogenies were reconstructed based upon 5299 bp from five genetic loci: 18S ribosomal DNA, 28S ribosomal DNA, Histone 3, Tubulin-alpha I and cytochrome oxidase c subunit I. Ninety-nine thrips species from seven of the nine families, all six subfamilies and 70 genera were sequenced. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses all strongly support a monophyletic Tubulifera and Terebrantia. The families Phlaeothripidae, Aeolothripidae, Melanthripidae and Thripidae are recovered as monophyletic. The relationship of Aeolothripidae and Merothripidae to the rest of Terebrantia is equivocal. Molecular data support previous suggestions that Aeolothripidae or Merothripidae could be a sister to the rest of Terebrantia. Four of the six subfamilies are recovered as monophyletic. The two largest subfamilies, Phlaeothripinae and Thripinae, are paraphyletic and require further study to understand their internal relationships.

Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis (SIA) of feces for use in understanding dietary components and sources. These studies suggest that SIA is useful because it is noninvasive and provides more recent dietary information integrated over a shorter time period than SIA of tissues. We sought to determine whether SIA could be employed in the analysis of feces of American black bears (Ursus americanus) in Utah. Using archived feces, we compared SIA with gross fecal analyses (GFA) to determine if a relationship existed. The percent volume of grass and pine nuts were the only significant indicators of the δ13C of feces. The amount of animal matter was the sole significant indicator of the δ15N value of feces. Although these measures were only weakly indicative (R2 ≤ 0.21), it is interesting that even in an environment that is isotopically homogenous, δ15N and δ13C provided information on the contribution of dietary components. The comparatively ...

There is a yet uncovered multitude of species to be found among Western Australian Onychophora. Kumbadjena, one of the two genera that reside in this region, has been previously suggested to house an extensive species complex. Morphology alone has not been able to elucidate the diversity in this genus and has instead muddled species delineations. Topologies and species delimitation analyses resulting from the sequences of two mitochondrial ribosomal markers (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA), one nuclear ribosomal marker (18S rRNA), and one mitochondrial protein-coding gene (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) are indicative of several undescribed species. Fixed diagnostic nucleotide changes in the highly conserved sequences of 18S rRNA warrant distinction of three new species of Kumbadjena: K. toolbrunupensis, sp. nov., K. karricola, sp. nov., and K. extrema, sp. nov. The geographic distributions of the proposed species suggest that Kumbadjena is another example of short-range endemism, a common occurrence in the flora and fauna of the region. The extensive biodiversity and endemism in the region necessitates conservation to preserve the species and processes that promote speciation harboured by Western Australia.

The nutritional, physicochemical, functional properties of sweet potato-wheat composite flour and its sensory attributes in four pastry products were studied. Moisture content of 100% sweet potato flour was significantly (p

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has directed considerable effort towards modernizing its regulatory processes over the past decade to address the challenges in the drug development sector. Through partnerships and input from stakeholders, multiple initiatives are under way, many projects have been launched, several have resulted in tangible results, and many are ongoing and under discussion. We are learning that collaborative efforts can better inform and leverage existing knowledge, that the challenges of data sharing and intellectual property can be overcome, and that there is wide interest in partnering to address key public health regulatory science issues. It is crucial that we continue to build on these initial efforts to facilitate drug development.

A first set of shock propagation, laser-plasma interaction, hohlraum energetics and hydrodynamic experiments have been performed using the first 4 beams of the National Ignition Facility (NIF), in support of indirect drive Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) and High Energy Density Physics.

Measurements of the asymmetry in the scattering of unpolarised electrons from optically pumped spin-polarised sodium atoms have been carried out at incident electron energies of 20, 54.4 and 70 eV and for a range of scattering angles between 20' and 140'. This asymmetry, which was first proposed by Farago (1974) as a means of measuring spin-orbit effects in the presence of a dominant spin-exchange interaction, is less than 1% at all energies and scattering angles studied.

