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1. Within-limb variation in skin pigmentation does not influence cutaneous vasodilation

Author

Kat G. Fisher, W. Larry Kenney, and S. Tony Wolf

Subjects
Physiology, Physiology (medical)
Abstract

Locally derived endothelial nitric oxide (NO) contributes to the full expression of cutaneous vasodilation responses. Acute ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure attenuates NO-mediated vasodilation of the cutaneous microvasculature. Our findings suggest that in constitutively lightly pigmented skin, variation in skin melanin due to seasonal exposure to UVR does not alter the NO contribution to cutaneous vasodilation. Seasonal UVR exposure does not impact the NO-mediated cutaneous microvascular function.

Published
2023
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2. Relatively minor influence of individual characteristics on critical wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) limits during light activity in young adults (PSU HEAT Project)

Author

S. Tony Wolf, George Havenith, and W. Larry Kenney

Subjects
Physiology, Physiology (medical)
Abstract

Our laboratory has recently published a series of papers establishing the upper ambient temperature-humidity thresholds for maintaining heat balance, termed critical environmental limits, in young adults. However, no studies have investigated the relative influence of individual characteristics, such as sex, body size, and aerobic fitness, on those environmental limits. Here, we demonstrate the contributions of sex, body mass, body surface area, and maximal aerobic capacity on critical wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) limits in young adults.

Published
2023
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4. Core temperature responses to compensable versus uncompensable heat stress in young adults (PSU HEAT Project)

Author

Rachel M. Cottle, Zachary S. Lichter, Daniel J. Vecellio, S. Tony Wolf, and W. Larry Kenney

Subjects
Male, Young Adult, Hot Temperature, Physiology, Physiology (medical), Temperature, Humans, Female, Humidity, Heat Stress Disorders, Heat-Shock Response, Body Temperature, Body Temperature Regulation
Abstract

With global warming, much attention has been paid to the upper limits of human adaptability. However, the time to reach a generally accepted core temperature criterion (40.2°C) associated with heat-related illness above (uncompensable heat stress) and just below (compensable heat stress) the upper limits for heat balance remains unclear. Forty-eight (22 men/26 women; 23 ± 4 yr) subjects were exposed to progressive heat stress in an environmental chamber during minimal activity (MinAct, 159 ± 34 W) and light ambulation (LightAmb, 260 ± 55 W) in warm-humid (WH; ∼35°C,60% RH) and hot-dry (HD; 43°C-48°C,25% RH) environments until heat stress became uncompensable. For each condition, we compared heat storage (

Published
2023

6. Skin pigmentation is negatively associated with circulating vitamin D concentration and cutaneous microvascular endothelial function

Author

S. Tony Wolf, Gabrielle A. Dillon, Lacy M. Alexander, Nina G. Jablonski, and W. Larry Kenney

Subjects
Male, Physiology, Microdialysis, Skin Pigmentation, Nitric Oxide, Vitamin D Deficiency, Interleukin-10, Vasodilation, Young Adult, NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester, Regional Blood Flow, Physiology (medical), Microvessels, Humans, Female, Vitamin D, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Skin
Abstract

Darkly pigmented individuals are at the greatest risk of hypovitaminosis D, which may result in microvascular endothelial dysfunction via reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and/or increased oxidative stress and inflammation. We investigated the associations among skin pigmentation (M-index; skin reflectance spectrophotometry), serum vitamin D concentration [25(OH)D], circulating inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10) concentrations, and the NO contribution to local heating-induced cutaneous vasodilation (%NO-mediated vasodilation) in a diversely pigmented cohort of young adults. An intradermal microdialysis fiber was placed in the forearms of 33 healthy adults (14 men/19 women; 18-27 yr; M-index, 30-81 AU) for local delivery of pharmacological agents. Lactated Ringer's solution was perfused through the fiber during local heating-induced (39°C) cutaneous vasodilation. After attaining stable elevated blood flow, 15 mM

Published
2022
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7. Seasonal Tanning-Induced Increases in Skin Pigmentation Do Not Affect Nitric Oxide-Mediated Vasodilation of the Cutaneous Microvasculature

