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2. Metrology for radiation protection: a new European network in the foundation phase

Author

A. Röttger, A. Veres, V. Sochor, M. Pinto, M. Derlacinski, M.-R. Ioan, A. Sabeta, R. Bernat, C. Adam-Guillermin, J. H. Gracia Alves, D. Glavič-Cindro, S. Bell, B. Wens, L. Persson, M. Živanović, and R. Nylund

Subjects
Science, Geology, QE1-996.5, Dynamic and structural geology, QE500-639.5
Abstract

More than 23 million workers worldwide are occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation and all people in the world are exposed to environmental radiation. The mean exposure, that is the mean annual dose of per person, is dominated by medical applications and exposure to natural sources. Due to recent developments in healthcare, e.g. the increasing application of ionising radiation in medical imaging with relative high doses like CT, and modern high dose applications (for example CT angiography), the exposure due to medical application has risen. Additionally, the changes in living conditions increase the exposure to natural radioactivity also: More living time is spent in buildings or in an urban environment, which causes higher exposure to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in building materials and higher exposure to radon. The level of radon activity concentration in buildings is far higher than in the environment (outdoor). This effect is often amplified by modern energy-efficient buildings which reduce the air exchange and thus increase the radon indoor activity concentration. In summary both medical application of ionizing radiation and natural sources are responsible for the increase of the mean annual exposure of the population. The accurate measurement of radiation dose is key to ensuring safety but there are two challenges to be faced: First, new standards and reference fields are needed due to the rapid developments in medical imaging, radiotherapy and industrial applications. Second, direct communication channels are needed to ensure that information on best practice in measurements reaches effectively and quickly the people concerned. It is therefore necessary to allow for an international exchange of information on identified problems and solutions. Consequently, a European Metrology Network (EMN) for radiation protection under the roof of EURAMET is in the foundation phase. This network EMN for Radiation Protection is being prepared by the project EMPIR 19NET03 supportBSS. The project aims to prepare this EMN by addressing this issue through the identification of stakeholder research needs and by implementing a long-term ongoing dialogue between stakeholders and the metrology community. The EMN will serve as a unique point of contact to address all metrological needs related to radiation protection and it will relate to all environmental processes where ionising radiation and radionuclides are involved. A Strategic Research Agenda and two roadmaps are in development, covering the metrology needs of both the Euratom Treaty and the EU Council Directive 2013/59/EURATOM pinning down the basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionizing radiation. Furthermore, long-term knowledge sharing, and capacity building will be supported and a proposal for a sustainable joint European metrology infrastructure is under way. This will significantly strengthen the radiation protection metrology and support radiation protection measures. The final goal of the network project is a harmonised, sustainable, coordinated and smartly specialised infrastructure to underpin the current and future needs expressed in the European regulations for radiation protection.

Published
2021
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3. Forging Resilience to HIV/AIDS: Personal Strengths of Middle-aged and Older Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men Living With HIV/AIDS

Author

R. Liboro, J. Despres, B. Ranuschio, S. Bell, and L Barnes

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

HIV-positive gay, bisexual, two-spirit, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) have exhibited significant resilience to HIV/AIDS in Canada since the start of the epidemic. Since 2012, most of the research that has been conducted on resilience to HIV/AIDS has utilized quantitative methods and deficits-based approaches, with a preferential focus on the plight of young MSM. In order to address apparent gaps in research on HIV/AIDS resilience, we conducted a community-based participatory research qualitative study that utilized a strengths-based approach to examine the perspectives and lived experiences of HIV-positive, middle-aged and older MSM on their individual attributes that helped forge their HIV/AIDS resilience. We conducted 41 semistructured interviews with diverse, HIV-positive, middle-aged and older MSM from Central and Southwestern Ontario, Canada. From our thematic analysis of our interviews, we identified four themes, which represented personal strengths that fostered resilience to HIV/AIDS: (a) proactiveness, (b) perseverance, (c) having the right mindset, and (d) self-awareness with self-control. This article discusses the importance of these personal strengths to fostering HIV/AIDS resilience, and how community-based resources could potentially lessen the need to muster such personal strengths, or alternatively, cultivate them.