Retroviral nucleocapsid (NC) and its Zn2+ fingers are found to be critical for many steps in the viral life cycle. Studies have shown NC's involvement in virion assembly (5, 10, 15, 17-19, 49), reverse transcription (7, 24, 46, 51), and even integration processes (7-9). The Zn2+ finger in NC is one of the most highly conserved elements (4, 11) in the orthoretroviruses (52). NC, as a domain of the Gag precursor, is involved in the assembly of virions and packaging of the genomic RNA. The NC protein, generated during maturation of virions through the action of the viral protease, is involved in the reverse transcription and integration steps of the virus life cycle. The Zn2+ finger structures are critical for the survival of retroviruses, since this and other laboratories have shown that a variety of alterations to the Zn2+ fingers typically result in particles that are replication defective (14, 20, 25, 26, 51). When the Cys or His residues are changed to amino acids that no longer bind Zn2+, virions are defective in RNA packaging and replication. Thus, the highly conserved NC Zn2+ finger structures are critical for assembly and infection processes. It was observed that a number of NC mutant murine leukemia and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viruses were still able to package their RNA genomes, and yet they were replication defective (20, 22, 25). NC in these mutants is still able to coordinate significant levels of Zn2+ since the metal-coordinating residues are substituted with other Zn2+ coordinating amino acids (36). The replication defects in these mutants manifest themselves at the level of reverse transcription, since there is a reduction in the level of viral DNA (vDNA) produced upon infection. There is also a major defect in the ability of the these NC mutant virions to protect their vDNA once it is generated (7, 24, 51). In one particular HIV-1 NC mutant (NCH23C), there is also a defect in the ability of virions to mediate the end processing of the vDNA prior to integration, suggesting that NC and its Zn2+ fingers function in the preintegration with the viral integrase protein (7). Thus, one can observe the central importance of NC and the conserved Zn2+ finger structures at various critical stages of the viral life cycle. Surprisingly, there is a class of proteins called cellular nucleic acid binding proteins (CNBPs) that contain seven Zn2+ finger sequences that are very similar to those found in retroviral NC (3, 6, 12, 35, 45, 47, 55). Retroviral NC and CNBP Zn2+ fingers have arrangements of amino acids with the general sequence: “-Cys-φ-X-Cys-Gly-±-X-Gly-His-X3-δ-Cys-,” where X is a variable amino acid, φ is an aromatic residue, “±” is a charged amino acid, and δ is a carbonyl-containing residue. There is absolute amino acid homology between retroviral NC and CNBP Zn2+ fingers among the Cys and His metal ion-binding residues (CCHC) and the two Gly residues listed above. Additionally, there is conservation of the positions of functionally homologous residues within the Zn2+ finger loops with an aromatic residue (φ) in the first loop, a charged residue (±) in the second loop, and a carbonyl-containing amino acid (δ) in the third loop (Table ​(Table1).1). CNBPs from a number of vertebrates are highly homologous at the protein and nucleic acid levels. They have been found in humans (45), rodents (6, 35, 55), chickens (47), and amphibians (3, 12). TABLE 1. Comparison of the HIV-1 NC Zn2+ fingers with the seven Zn2+ fingers from human CNBP The true functions of CNBPs among the various species listed are still under study. Initial reports on mammalian CNBP indicate that it binds to the sterol response element (SRE) (42, 45, 54), which regulates cholesterol levels. Later studies suggested that CNBP was probably not involved in sterol regulation (41, 55, 56). In rodents, CNBP was found to enhance promoter activity of the colony-stimulating factor 1 promoter upon binding (35). A cDNA coding for CNBP has been generated from the mRNA isolated from a wide array of tissues in chickens (47). CNBP was shown to be a translational regulatory factor for ribosomal proteins and is differentially expressed at various stages of development in amphibians (3, 12, 43). Another CNBP was found to interact with JC virus promoter-enhancers (39). There has recently been a report of another human protein that has Zn2+ fingers with most of the characteristics of the retroviral NC Zn2+ finger, which is related to the Mpe1p protein found in yeast (53). As the CNBP and retroviral NC Zn2+ fingers generally appear to function in nucleic acid interactions in their respective systems and have quite similar sequences, we wished to determine whether CNBP Zn2+ fingers could serve as suitable substitutes for the proximal NC Zn2+ finger in HIV-1 NC. In the present study, the seven Zn2+ fingers from human CNBP were individually exchanged into HIV-1 NC, and mutant viruses were characterized. An analysis was also performed to model the Zn2+ finger structures from CNBP and HIV-1 NC in an attempt to identify possible divergent structural features, which may partially explain why one of the mutants was replication defective.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) containing mutations in the nucleocapsid (NC) Zn 2+ finger domains have greatly reduced infectivity, even though genome packaging is largely unaffected in certain cases. To examine replication defects, viral DNA (vDNA) was isolated from cells infected with viruses containing His-to-Cys changes in their Zn 2+ fingers (NC H23C and NC H44C ), an integrase mutant (IN D116N ), a double mutant (NC H23C /IN D116N ), or wild-type HIV-1. In vitro assays have established potential roles for NC in reverse transcription and integration. In vivo results for these processes were obtained by quantitative PCR, cloning of PCR products, and comparison of the quantity and composition of vDNA generated at discrete points during reverse transcription. Quantitative analysis of the reverse transcription intermediates for these species strongly suggests decreased stability of the DNA produced. Both Zn 2+ finger mutants appear to be defective in DNA synthesis, with the minus- and plus-strand transfer processes being affected while interior portions of the vDNA remain more intact. Sequences obtained from PCR amplification and cloning of 2-LTR circle junction fragments revealed that the NC mutants had a phenotype similar to the IN mutant; removal of the terminal CA dinucleotides necessary for integration of the vDNA is disabled by the NC mutations. Thus, the loss of infectivity in these NC mutants in vivo appears to result from defective reverse transcription and integration processes stemming from decreased protection of the full-length vDNA. Finally, these results indicate that the chaperone activity of NC extends from the management of viral RNA through to the full-length vDNA.