Author

Kat Fisher, W. Larry Kenney, and S. Tony Wolf

Subjects
Physiology
Abstract

Acute ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure reduces nitric oxide (NO)-dependent cutaneous vasodilation. Additionally, increased constitutive skin melanin concentrations are associated with reduced NO-dependent cutaneous vasodilation. However, the impact of seasonal tanning-induced increases in skin melanin concentration on NO-dependent cutaneous vasodilation has not been investigated. PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of seasonal tanning-induced increases in skin melanin on the NO-dependent cutaneous vasodilation response to local heating. We hypothesized that NO-dependent cutaneous vasodilation would be reduced in tanned skin relative to untanned skin. METHODS: Three intradermal microdialysis fibers were placed in the ventral upper arm (least sun exposed), ventral forearm (moderately sun exposed), and dorsal forearm (most sun exposed) of seven adults (33 ± 14 yrs; 4M/3F) with light-to-moderate constitutive skin pigmentation. Differences in sun exposure among the sites was confirmed using the melanin-index (M-index; an index of skin pigmentation), measured via skin reflectance spectrophotometry. Lactated Ringer’s solution was perfused through the microdialysis fibers while local heating to 42°C induced cutaneous vasodilation. After attaining a stable plateau in cutaneous blood flow, 15mM NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; NO synthase inhibitor) was perfused at all sites to quantify NO-mediated vasodilation. Red cell flux was measured using laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF). Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC=LDF/mean arterial pressure) was calculated for each phase of the local heating response (i.e., baseline, initial peak, local heating plateau, post L-NAME plateau) and expressed as percent maximum (%CVCmax; 28mM sodium nitroprusside + 43°C local heating). RESULTS: M-index was highest (i.e., skin pigmentation was darkest) in the dorsal forearm (50.5 ± 11.8 a.u.) compared to the ventral forearm (37.5 ± 7.4 a.u.; p ≤ 0.03) and upper arm (30.2 ± 5.1 a.u.; p ≤ 0.001). There were no baseline (p ≥ 0.37), initial peak (p ≥ 0.22), post L-NAME plateau (p ≥ 0.12), or maximal CVC (p ≥ 0.23) differences among the three sites. Likewise, the magnitude of the local heating plateau was not different among the three sites (dorsal: 88±17%; ventral: 81±20%; upper: 90±12%; p ≥ 0.16), nor was NO-mediated vasodilation (dorsal: 59±15%; ventral: 54±13%; upper: 55±11.0%; p ≥ 0.79). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that, in contrast to the effects of acute UVR exposure or a constitutively dark skin pigmentation, seasonal tanning-induced increases in skin pigmentation do not alter NO-dependent cutaneous vasodilation responses to local heating. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Published
2023
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8. Shear rate patterns during flow-mediated dilation in women with endometriosis: preliminary findings

Author

Nathalie Kirby, Auni Williams, Virginia Content, S Tony Wolf, Gabrielle Dillon, Nina Stachenfeld, and Lacy Alexander

Subjects
Physiology
Abstract

Purpose: Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent gynecological disorder associated with systemic inflammation and arterial stiffness, which may negatively modulate shear stress patterns to promote a pro-atherogenic state, and thus contribute to the elevated cardiovascular disease risk observed in women with the disease. However, shear stress patterns have not previously been examined in this population. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether arterial blood flow patterns are altered in women with endometriosis. We hypothesized that women with endometriosis would exhibit disturbed blood flow patterns, characterized by high retrograde shear rates and oscillatory flow as well as reduced anterograde shear rates, as compared with women without the disease. Methods: We examined anterograde and retrograde shear rates, and oscillatory shear index (OSI; |retrograde shear rate|÷[|antegrade shear rate|+|retrograde shear rate|]) in four women with surgically confirmed endometriosis and eight without (mean (SD), 28 (5) years, BMI 24.7 (4.2) kg·m-2) at rest, during hyperemia (60 s post-forearm occlusion at 220 mmHg) and recovery (120-180 s post-occlusion) from flow-mediated dilation using duplex Doppler ultrasound. Shear rates were compared using two-factor (group x phase) linear mixed-effects models with post-hoc corrections for multiple comparisons of three time-points. Results: Endometriosis patients exhibited greater OSI (interaction: p=0.001) at rest (mean difference [95%CI]; 0.095 [0.001, 0.188], p=0.033) and recovery (0.126 [0.034, 0.226], p=0.005), though not during hyperemia ( p>0.999) compared to controls. This was driven by greater retrograde shear (interaction: p=0.013) during recovery (15 sec-1 [2, 28], p=0.002), though retrograde shear did not differ between groups at rest ( p=0.155) or during hyperemia ( p>0.999). Anterograde shear (interaction: p=0.049) was greater in controls than in endometriosis patients during hyperemia (276 sec-1 [61, 613], p=0.026), but not during rest or recovery (both p>0.999). Conclusions: Women with endometriosis exhibited greater oscillatory shear at rest and greater oscillatory and retrograde shear during recovery from flow-mediated dilation, as compared to controls. However, anterograde shear was diminished in endometriosis patients during hyperemia. These data indicate that shear stress patterns are negatively altered in women with endometriosis, which provides novel mechanistic insight into the pathophysiology underlying the associated elevated cardiovascular disease risk. National Institutes of Health Grant R01 HL161000 This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Published
2023
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9. Relative influence of individual characteristics on critical WBGT limits in young adults (PSU HEAT Project)