Published
2021
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4. HadISDH land surface multi-variable humidity and temperature record for climate monitoring

Author

K. M. Willett, R. J. H. Dunn, P. W. Thorne, S. Bell, M. de Podesta, D. E. Parker, P. D. Jones, and C. N. Williams Jr.

Subjects
Environmental pollution, TD172-193.5, Environmental protection, TD169-171.8, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

HadISDH.2.0.0 is the first gridded, multi-variable humidity and temperature in situ observations-only climate-data product that is homogenised and annually updated. It provides physically consistent estimates for specific humidity, vapour pressure, relative humidity, dew point temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point depression and temperature. It is a monthly mean gridded (5° by 5°) product with uncertainty estimates that account for spatio-temporal sampling, climatology calculation, homogenisation and irreducible random measurement effects. It provides a tool for the long-term monitoring of a variety of humidity-related variables which have different impacts and implications for society. It is also useful for climate model evaluation and reanalyses validation. HadISDH.2.0.0 is shown to be in good agreement both with other estimates and with theoretical understanding. The data set is available from 1973 to the present. The theme common to all variables is of a warming world with more water vapour present in the atmosphere. The largest increases in water vapour are found over the tropics and the Mediterranean. Over the tropics and high northern latitudes the surface air over land is becoming more saturated. However, despite increasing water vapour over the mid-latitudes and Mediterranean, the surface air over land is becoming less saturated. These observed features may be due to atmospheric circulation changes, land–sea warming disparities and reduced water availability or changed land surface properties.

Published
2014
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5. Equity Scenario Response Survey: Understanding Teacher Candidates' Preparation of Their Sociopolitical Identity

Author

Nicholas S. Bell and Diane Codding

Abstract

Teacher educators have a limited amount of time to prepare candidates for becoming political change agents. Therefore, we have to understand the efficacy of preparation efforts. As a result, we developed the "Equity Scenario Response Survey" to understand our candidates' preparation of their sociopolitical identity, defined by equity knowledge and skills. Findings from quantitative analyses revealed a reliable and valid scale, while qualitative analyses provided rich information about candidates' understanding and application of skills. Overall, the utilization of quantitative and qualitative methods allowed researchers to understand from a critical race perspective, the preparedness of candidates' sociopolitical identity to confront inequities.

Published
2024
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6. HadISDH: an updateable land surface specific humidity product for climate monitoring

Author

K. M. Willett, C. N. Williams Jr., R. J. H. Dunn, P. W. Thorne, S. Bell, M. de Podesta, P. D. Jones, and D. E. Parker

Subjects
Environmental pollution, TD172-193.5, Environmental protection, TD169-171.8, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

HadISDH is a near-global land surface specific humidity monitoring product providing monthly means from 1973 onwards over large-scale grids. Presented herein to 2012, annual updates are anticipated. HadISDH is an update to the land component of HadCRUH, utilising the global high-resolution land surface station product HadISD as a basis. HadISD, in turn, uses an updated version of NOAA's Integrated Surface Database. Intensive automated quality control has been undertaken at the individual observation level, as part of HadISD processing. The data have been subsequently run through the pairwise homogenisation algorithm developed for NCDC's US Historical Climatology Network monthly temperature product. For the first time, uncertainty estimates are provided at the grid-box spatial scale and monthly timescale. HadISDH is in good agreement with existing land surface humidity products in periods of overlap, and with both land air and sea surface temperature estimates. Widespread moistening is shown over the 1973–2012 period. The largest moistening signals are over the tropics with drying over the subtropics, supporting other evidence of an intensified hydrological cycle over recent years. Moistening is detectable with high (95%) confidence over large-scale averages for the globe, Northern Hemisphere and tropics, with trends of 0.089 (0.080 to 0.098) g kg−1 per decade, 0.086 (0.075 to 0.097) g kg−1 per decade and 0.133 (0.119 to 0.148) g kg−1 per decade, respectively. These changes are outside the uncertainty range for the large-scale average which is dominated by the spatial coverage component; station and grid-box sampling uncertainty is essentially negligible on large scales. A very small moistening (0.013 (−0.005 to 0.031) g kg−1 per decade) is found in the Southern Hemisphere, but it is not significantly different from zero and uncertainty is large. When globally averaged, 1998 is the moistest year since monitoring began in 1973, closely followed by 2010, two strong El Niño years. The period in between is relatively flat, concurring with previous findings of decreasing relative humidity over land.