Introduction Tyrosine kinase inhibition has shown inconsistent success in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). While a study of imatinib showed no impact on survival or lung function in a placebo-controlled study, two recently announced placebo-controlled phase 3 trials of nintedanib demonstrated statistically significant impact on forced vital capacity. Comparing the kinase target profiles could inform future target selection for drugs in IPF. Methods In vitro kinase selectivity data of nintedanib and imatinib were collected using the kinomescan platform (DiscoveRx Inc). Binding data (% binding) for 451 human kinases (~80% of the human kinome) were initially collected at a single concentration (10 uM). For kinases that displayed significant binding, potencies (K D ) were measured in dose-response format. Results At a common concentration of 100 nM, imatinib and nintedanib bound to 12 and 50 kinases, respectively. Maximal drug concentrations (C max ) observed in patients were used to project therapeutically relevant kinase inhibition for both drugs. Using these criteria, nintedanib binds 44 kinases at drug levels seen in patients (K D max of 64 nM). Imatinib binds 34 kinases at drug levels seen in patients (K D max of 7500 nM). 14 kinases were bound by both compounds, including PDGFRA, PDGFRB and VEGFR2. Conclusions Our results suggest that nintedanib and imatinib have partially overlapping inhibition profiles; the kinases that are targeted by both agents are unlikely to be responsible for efficacy differences. Further work is required to identify which of the remaining kinase target (s) are responsible for efficacy in IPF and could therefore represent targets for follow-up compounds.

The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, acting as agent for the CSIRO Division of Applied Physics, maintains the Australian standard of measurement for activity. The standard includes all nuclear medicine gamma emitters and a new standard for pure positron emitters. Under Section 10 of the National Measurement Act 1960, if a measurement is made for a legal purpose, or if the legality of a measurement is in dispute, it can only be confirmed if the following two conditions are fulfilled: (a) that the measurement be in terms of the prescribed Australian legal units of measurement. (b) that it can be proven to be traceable to an Australian primary standard of measurement. To satisfy these requirements, radionuclide dose calibrators require a calibration report determined by Ansto. For this reason, Ansto has developed the national radionuclide dose calibrator standardisation service.

A total of 374 striped parrotfish (Scarus croicensis) were tagged from the reefs surroundihg Isla Pico Feo on the Caribbean coast of Panama. Many of these fish were followed individually in the field for up to 3 months. Three different behavioral categories were recognized: stationary, territorial, and foraging. Fish tend to aggregate in foraging groups in a particular pattern relative to reef structure and have a predictable set of associated species. Transfer experiments showed that striped parrotfish have strong ties to a home reef. Striped parrotfish migrate diurnally from shallow—water feeding areas to deeper nocturnal resting areas along constant pathways. Direct counts of fish on migration pathways provided information on the structure and size of the striped parrotfish population at Pico Feo. The numbers of male striped parrotfish may regulate the phenomenon of sex reversal in the scarids. See full-text article at JSTOR