Author

S. Tony Wolf, George Havenith, and W. Larry Kenney

Subjects
Physiology
Abstract

Critical environmental limits are temperature-humidity thresholds above which heat balance cannot be maintained for a given metabolic heat production. This study examined the association between individual characteristics [sex, body surface area (AD), aerobic capacity (V̇O2max; L∙min-1), and body mass (mb)] and critical environmental limits in young adults. Forty-four (20 M/24 F; 23±4 yr) subjects were exposed to progressive heat stress in an environmental chamber at two low net metabolic rates (Mnet); minimal activity (MinAct; Mnet = 160±35 W) and light ambulation (LightAmb; Mnet = 259±54 W). In 2 hot-dry (HD; a = 12 or 16 mmHg) was held constant and dry-bulb temperature (Tdb) was systematically increased. In 2 warm-humid (WH; >50% rh) environments, Tdb was held constant at 34 or 36 °C and Pa was systematically increased. The critical wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGTcrit) was determined for each condition. There were no sex differences in WBGTcrit for any condition ( p ≥ 0.21). During MinAct, only mb was retained in a backward linear regression model explaining the variance in WBGTcrit in WH (R2adj = 0.08, p < 0.001), whereas mb and V̇O2max were retained for HD environments (R2adj = 0.09, p < 0.001). During LightAmb, mb and AD were retained in the model for both WH (R2adj = 0.46, p < 0.001) and HD environments (R2adj = 0.22; p < 0.001). These data demonstrate the relative importance of individual characteristics on WBGTcrit during low-intensity weight-bearing (LightAmb) and non-weight-bearing (MinAct) activity in extreme thermal environments. This work was supported by NIH R01 AG067471. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Published
2023
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10. Heart rate responses during progressive heat stress in young, healthy adults (PSU HEAT Project)

Author

Rachel Cottle, Kathleen Fisher, S. Tony Wolf, and W. Larry Kenney

Subjects
Physiology
Abstract

As a consequence of climate change, humans are at greater risk for heat-related morbidity and mortality, often secondary to increased cardiovascular strain associated with heat stress. Critical environmental limits (i.e., upper limits for compensable heat stress) have been established based on core temperature (Tc) responses for healthy, young individuals during progressive heat stress at metabolic rates approximating those of activities of daily living. However, it is crucial to understand the specific combinations of temperature and humidity above which cardiovascular strain increases, placing individuals at elevated risk. These upper limits for the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis, and how they compare to the upper limits for the maintenance of heat balance, have not been investigated. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to (1) identify the specific environmental conditions (ambient temperature and humidity) at which elevated cardiovascular strain (i.e., a continuous rise in heart rate) increases and (2) compare the environments at which increases in cardiovascular strain occur relative to those at which a continuous rise in Tc is observed. Forty-five subjects (26 W; 23±4 yrs) were exposed to progressive heat stress in an environmental chamber at two low metabolic rates reflecting minimal activity (MinAct; 159 ± 34 W) or light ambulation (LightAmb; 260 ± 55 W) in warm-humid (~35°C, 50-80%RH) and/or hot-dry (38°C-52°C, This research was supported by the National Institute on Aging Grant T32 AG049676 to the Pennsylvania State University (to R.M.C.) and National Institutes of Health Grant R01 AG067471 (to W.L.K.) This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Published
2023
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11. Utility of the Heat Index in defining the upper limits of thermal balance during light physical activity (PSU HEAT Project)