Published
2013
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7. Accumulation of aerosols over the Indo-Gangetic plains and southern slopes of the Himalayas: distribution, properties and radiative effects during the 2009 pre-monsoon season

Author

R. Gautam, N. C. Hsu, S. C. Tsay, K. M. Lau, B. Holben, S. Bell, A. Smirnov, C. Li, R. Hansell, Q. Ji, S. Payra, D. Aryal, R. Kayastha, and K. M. Kim

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

We examine the distribution of aerosols and associated optical/radiative properties in the Gangetic-Himalayan region from simultaneous radiometric measurements over the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and the foothill/southern slopes of the Himalayas during the 2009 pre-monsoon season. Enhanced dust transport extending from the Southwest Asian arid regions into the IGP, results in seasonal mean (April–June) aerosol optical depths of over 0.6 – highest over Southern Asia. The influence of dust loading is greater over the Western IGP as suggested by pronounced coarse mode peak in aerosol size distribution and spectral single scattering albedo (SSA). Transported dust in the IGP, driven by prevailing westerly airmass, is found to be more absorbing (SSA550 nm−2 at surface (12–15% of the surface solar insolation). Furthermore, based on limited observations of aerosol optical properties during the pre-monsoon period and comparison of our radiative forcing estimates with published literature, there exists a general spatial heterogeneity in the regional aerosol forcing, associated with the absorbing aerosol distribution over northern India, with both diurnal mean surface forcing and forcing efficiency over the IGP exceeding that over Northwestern India. Finally, the role of the seasonal progressive buildup of aerosol loading and water vapor is investigated in the observed net aerosol radiative effect over Northwestern India. The radiative impact of water vapor is found to amplify the net regional aerosol radiative forcing suggesting that the two exert forcing in tandem leading to enhanced surface cooling. It is suggested that water vapor contribution should be taken into account while assessing aerosol forcing impact for this region and other seasonally similar environments.

Published
2011
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9. High resolution modelling of the extreme precipitation event over Algiers in November 2001

Author

S. A. Moore, C. Wilson, and S. Bell

Subjects
Science, Geology, QE1-996.5, Dynamic and structural geology, QE500-639.5
Abstract

Between 18:00UTC on Friday 9th November and 12:00UTC on Saturday 10th November 2001 260mm of rainfall was recorded at Bouzareah, compared to the November average of just 96mm. This extreme rainfall resulted in landslides and flooding, causing immense damage to the Bab-el-Oued district of Algiers and affected the lives of more than 2000 people. In this paper, key results from a modelling study of this event using the UK Met Office Unified Model at global (60km), regional (20km) and national (4km) horizontal resolutions are described. In general, it is found that the event could be well forecast with increases in resolution leading to better predictions of both the distribution and intensity of the rainfall. The role of the local orography and latent heating are also discussed.

Published
2005

11. Using a knowledge translation program to facilitate guideline‐ and evidence‐based patient management: the PAH‐QuERI Extension Program

Author

McLaughlin, Vallerie V, Channick, Richard N, Lynum, Karimah S Bell, Oudiz, Ronald J, Selej, Mona, Tapson, Victor F, and Rubin, Lewis J

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Rare Diseases, Lung, Cardiovascular, educational gaps, guidelines, NYHA, WHO functional class, patient management, pulmonary arterial hypertension, NYHA/WHO functional class, Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, Cardiovascular medicine and haematology
Abstract

The Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension-Quality Enhancement Research Initiative Extension Program was designed to support physicians' adherence to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) guidelines. Guidelines were followed in >95% of patients with functional class (FC) II/III, but for only 28.6% of FC IV patients (Month 36). Low adherence was driven by FC IV patients' preference to avoid parenteral treatment.

Published
2022

13. Notes

Author

Mark S. Bell

Published
2021

14. Index

Author

Mark S. Bell

Published
2021

15. Copyright

Author

Mark S. Bell

Published
2021

16. Seriespage

Author

Mark S. Bell

Published
2021

24. Dedication

Author

Mark S. Bell

Published
2021

25. Title Page

Author

Mark S. Bell

Published
2021

26. Corrigendum to 'Accumulation of aerosols over the Indo-Gangetic plains and southern slopes of the Himalayas: distribution, properties and radiative effects during the 2009 pre-monsoon season' published in Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 12841–12863, 2011

Author

S. Payra, Q. Ji, R. Hansell, C. Li, A. Smirnov, S. Bell, K. M. Lau, B. Holben, S. C. Tsay, N. C. Hsu, R. Gautam, D. Aryal, R. Kayastha, and K. M. Kim

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

No abstract available.