Many years must elapse ere I shall be able to describe Stephanoceras zigzag in the volumes of the Palaeontographical Society. Meanwhile, the material which has come into my possession during the last few years throws an important light on the developments of this fossil; and such developments seem to supply a missing link in the connexion of Bathonian and Bajocian species. Not only is Stephanoceras zigzag raised from comparative obscurity to the position of probable progenitor of a large series of Bathonian species, but it is more than likely that the evidence now brought forward will be of considerable service to those engaged in studying the genealogy of the later species. For these reasons I submit the following paper to the Society. D9Orbigny9s figures of Ammonites zigzag represent only small specimens of two varieties of the species. Quenstedt figures as euryodos a more quickly-coiled, more coarsely-ribbed form; but this is also small. He says it is the same as d9Orbigny9s zigzag . In a former paper on Inferior Oolite Ammonites, remarked on the change of form which appears to have escaped previous notice; but the specimens then referred to were only a little larger than the Continental examples. The best figures of the species are those given by Quenstedt under the name euryodos in his last great work; but they afford no adequate idea of the developments of the fossil. It may be noted that there are distinct differences in coiling and ribbing between the specimens depicted in his fig. 5

In a former communication (Geol. Mag. Dec. III. Vol. IV. No. 9, p. 396, 1887), when pointing out how Reinecke's Amm. serpentinus had been misunderstood, I gave as a synonym, but with a query, Sowerby's Amm. Strangewaysi. As I have, since then, examined the type-specimen of the latter species contained in the collection of the Natural History Museum, and as Mr. E. Walford kindly forwarded me for my determination a capital specimen from Byfield, I have been able to satisfactorily settle the identity of these forms. Except being evolute carinate Ammonites, the two species have hardly a feature in common.Discoidal, compressed, hollow-carinate. Whorls flattened, ornamented with genuine sickle-shaped ribs, which, though less conspicuous in size on the body-chamber, are there more distinctly bent. Ventral area marked by the prolonged forward sweep of the ribs, and surmounted by a well-marked hollow-carina.

Over fifty years ago an important paper on ‘The Kelloway Rock of the Yorkshire Coast’ was published by John Leckenby in this Society9s Journal. It dealt chiefly, if not entirely, with the development of the stratum in the neighbourhood of Scarborough. From this rock he recorded over thirty species of ammonites, many of which were new. Several of these were not figured, and they may be said to have remained almost unknown to science, except perhaps locally. Even of those figured it has been difficult to determine from the descriptions and illustrations what were their generic affinities—a task not altogether easy, even when the specimens themselves are handled. It is obvious from the ammonite fauna which Leckenby described that the Kelloway Rock of Yorkshire comprises more than the Kellaways Rock of Wiltshire, that it is in part a calcareous equivalent of the Oxford Clay of the southern counties. But, at the same time, this does not state the whole of the facts: for the ammonite fauna of the Yorkshire stratum is not found, so far as many species are concerned, in the Oxford Clay of the southern counties; while certain species of the Kellaways Rock are absent from the Yorkshire deposit. It therefore becomes of interest to see what the ammonites are, and what zonal series they represent. By the kindness of Prof. McKenny Hughes and Mr. Woods of the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, all the types of the ammonites described by Leckenby which are in their possession have been sent

I. Introduction. The object of the present communication is to show the development and sequence of certain Jurassic strata on the Dorset coast, and to make some comparisons with strata elsewhere. The range of strata dealt with is from the top of the Middle Lias (Pliensbachian) to the lower part of the Fullers9 Earth (Bathonian, Vesulian) inclusive. The communication is laid before the Society for several reasons: it was promised many years ago; it forms a sequence to the papers on North Dorset and the Cotteswolds; it aims to give a detailed account of certain fossiliferous strata of South Dorset, to be used as a foundation for the dating of the fossils; and it offers suggestions in the matter of correlation and subdivision as a basis for the work of other investigators. With this stratigraphical paper there is also offered a palaeontological paper, to describe some of the new species mentioned, and to figure some other species which are new and illustrative of strata of the same dates. That communication will be alluded to as ‘the palaeontological paper.’ The investigations for this paper, which will probably be my last, so far as active field-geology is concerned, were complete in the main several years ago; it was announced in 1893 as nearly ready for publication. Since then changes of residence have involved packing of specimens, and many have not been unpacked again. As a consequence the identification of species must often be given in general terms, as they were set out