Author

Rachel Cottle, Daniel Vecellio, W. Larry Kenney, and S. Tony Wolf

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Hot Temperature, Ecology, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Activities of Daily Living, Humans, Humidity, Heat Stress Disorders, Exercise
Abstract

Extreme heat events and consequent detrimental heat-health outcomes have been increasing in recent decades and are expected to continue with future climate warming. While many indices have been created to quantify the combined atmospheric contributions to heat, few have been validated to determine how index-defined heat conditions impact human health. However, this subset of indices is likely not valid for all situations and populations nor easily understood and interpreted by health officials and the public. In this study, we compare the ability of thresholds determined from the National Weather Service’s (NWS) Heat Index (HI), the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT), and the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) to predict the compensability of human heat stress (upper limits of heat balance) measured as part of the Pennsylvania State University’s Heat Environmental Age Thresholds (PSU HEAT) project. While the WBGT performed the best of the three indices for both minimal activities of daily living (MinAct; 83 W·m−2) and light ambulation (LightAmb; 133 W·m−2) in a cohort of young, healthy subjects, HI was likewise accurate in predicting heat stress compensability in MinAct conditions. HI was significantly correlated with subjects’ perception of temperature and humidity as well as their body core temperature, linking perception of the ambient environment with physiological responses in MinAct conditions. Given the familiarity the public has with HI, it may be better utilized in the expansion of safeguard policies and the issuance of heat warnings during extreme heat events, especially when access to engineered cooling strategies is unavailable.

Published
2022
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13. Nitric oxide-mediated cutaneous microvascular function is not altered in young adults following mild-to-moderate SARS CoV-2 infection

Author

Gabrielle A. Dillon, S. Tony Wolf, and Lacy M. Alexander

Subjects
Adult, Male, COVID-19 Vaccines, SARS-CoV-2, Physiology, Microcirculation, COVID-19, skin blood flow, Nitric Oxide, Severity of Illness Index, Vasodilation, Young Adult, NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester, Case-Control Studies, Physiology (medical), microvascular function, Laser-Doppler Flowmetry, Humans, Female, intradermal microdialysis, Enzyme Inhibitors, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Research Article, Skin
Abstract

Vascular dysfunction has been reported in adults who have recovered from COVID-19. To date, no studies have investigated the underlying mechanisms of persistent COVID-19-associated vascular dysfunction. Our purpose was to quantify nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilation in healthy adults who have recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection. We hypothesized that COVID-19-recovered adults would have impaired NO-mediated vasodilation compared with adults who have not had COVID-19. In methods, we performed a cross-sectional study including 10 (5 men/5 women, 24 ± 4 yr) healthy control (HC) adults who were unvaccinated for COVID-19, 11 (4 men/7 women, 25 ± 6 yr) healthy vaccinated (HV) adults, and 12 (5 men/7 women, 22 ± 3 yr) post-COVID-19 (PC, 19 ± 14 wk) adults. COVID-19 symptoms severity (survey) was assessed. A standardized 39°C local heating protocol was used to assess NO-dependent vasodilation via perfusion (intradermal microdialysis) of 15 mM NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester during the plateau of the heating response. Red blood cell flux was measured (laser-Doppler flowmetry) and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC = flux/mmHg) was expressed as a percentage of maximum (28 mM sodium nitroprusside + 43°C). In results, the local heating plateau (HC: 61 ± 20%, HV: 60 ± 19%, PC: 67 ± 19%, P = 0.80) and NO-dependent vasodilation (HC: 77 ± 9%, HV: 71 ± 7%, PC: 70 ± 10%, P = 0.36) were not different among groups. Neither symptom severity (25 ± 12 AU) nor time since diagnosis correlated with the NO-dependent vasodilation (r = 0.46, P = 0.13; r = 0.41, P = 0.19, respectively). In conclusion, healthy adults who have had mild-to-moderate COVID-19 do not have altered NO-mediated cutaneous microvascular function. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Healthy young adults who have had mild-to-moderate COVID-19 do not display alterations in nitric oxide-mediated cutaneous microvascular function. In addition, healthy young adults who have COVID-19 antibodies from the COVID-19 vaccinations do not display alterations in nitric oxide-mediated cutaneous microvascular function.