Published
2012
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27. Environment Scan of Generative AI Infrastructure for Clinical and Translational Science.

Author

Betina Idnay, Zihan Xu, William G. Adams, Mohammad Adibuzzaman, Nicholas R. Anderson 0001, Neil Bahroos, Douglas S. Bell, Cody Bumgardner, Thomas R. Campion Jr., Victor M. Castro, James J. Cimino, I. Glenn Cohen, David A. Dorr, Peter L. Elkin, Jungwei W. Fan 0001, Todd Ferris, David J. Foran, David A. Hanauer, Mike Hogarth, Kun Huang 0001, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Manoj Kandpal, Niranjan S. Karnik, Avnish Katoch, Albert M. Lai, Christophe G. Lambert, Lang Li 0001, Christopher Lindsell, Jinze Liu, Zhiyong Lu, Yuan Luo 0001, Peter McGarvey, Eneida A. Mendonça, Parsa Mirhaji, Shawn N. Murphy, John D. Osborne, Ioannis Ch. Paschalidis, Paul A. Harris, Fred W. Prior, Nicholas J. Shaheen, Nawar Shara, Ida Sim, Umberto Tachinardi, Lemuel R. Waitman, Rosalind J. Wright, Adrian H. Zai, Kai Zheng 0002, Sandra Soo-Jin Lee, Bradley A. Malin, Karthik Natarajan, W. Nicholson Price, Rui Zhang 0028, Yiye Zhang, Hua Xu 0001, Jiang Bian 0001, Chunhua Weng, and Yifan Peng

Published
2024
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28. Examining the Relationships among Teacher Mindset, Knowledge of Text Complexity, and Text Selection

Author

Kimberly S. Bell

Abstract

The Common Core State Standards have driven an awareness for college and career readiness in schools today. This effort has brought to light the role text complexity plays in the classroom and the importance of students being exposed to complex text. Educators' understanding of complex text and their expectations when choosing text is inconsistent, affecting student's capacity to learn and understand complex text. One goal of this research is to obtain new insight related to how and why text is chosen for instruction among educators teaching in elementary grades. This study will investigate the relationship of teachers' mindset on their choice and knowledge of complex text using regression to examine these relationships. There were no significant relationships found. Implications for the educational field include advancements in professional development that specifically address the importance of text complexity decisions about text choice in the classroom. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]

Published
2022

29. Blockchain-enabled immutable, distributed, and highly available clinical research activity logging system for federated COVID-19 data analysis from multiple institutions.

Author

Tsung-Ting Kuo, Anh Pham, Maxim E. Edelson, Jihoon Kim, Jason Chan, Yash Gupta, Lucila Ohno-Machado, David M. Anderson, Chandrasekar Balacha, Tyler Bath, Sally L. Baxter, Andrea Becker-Pennrich, Douglas S. Bell, Elmer V. Bernstam, Ngan Chau, Michele E. Day, Jason N. Doctor, Scott L. DuVall, Robert El-Kareh, Renato Florian, Robert W. Follett, Benjamin P. Geisler, Alessandro Ghigi, Assaf Gottlieb, Ludwig Christian G. Hinske, Zhaoxian Hu, Diana Ir, Xiaoqian Jiang, Katherine K. Kim, Tara K. Knight, Jejo D. Koola, Nelson Lee, Ulrich Mansmann, Michael E. Matheny, Daniella Meeker, Zongyang Mou, Larissa Neumann, Nghia H. Nguyen, Nick Anderson 0001, Eunice Park, Paulina Paul, Mark J. Pletcher, Kai W. Post, Clemens Rieder, Clemens Scherer, Lisa M. Schilling, Andrey Soares, Spencer L. SooHoo, Ekin Soysal, Steven Covington, Brian Tep, Brian Toy, Baocheng Wang, Zhen R. Wu, Hua Xu 0001, Yong K. Choi, Kai Zheng 0002, Yujia Zhou 0003, and Rachel A Zucker