Part I.— Sonninia . The genus Sonninia was founded by Bayle * to take the place of his Waagenia , a name which had been just previously used; and the type species was the same, Sonninia (non Waagenia ) propinquans † , Bayle. The species which are closely allied to Sonninia propinquans are Sonninia Sowerbyi (Miller), Sonn. Browni (Sowerby), Sonn. adicra (Waagen), Sonn. mesacantha (Waagen), Sonn. fissilobata , and, with the exception of the last, which was referred to Amaltheus ‡ , these species were located by Waagen in his genus Harpoceras . In this he was followed by Wright and many other authors ; but Neumayr § relegated them, or most of them, to Hyatt9s genus Hammatoceras , and has been followed herein by Zittel ‖ and others. Haug ¶ makes two divisions of these species : — lst, Gruppe des Hamm . Sowerbyi ; 2nd, Gruppe des Hamm. Ogerieni ( Sonninia , Bayle); and his opinion is that the Inferior-0olite species, Amm. propinquans, Amm. patella , &c., are the direct descendants of the Liassic species, Amm. Ogerieni, Amm. navis , c. Thus far the history of the species embraced by the genus Sonninia . My present object is to show their probable descent, and by that means their correct relationship in a genealogical sense to various genera. The supposition that Sonninia propinquans was descended from Haugia Ogerieni takes no account of such a species as Sonninia acanthodes , n. sp. Whence has S. acanthodes derived its ventral furrows? and how, unless we suppose a case of atavism, has it acquired its circular (changing to quadrate)evolute whorls?

In a former paper I gave a section of part of Down Cliffs, near Seatown, Dorset; but I had obtained no evidence of the palaeontological contents of the Bed 19. Partly, no doubt, on account of its position (only a little above the Marlstone), and partly on account of its blue colour, this bed has been called by Day and by H. B. Woodward “Upper-Lias Clay;” and I think that I am correct in saying that this term has, in this country, usually signified those argillaceous deposits which, occupying a very similar position above the Marlstone, contain the fauna of the Falciferum - and Commune -zones. Last summer I had an opportunity of further examining Down Cliffs, and, after some search, was enabled to procure sufficient evidence to show what is really the correct horizon of the clay- or marl-bed in question. The evidence consisted of Ammonites of the genus Dumortieria ; but their condition was unsatisfactory for preservation, since they were little else than impressions or casts in the marl, and were often crushed. I was, however, able to preserve a few specimens; and, having frequently met with similar Ammonites in the Cotteswolds, I was able to determine even those specimens which I could not preserve. One species I could make out with certainty, namely Dumortieria radians . Accompanying this, was a wider-ribbed form of the same genus—a genus so easily recognized by the peculiar straightness of the ribbing. The wider-ribbed species was most probably Dumortieria Levesquei. Now, species of the genus Dumortieria

It has been observed that attention to lithology is likely to insure success in the matter of correlation. I am bound to confess, however, that my experience of Jurassic rocks tells me that in many cases this observation is quite incorrect. Within the limits of one basin it may happen that the same horizon can often be identified by the similarity in lithology; but even within such limits it certainly will not be safe to place much reliance on such a guide; while in correlating the strata of one basin with those of another, such an idea will probably lead to very decided errors. The strata now to be discussed have suffered singularly in the matter of correlation from this similarity of lithology. In the counties of Dorset, Somerset, and Gloucester there occur in most places, between clay of Upper Liassic age and limestone of the Inferior-Oolite period, certain yellow micaceous sands, which contain, at intervals, in some places regular bands, in others lines of more or less lenticular masses, of a hard, greyish, sometimes blue-hearted, sandstone.

(1894). A Monograph on the Inferior Oolite Ammonites of the British Islands. Part IX. Pages 377–456; Plates XCIII–CIII. Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society: Vol. 48, No. 228, pp. 377-456.

Nearly ten years ago I proposed the term ‘hemera.’ The term is coming into use; but, so far as I am aware, in the majority of cases it is greatly misunderstood. From this cause arise objections as to its use, such objections being based on the misconception that the hemera is a subdivision of a zone. It is nothing of the kind.