Published
2022
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14. Critical environmental limits for young, healthy adults (PSU HEAT Project)

Author

S. Tony Wolf, Rachel M. Cottle, Daniel J. Vecellio, and W. Larry Kenney

Subjects
Adult, Male, Hot Temperature, Adolescent, Physiology, Humidity, Thermogenesis, Body Temperature, Young Adult, Stress, Physiological, Physiology (medical), Activities of Daily Living, Humans, Female, Research Article
Abstract

Critical environmental limits are those combinations of ambient temperature and humidity above which heat balance cannot be maintained for a given metabolic heat production, limiting exposure time, and placing individuals at increased risk of heat-related illness. The aim of this study was to establish those limits in young (18–34 yr) healthy adults during low-intensity activity approximating the metabolic demand of activities of daily living. Twenty-five (12 men/13 women) subjects were exposed to progressive heat stress in an environmental chamber at two rates of metabolic heat production chosen to represent minimal activity (MinAct) or light ambulation (LightAmb). Progressive heat stress was performed with either 1) constant dry-bulb temperature (T(db)) and increasing ambient water vapor pressure (P(a)) (P(crit) trials; 36°C, 38°C, or 40°C) or 2) constant P(a) and increasing T(db) (T(crit) trials; 12, 16, or 20 mmHg). Each subject was tested during MinAct and LightAmb in two to three experimental conditions in random order, for a total of four to six trials per participant. Higher metabolic heat production (P < 0.001) during LightAmb compared with MinAct trials resulted in significantly lower critical environmental limits across all P(crit) and T(crit) conditions (all P < 0.001). These data, presented graphically herein on a psychrometric chart, are the first to define critical environmental limits for young adults during activity resembling those of light household tasks or other activities of daily living and can be used to develop guidelines, policy decisions, and evidence-based alert communications to minimize the deleterious impacts of extreme heat events. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Critical environmental limits are those combinations of temperature and humidity above which heat balance cannot be maintained, placing individuals at increased risk of heat-related illness. Those limits have been investigated in young adults during exercise at 30% V̇o(2max), but not during metabolic rates that approximate those of light activities of daily living. Herein, we establish critical environmental limits for young adults at two metabolic rates that reflect activities of daily living and leisurely walking.

Published
2022
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17. Pain in Adults With Cerebral Palsy After Single-Event Multilevel Surgery

Author

M Thielen, Marco Götze, Andreas Geisbüsch, Cornelia Putz, Thomas Dreher, S. I. Wolf, Leonhard Döderlein, and University of Zurich

Subjects
Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Visual analogue scale, Pain, 610 Medicine & health, Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, Anxiety, Cerebral palsy, Disability Evaluation, Quality of life, Surveys and Questionnaires, medicine, Humans, Orthopedic Procedures, Postoperative Period, Prospective Studies, 3612 Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, Pain Measurement, business.industry, Cerebral Palsy, Rehabilitation, Gross Motor Function Classification System, medicine.disease, Gait, Oswestry Disability Index, 2742 Rehabilitation, Gait analysis, Quality of Life, Physical therapy, 10046 Balgrist University Hospital, Swiss Spinal Cord Injury Center, Female, medicine.symptom, Gait Analysis, business
Abstract

Objective Aim of the investigation was to assess the contribution of pain to functional, social, and health-related quality of life (Qol) outcomes in adults with cerebral palsy. Design This monocentric, prospective study included long-term data for ambulant adults with cerebral palsy and at level I to III in the Gross Motor Function Classification System who had received orthopedic multilevel surgery in adulthood and in whom pre- and postoperative three-dimensional gait analysis was conducted, including the Gait Profile Score. A questionnaire including the Visual Analogue Scale, Oswestry Disability Index, and Euro Qol (EQ)-5D-3L was analyzed. Results Twenty-four adults at a mean age of 38.0 years were included. Sixteen (66.7%) patients indicated that they experienced pain and 10 (41.7%) patients had pain for more than 6 months. Overall, 13 (54%) patients experienced both pain and anxiety. There was no correlation of the Gait Profile Score with pain, Gross Motor Function Classification System, and Oswestry Disability Index. The Oswestry Disability Index showed a positive correlation with the Gross Motor Function Classification System (cc=0.39, p=0.05) and pain (cc=0.57, p=0.004). Conclusions Pain and anxiety represent relevant comorbidities in adults with cerebral palsy. The occurrence of pain correlates with the Oswestry Disability Index and is higher than in children with cerebral palsy.