Published
2023
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34. Science Objectives for Human Exploration of Mars Workshop Report

Author

P B Niles, D H Needham, D P Archer, D J Banfield, D W Beaty, M S Bell, S M Curry, A Gangidine, J Hill, S Hoffman, B H Horgan, B M Link, K Lynch, L H Matthies, M A Mischna, M Rucker, and B Stone

Subjects
Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
Abstract

The Science Objectives for Human Exploration of Mars Workshop was held in Denver, Colorado on May 4–6, 2022. The workshop was co-sponsored by NASA’s Science Mission Directorate and the Exploration Systems Development Mission Directorate to actively engage the planetary science community to determine what planetary science should be done by human crews on the martian surface and how those science objectives can be achieved. Sessions at the Science Objectives for Human Exploration of Mars Workshop were organized around specific planetary science objectives and mission architecture concepts that were identified during the workshop as the highest priority for human exploration. The intent of this workshop was to synthesize a notional, integrated concept of operations for each scenario to aid in planning and refining the mission architecture for the first human mission to Mars. Results from the Planetary Decadal Survey Report were released xx days before the workshop and were briefed to workshop participants who incorporated the findings in the discussions. With the Artemis missions, humans will return to the Moon using innovative technologies to explore the lunar surface. We will apply what we learn about exploration architecture, surface infrastructure, and science and exploration operations on and around the Moon to conduct successful missions with the first astronauts to Mars. A human mission to Mars will be a landmark achievement and a golden opportunity to make groundbreaking scientific discoveries on Mars. The potential scope of the science activities and impact of achieving those objectives are extraordinary.

Published
2023

36. Validation of an internationally derived patient severity phenotype to support COVID-19 analytics from electronic health record data.

Author

Jeffrey G. Klann, Hossein Estiri, Griffin M. Weber, Bertrand Moal, Paul Avillach, Chuan Hong, Amelia L. M. Tan, Brett K. Beaulieu-Jones, Victor M. Castro, Thomas Maulhardt, Alon Geva, Alberto Malovini, Andrew M. South, Shyam Visweswaran, Michele Morris, Malarkodi J. Samayamuthu, Gilbert S. Omenn, Kee Yuan Ngiam, Kenneth D. Mandl, Martin Boeker, Karen L. Olson, Danielle L. Mowery, Robert W. Follett, David A. Hanauer, Riccardo Bellazzi, Jason H. Moore, Ne-Hooi Will Loh, Douglas S. Bell, Kavishwar B. Wagholikar, Luca Chiovato, Valentina Tibollo, Siegbert Rieg, Anthony L. L. J. Li, Vianney Jouhet, Emily Schriver, Zongqi Xia, Meghan Hutch, Yuan Luo 0001, Isaac S. Kohane, Gabriel A. Brat, and Shawn N. Murphy

Published
2021
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47. Machine Learning–Based Identification of Lithic Microdebitage

Author

Markus Eberl, Charreau S. Bell, Jesse Spencer-Smith, Mark Raj, Amanda Sarubbi, Phyllis S. Johnson, Amy E. Rieth, Umang Chaudhry, Rebecca Estrada Aguila, and Michael McBride

Subjects
Archeology
Abstract

Archaeologists tend to produce slow data that is contextually rich but often difficult to generalize. An example is the analysis of lithic microdebitage, or knapping debris, that is smaller than 6.3 mm (0.25 in.). So far, scholars have relied on manual approaches that are prone to intra- and interobserver errors. In the following, we present a machine learning–based alternative together with experimental archaeology and dynamic image analysis. We use a dynamic image particle analyzer to measure each particle in experimentally produced lithic microdebitage (N = 5,299) as well as an archaeological soil sample (N = 73,313). We have developed four machine learning models based on Naïve Bayes, glmnet (generalized linear regression), random forest, and XGBoost (“Extreme Gradient Boost[ing]”) algorithms. Hyperparameter tuning optimized each model. A random forest model performed best with a sensitivity of 83.5%. It misclassified only 28 or 0.9% of lithic microdebitage. XGBoost models reached a sensitivity of 67.3%, whereas Naïve Bayes and glmnet models stayed below 50%. Except for glmnet models, transparency proved to be the most critical variable to distinguish microdebitage. Our approach objectifies and standardizes microdebitage analysis. Machine learning allows studying much larger sample sizes. Algorithms differ, though, and a random forest model offers the best performance so far.