It is easy, but it is very dangerous, to group together under one name a series of shells of similar appearance, especially when they are in the smooth catagenetic stage; because this smooth stage may have been attained by the loss of different distinctive features, pointing to polygenetic origins. An instructive case in this respect is found in the series of forms called Spirifer glaber . As Spirifera glabra , Davidson figured a series of shells which do not all agree in being smooth; for, though most of them are smooth, some are radially costate. And they do not agree in shape: some have a pronounced mesial fold, others hardly any; some are very transverse, others are narrow. Then in his synonymy he combined under this name many species of other authors: Sp. obtusus, Sp. oblatus , Sowerby, Sp. linguifera, Sp. symmetrica, Sp. decora , Phillips, Sp. laevigatus , von Buch. Of late years this glaber -series of the Carboniferous, and certain smooth Spiriferids of the Devonian, have been ranged in M9Coy9s genus Martinia . A somewhat similar series of Spiriferids is grouped under Reticularia , M9Coy: their distinguishing character is a reticulate surface. Davidson makes the principal species Spirifera lineata (Martin), and ranges under it Terebratula (?) imbricata , Sowerby, Spirifera elliptica and Sp. mesoloba , Phillips, Reticularia reticulata and Martinia stringocephaloides , M9Coy. In Reticularia the ornament is in the catagenetic stage, decreasing in intensity; so that partially or wholly smooth Reticulariœ are to be expected. There is good evidence that several of the forms ranged under Spirifera glabra

In the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, May, 1902, vol. lviii, p. 207, Mr. A. Strahan has a paper on the “Origin of the River-System of South Wales, and its Connection with that of the Severn and Thames.” It is with the part of the paper expressed in the latter portion of the title that I am more particularly concerned; for in that connection Mr. Strahan remarks in a footnote (p. 219), “The theories put forward by Mr. S. S. Buckman in Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Field Club, vol. xiii (1900), p. 175, following the lead of Professor W. M. Davis, appear to me to transgress the limits of legitimate speculation.” It seems rather curious that in a paper like this there is no further reference to the work done by Professor Davis, no attempt to consider his views, only a dismissal of them, implied in the rejection of the views which I have advanced in accordance with his teaching, which views, by the way, I gave in more detail in Natural Science, April, 1899, vol. xiv.

I. Introduction. The present essay is in continuation of a former paper which described deposits of similar date in the Mid-Cotteswolds. The district now under discussion consists of an outlying isolated plateau, cut off from the main mass of the Cotteswolds on the east by the deep valley at Sevenhampton, and separated from the Mid-Cotteswolds by the Vale of Whittington. The best-known portion of this plateau is called Cleeve Cloud or Cleeve Hill; other portions include the hills above Whittington and Hewlett9s Hill. For the purpose of the present paper the whole will be named the Cleeve Hill plateau. The literature relating to the district is not extensive. The latest detailed section is that of Cleeve Hill given by Wright. As, however, the sequence of the strata set forth by that author differs so considerably from that which will be described in the present communication, it is not thought desirable to discuss his section in detail, or to combat his views. An almost entirely new reading will be presented now. One more point may be referred to. A postscript to my communication on the ‘Mid-Cotteswolds’ (p. 461) first gave a short summary of the sequence found at Cleeve Hill. Further researches fully tended to bear out this sequence; and then, within the last few months, an important portion of the Rolling Bank quarry has been opened up, showing, in one exposure, confirmation of what was before an inductive surmise from the piecing together of several. II. The Sections of the

A detailed study of a territorial form of the striped parrotfish (Scarus croicensis) was done on the reefs surrounding Isla Pico Feo on the Caribbean coast of Panama. Territories were located in shallow water (less than 3 m), averaged 12 m2 in size, and appeared to serve as feeding and occasionally spawning grounds. The dominant territorial fish was female. A terminal—phase male, which may be paired with the female, usually defended the same area. Uncommonly a striped—phased male defended the territory in place of or in addition to the terminal—phase male. The territorial female tolerated the presence of one to three subordinate non—territorial females. These associations of territorial fish remained constant for varying periods of time, and if a fish was removed, either naturally or experimentally, it would be rapidly replaced. The characteristic territorial display by the female involved the extension of yellow pelvic fins. Highly aggressive displays between neighboring territorial females involved mouth—to—mouth interactions. All territorial behavior was directed intraspecifically, but extensive interspecific interactions were also observed. Interaction between the territorial female and the territorial male varied with spawning condition. Territorial behavior in striped parrotfish may be related to proterogynous sex reversal in the scarids.