Published
2021
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18. Adverse heat-health outcomes and critical environmental limits (Pennsylvania State University Human Environmental Age Thresholds project)

Author

S. Tony Wolf, Daniel J. Vecellio, and W. Larry Kenney

Subjects
Anthropology, Genetics, Anatomy, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract

The earth's climate is warming and the frequency, duration, and severity of heat waves are increasing. Meanwhile, the world's population is rapidly aging. Epidemiological data demonstrate exponentially greater increases in morbidity and mortality during heat waves in adults ≥65 years. Laboratory data substantiate the mechanistic underpinnings of age-associated differences in thermoregulatory function. However, the specific combinations of environmental conditions (i.e., ambient temperature and absolute/relative humidity) above which older adults are at increased risk of heat-related morbidity and mortality are less clear.This review was conducted to (1) examine the recent (past 3 years) literature regarding heat-related morbidity and mortality in the elderly and discuss projections of future heat-related morbidity and mortality based on climate model data, and (2) detail the background and unique methodology of our ongoing laboratory-based projects aimed toward identifying the specific environmental conditions that result in elevated risk of heat illness in older adults, and the implications of using the data toward the development of evidence-based safety interventions in a continually-warming climate (PSU HEAT; Human Environmental Age Thresholds).The recent literature demonstrates that extreme heat continues to be increasingly detrimental to the health of the elderly and that this is apparent across the world, although the specific environmental conditions above which older adults are at increased risk of heat-related morbidity and mortality remain unclear.Characterizing the environmental conditions above which risk of heat-related illnesses increase remains critical to enact policy decisions and mitigation efforts to protect vulnerable people during extreme heat events.

Published
2022

19. Heat exposure limits for young unacclimatized males and females at low and high humidity

Author

W. Larry Kenney, Thomas Bernard, and S. Tony Wolf

Subjects
Male, Young Adult, Hot Temperature, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Humans, Female, Humidity, Heat Stress Disorders, Article, Heat-Shock Response, Body Temperature, Body Temperature Regulation
Abstract

Little is known about the separate and combined influences of humidity conditions, sex, and aerobic fitness on heat tolerance in unacclimatized males and females. The purpose of the current study was to describe heat tolerance, in terms of critical WBGT (WBGT(crit)), in unacclimatized young males and females in hot-dry (HD) and warm-humid (WH) environments. Eighteen subjects (9 M/9F; 21 ± 2 yr) were tested during exercise at 30% [Formula: see text] O(2max) in a controlled environmental chamber. Progressive heat stress exposures were performed with either (1) constant dry-bulb temperature (T(db)) of 34 and 36°C and increasing ambient water vapor pressure (P(a)) (P(crit) trials; WH); or (2) constant P(a) of 12 and 16mmHg and increasing T(db) (T(crit) trials; HD). Chamber T(db) and P(a), and subject esophageal temperature (T(es)), were continuously monitored throughout each trial. After a 30-min equilibration period, progressive heat stress continued until subject heat balance could no longer be maintained and a clear rise in T(es) was observed. Absolute WBGT(crit) and WBGT(crit) adjusted to a metabolic rate of 300W (WBGT(300)), and the difference between WBGT(crit) and occupational exposure limits (OEL; ΔOEL) was assessed. WBGT(crit), WBGT(300), and ΔOEL were higher in WH compared to HD (p < 0.0001) for females but were the same between environments for males (p ≥ 0.21). WBGT(crit) was higher in females compared to males in WH (p < 0.0001) but was similar between sexes in HD (p = 0.44). When controlling for metabolic rate, WBGT(300) and ΔOEL were higher in males compared to females in WH and HD (both p < 0.0001). When controlling for sex, [Formula: see text] was not associated with WBGT(300) or ΔOEL for either sex (r ≤ 0.12, p ≥ 0.49). These findings suggest that WBGT(crit) is higher in females compared to males in WH, but not HD, conditions. Additionally, the WBGT(crit) is lower in females, but not males, in HD compared to WH conditions.