Published
2023
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49. Characterization of Spacesuit Associated Microbial Communities and their Implications for NASA Missions

Author

David Danko, Ganesh Babu Malli Mohan, Maria A. Sierra, Michelle Rucker, Nitin K. Singh, Aaron B. Regberg, Mary S. Bell, Niamh B. O'Hara, Rachid Ounit, Christopher E. Mason, and Kasthuri Venkateswaran

Subjects
Life Sciences (General)
Abstract

Crewed National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) missions to other solar system bodies are currently being planned. One high-profile scientific focus during such expeditions would be life detection, specifically the discovery of past or present microbial life, if they exist. However, both humans and associated objects typically carry a high microbial burden. Thus, it is essential to distinguish between microbes brought with the expedition and those present on the exploring planets. Modern spacesuits are unique, customized spacecraft which provide protection, mobility and life support to crew during spacewalks, yet they vent continuously, and the mobility of microbes through spacesuits has not been studied. To evaluate the microbial colonization of spacesuits, NASA used an Extravehicular Activity swab kit to examine viable microbial populations of 48 samples from spacesuits using both traditional microbiological methods and molecular sequencing methods. The cultivable microbial population ranged from below the detection limit to 9 x 102 colony forming units per 25 cm2 of sample and also significantly varied by the location. The cultivable microbial diversity was dominated by members of Bacillus, Arthrobacter, and Ascomycota. However, 16S rRNA-based viable bacterial burden ranged from 105 to 106 copies per 25 cm2 of sample. Shotgun metagenome sequencing revealed the presence of a diverse microbial population on the spacesuit surfaces, including Curtobacterium and Methylobacterium from across all sets of spacesuits in high abundance. Among bacterial species identified, higher abundance of Cutibacterium acnes, Methylobacterium oryzae, and M. phyllosphaerae reads were documented. The results of this study provide evidence that identical microbial strains may live on the wrist joint, inner gauntlet, and outer gauntlet of spacesuits. This raises the possibility, but does not confirm, that viable microbes are able to migrate between the interior and exterior of spacesuits. Overall, these data provide the first estimate of microbial dispersion from internal to external spacesuit surfaces, which will help future mission planners develop effective planetary protection strategies.

Published
2021
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50. A Gravitational-wave Measurement of the Hubble Constant Following the Second Observing Run of Advanced LIGO and Virgo