I. Certain Lytoceratidae from the Norhthampton Sands (Aalenian). Some time ago Mr. Beeby Thompson, F.G.S., sent to me for identification certain species of Lytoeeratidae from the Northampton Sands. As one is new and remarkable for its homœomorphy to Phylloceras , and the others are interesting, I desire to offer the following notes to the Geological Society. In order to classify the series of Toarcian-Aalenian Lytoceratidae, to which these species belong ( jurense and allied groups), it is necessary to note that there is ontogenetic evidence that they have passed through a more or less definite sequence of phylogenetic stages. In regard to ornament, there is a sequence of development—first some elaboration, but, later, simplification from a costate (or corrugate) to a completely-smooth stage. In regard to whorl-shape, there is a constant tendency to pass, more or less in pace with the decline in ornament, from the Lytoceratan to the Phylloceratan form—that is, from an evolute to an involute whorl, the umbilicus constantly contracting. Conjointly with such change there is a further tendency, to pass from stout to coustantly more compressed whorls. Now, Lytoceras originally took its name from the evolute character of its whorls (λυτός); Phylloceras from the character of its lobe-line (φύλλον). But the whorl-character of Phylloceras is the opposite of λντός: it is involute; and that is what is implied by saying ‘phylloceratan whorl-shape.’ The main difference between the Lytoceratidae and the Phylloceratidae may be expressed in this way: the first have the whorl-shape more primitive and the lobe-line

This communication was commenced and mainly written several years ago: it was intended to form the concluding part of the paper on Watton Cliff (III, 8) following after consideration of Fuller9s Earth, Great Oolite, etc., strata. But that paper grew to a length which rendered necessary exclusion of studies of strata later than Inferior Oolite. Now lack of time makes further partition necessary, so that the Cornbrash portion is taken by itself. The Cornbrash has usually been described as a comparatively thin band of limestone-rock stretching continuously across England from the coast of Dorset to the coast of Yorkshire, parting the Oxford Clay above from Forest Marble Clay below. It is implied in such description that the Cornbrash is a synchronous deposit, which took a short time to form, and that it contains a comparatively homogeneous fauna. Is such a view correct, or is the continuity of the Cornbrash deceptive? Is not this band of limestone made up of various heterochronous deposits and how far is its fauna homogeneous? Many years ago, my father noticed the phenomena which form a basis of the present studies—the distribution of dissimilar faunas —in regard to the brachiopods of the Cornbrash. In 1853, speaking on the subject at the Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (II, 2) he remarks: ‘The author expressed his opinion that certain oolitic Terebratulae (viz. T. digona, obovata, lagenalis, ornithocephala ) should be considered as forming one species, at the same time admitting that these forms characterized

I. Introduction This paper is a continuation of two former communications published by the Society, namely, ‘The Bajocian of the Mid-Cotteswolds,’ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. li (1895) p. 388, and ‘Deposits of the Bajocian Age in the Northern Cotteswolds: The Cleeve Hill Plateau,’ vol. liii (1897) p. 607. So far as the sequence of the strata themselves was concerned, the results arrived at in these two papers may be best expressed in Table I (p. 127). What the Table indicates is this:—In a north-easterly traverse from Birdlip to Cleeve there are found, at Leckhampton Hill five distinct beds separating two strata which at Birdlip were in juxtaposition; and at Cleeve Hill, three more distinct beds separating two beds which at Leckhampton Hill were in juxtaposition, namely, the Upper Trigonia -grit and the Notgrove Freestone, and another distinct bed separating two other beds similarly placed at Leckhampton—the Snowshill Clay and the Upper Freestone. Consequently where nothing is intervening at Birdlip there are five beds inserted at Leckhampton Hill, and nine beds inserted at Cleeve Hill: that is, with regard to the five at Leckhampton, three additional at the top, and one more at the bottom. The interest which attaches to the exploration of the North Cotteswolds is to ascertain how and in what manner this intervention of strata continues in a farther north-easterly traverse. The results are these:—That the three upper intervening beds at Cleeve Hill—the Phillipsiana-Witchellia -beda—have been planed away, so that Upper Trigonia -grit rests upon Notgrove Freestone; but in the