Published
2022

27. Examining 'race' in physiology

Author

S. Tony Wolf, W. Larry Kenney, and Nina G. Jablonski

Subjects
Biomedical Research, Social Determinants of Health, Physiology, Cardiovascular health, Ethnic group, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Health outcomes, Cardiovascular System, 03 medical and health sciences, Race (biology), 0302 clinical medicine, Physiology (medical), parasitic diseases, Humans, Racial Groups, Health Status Disparities, Social constructionism, Health equity, Race Factors, Categorization, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Perspectives
Abstract

Racial disparities in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular health outcomes are well described, and recent research has shed light on the mechanistic underpinnings of those disparities. However, “race” is a social construct that is poorly defined and continually evolving and is historically based on faulty premises. The continued categorization by race in physiological research suggests that there are inherent differences between races, rather than addressing the specific underlying factors that result in health disparities between groups. The purpose of this Perspectives article is to provide a brief history of the genesis of categorization by race, why such categorization should be reconsidered in physiology research, and offer recommendations to more directly investigate the underlying factors that result in group disparities in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular health.

Published
2020
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28. Metabolic link between auxin production and specialized metabolites in Sorghum bicolor

Author

Veronica C Perez, Ru Dai, Breanna Tomiczek, Jorrel Mendoza, Emily S A Wolf, Alexander Grenning, Wilfred Vermerris, Anna K Block, and Jeongim Kim

Subjects
Physiology, Plant Science
Abstract

Aldoximes are amino acid derivatives that serve as intermediates for numerous specialized metabolites including cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, and auxins. Aldoxime formation is mainly catalyzed by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases of the 79 family (CYP79s) that can have broad or narrow substrate specificity. Except for SbCYP79A1, aldoxime biosynthetic enzymes in the cereal sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) have not been characterized. This study identified nine CYP79-encoding genes in the genome of sorghum. A phylogenetic analysis of CYP79 showed that SbCYP79A61 formed a subclade with maize ZmCYP79A61, previously characterized to be involved in aldoxime biosynthesis. Functional characterization of this sorghum enzyme using transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and stable overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana revealed that SbCYP79A61 catalyzes the production of phenylacetaldoxime (PAOx) from phenylalanine but, unlike the maize enzyme, displays no detectable activity against tryptophan. Additionally, targeted metabolite analysis after stable isotope feeding assays revealed that PAOx can serve as a precursor of phenylacetic acid (PAA) in sorghum and identified benzyl cyanide as an intermediate of PAOx-derived PAA biosynthesis in both sorghum and maize. Taken together, our results demonstrate that SbCYP79A61 produces PAOx in sorghum and may serve in the biosynthesis of other nitrogen-containing phenylalanine-derived metabolites involved in mediating biotic and abiotic stresses.

Published
2022

30. Measurement and QCD analysis of double-differential inclusive jet cross sections in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