Author

B. P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T. D. Abbott, S. Abraham, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adams, R. X. Adhikari, V. B. Adya, C. Affeldt, M. Agathos, K. Agatsuma, N. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, L. Aiello, A. Ain, P. Ajith, G. Allen, A. Allocca, M. A. Aloy, P. A. Altin, A. Amato, S. Anand, A. Ananyeva, S. B. Anderson, W. G. Anderson, S. V. Angelova, S. Antier, S. Appert, K. Arai, M. C. Araya, J. S. Areeda, M. Arène, N. Arnaud, S. M. Aronson, K. G. Arun, S. Ascenzi, G. Ashton, S. M. Aston, P. Astone, F. Aubin, P. Aufmuth, K. AultONeal, C. Austin, V. Avendano, A. Avila-Alvarez, S. Babak, P. Bacon, F. Badaracco, M. K. M. Bader, S. Bae, J. Baird, P. T. Baker, F. Baldaccini, G. Ballardin, S. W. Ballmer, A. Bals, S. Banagiri, J. C. Barayoga, C. Barbieri, S. E. Barclay, B. C. Barish, D. Barker, K. Barkett, S. Barnum, F. Barone, B. Barr, L. Barsotti, M. Barsuglia, D. Barta, J. Bartlett, I. Bartos, R. Bassiri, A. Basti, M. Bawaj, J. C. Bayley, M. Bazzan, B. Bécsy, M. Bejger, I. Belahcene, A. S. Bell, D. Beniwal, M. G. Benjamin, B. K. Berger, G. Bergmann, S. Bernuzzi, C. P. L. Berry, D. Bersanetti, A. Bertolini, J. Betzwieser, R. Bhandare, J. Bidler, E. Biggs, I. A. Bilenko, S. A. Bilgili, G. Billingsley, R. Birney, O. Birnholtz, S. Biscans, M. Bischi, S. Biscoveanu, A. Bisht, M. Bitossi, M. A. Bizouard, J. K. Blackburn, J. Blackman, C. D. Blair, D. G. Blair, R. M. Blair, S. Bloemen, F. Bobba, N. Bode, M. Boer, Y. Boetzel, G. Bogaert, F. Bondu, R. Bonnand, P. Booker, B. A. Boom, R. Bork, V. Boschi, S. Bose, V. Bossilkov, J. Bosveld, Y. Bouffanais, A. Bozzi, C. Bradaschia, P. R. Brady, A. Bramley, M. Branchesi, J. E. Brau, M. Breschi, T. Briant, J. H. Briggs, F. Brighenti, A. Brillet, M. Brinkmann, P. Brockill, A. F. Brooks, J. Brooks, D. D. Brown, S. Brunett, A. Buikema, T. Bulik, H. J. Bulten, A. Buonanno, D. Buskulic, C. Buy, R. L. Byer, M. Cabero, L. Cadonati, G. Cagnoli, C. Cahillane, J. Calderón Bustillo, T. A. Callister, E. Calloni, J. B. Camp, W. A. Campbell, M. Canepa, K. C. Cannon, H. Cao, J. Cao, G. Carapella, F. Carbognani, S. Caride, M. F. Carney, G. Carullo, J. Casanueva Diaz, C. Casentini, S. Caudill, M. Cavaglià, F. Cavalier, R. Cavalieri, G. Cella, P. Cerdá-Durán, E. Cesarini, O. Chaibi, K. Chakravarti, S. J. Chamberlin, M. Chan, S. Chao, P. Charlton, E. A. Chase, E. Chassande-Mottin, D. Chatterjee, M. Chaturvedi, B. D. Cheeseboro, H. Y. Chen, X. Chen, Y. Chen, H.-P. Cheng, C. K. Cheong, H. Y. Chia, F. Chiadini, A. Chincarini, A. Chiummo, G. Cho, H. S. Cho, M. Cho, N. Christensen, Q. Chu, S. Chua, K. W. Chung, S. Chung, G. Ciani, M. Cieślar, A. A. Ciobanu, R. Ciolfi, F. Cipriano, A. Cirone, F. Clara, J. A. Clark, P. Clearwater, F. Cleva, E. Coccia, P.-F. Cohadon, D. Cohen, M. Colleoni, C. G. Collette, C. Collins, M. Colpi, L. R. Cominsky, M. Constancio Jr, L. Conti, S. J. Cooper, P. Corban, T. R. Corbitt, I. Cordero-Carrión, S. Corezzi, K. R. Corley, N. Cornish, D. Corre, A. Corsi, S. Cortese, C. A. Costa, R. Cotesta, M. W. Coughlin, S. B. 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Zelenova, J.-P. Zendri, M. Zevin, J. Zhang, L. Zhang, T. Zhang, C. Zhao, G. Zhao, M. Zhou, Z. Zhou, X. J. Zhu, A. B. Zimmerman, M. E. Zucker, and J. Zweizig

Subjects
Astrophysics
Abstract

This paper presents the gravitational-wave measurement of the Hubble constant (H(0)) using the detections from the first and second observing runs of the Advanced LIGO and Virgo detector network. The presence of the transient electromagnetic counterpart of the binary neutron star GW170817 led to the first standard-siren measurement of H(0). Here we additionally use binary black hole detections in conjunction with galaxy catalogs and report a joint measurement. Our updated measurement is H(0) = 69(+16,-8) km/s Mpc (68.3% of the highest density posterior interval with a flat-in-log prior) which is an improvement by a factor of 1.04 (about 4%) over the GW170817-only value of 6(+17,-8) km/s Mpc. A significant additional contribution currently comes from GW170814, a loud and well-localized detection from a part of the sky thoroughly covered by the Dark Energy Survey. With numerous detections anticipated over the upcoming years, an exhaustive understanding of other systematic effects are also going to become increasingly important. These results establish the path to cosmology using gravitational-wave observations with and without transient electromagnetic counterparts.

Published
2021
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