Author

Tumasyan, A. Adam, W. Andrejkovic, J. W. Bergauer, T. and Chatterjee, S. Damanakis, K. Dragicevic, M. Escalante Del Valle, A. Fruhwirth, R. Jeitler, M. Krammer, N. Lechner, L. Liko, D. Mikulec, I. Paulitsch, P. Pitters, F. M. and Schieck, J. Schofbeck, R. Schwarz, D. Templ, S. and Waltenberger, W. Wulz, C. -E. Chekhovsky, V. Litomin, A. and Makarenko, V. Darwish, M. R. De Wolf, E. A. Janssen, T. and Kello, T. Lelek, A. Rejeb Sfar, H. Van Mechelen, P. Van Putte, S. Van Remortel, N. Blekman, F. Bols, E. S. and D'Hondt, J. Delcourt, M. El Faham, H. Lowette, S. and Moortgat, S. Morton, A. Muller, D. Sahasransu, A. R. and Tavernier, S. Van Doninck, W. Beghin, D. Bilin, B. and Clerbaux, B. De Lentdecker, G. Favart, L. Grebenyuk, A. and Kalsi, A. K. Lee, K. Mahdavikhorrami, M. Makarenko, I. and Moureaux, L. Petre, L. Popov, A. Postiau, N. Starling, E. Thomas, L. Vanden Bemden, M. Vander Velde, C. and Vanlaer, P. Cornelis, T. Dobur, D. Knolle, J. Lambrecht, L. Mestdach, G. Niedziela, M. Roskas, C. Samalan, A. and Skovpen, K. Tytgat, M. Vermassen, B. Wezenbeek, L. and Benecke, A. Bethani, A. Bruno, G. Bury, F. Caputo, C. and David, P. Delaere, C. Donertas, I. S. Giammanco, A. and Jaffel, K. Jain, Sa. Lemaitre, V. Mondal, K. and Prisciandaro, J. Taliercio, A. Teklishyn, M. Tran, T. T. and Vischia, P. Wertz, S. Alves, G. A. Hensel, C. Moraes, A. and Alda Junior, W. L. Alves Gallo Pereira, M. Barroso Ferreira Filho, M. Brandao Malbouisson, H. Carvalho, W. Chinellato, J. Da Costa, E. M. Da Silveira, G. G. De Jesus Damiao, D. and Fonseca De Souza, S. Mora Herrera, C. Mota Amarilo, K. and Mundim, L. Nogima, H. Rebello Teles, P. Santoro, A. and Silva Do Amaral, S. M. Sznajder, A. Thiel, M. Torres Da Silva De Araujo, F. Vilela Pereira, A. Bernardes, C. A. and Calligaris, L. Fernandez Perez Tomei, T. R. Gregores, E. M. and Lemos, D. S. Mercadante, P. G. Novaes, S. F. Padula, Sandra S. Aleksandrov, A. Antchev, G. Hadjiiska, R. Iaydjiev, P. Misheva, M. Rodozov, M. Shopova, M. Sultanov, G. and Dimitrov, A. Ivanov, T. Litov, L. Pavlov, B. Petkov, P. and Petrov, A. Cheng, T. Javaid, T. Mittal, M. Yuan, L. and Ahmad, M. Bauer, G. Dozen, C. Hu, Z. Martins, J. and Wang, Y. Yi, K. Chapon, E. Chen, G. M. Chen, H. S. and Chen, M. Iemmi, F. Kapoor, A. Leggat, D. Liao, H. and Liu, Z. -A. Milosevic, V. Monti, F. Sharma, R. Tao, J. and Thomas-Wilsker, J. Wang, J. Zhang, H. Zhao, J. and Agapitos, A. An, Y. Ban, Y. Chen, C. Levin, A. Li, Q. Lyu, X. Mao, Y. Qian, S. J. Wang, D. Wang, Q. and Xiao, J. Lu, M. You, Z. Gao, X. Okawa, H. Zhang, Y. and Lin, Z. Xiao, M. Avila, C. Cabrera, A. Florez, C. and Fraga, J. Mejia Guisao, J. Ramirez, F. Ruiz Alvarez, J. D. Salazar Gonzalez, C. A. Giljanovic, D. Godinovic, N. and Lelas, D. Puljak, I. Antunovic, Z. Kovac, M. Sculac, T. and Brigljevic, V. Ferencek, D. Majumder, D. Roguljic, M. and Starodumov, A. Susa, T. Attikis, A. Christoforou, K. and Erodotou, E. Ioannou, A. Kole, G. Kolosova, M. and Konstantinou, S. Mousa, J. Nicolaou, C. Ptochos, F. and Razis, P. A. Rykaczewski, H. Saka, H. Finger, M. Finger, Jr., M. Kveton, A. Ayala, E. Carrera Jarrin, E. Assran, Y. Ellithi Kamel, A. Mahmoud, M. A. Mohammed, Y. and Bhowmik, S. Dewanjee, R. K. Ehataht, K. Kadastik, M. and Nandan, S. Nielsen, C. Pata, J. Raidal, M. Tani, L. and Veelken, C. Eerola, P. Forthomme, L. Kirschenmann, H. and Osterberg, K. Voutilainen, M. Bharthuar, S. Brucken, E. and Garcia, F. Havukainen, J. Kim, M. S. Kinnunen, R. and Lampen, T. Lassila-Perini, K. Lehti, S. Linden, T. and Lotti, M. Martikainen, L. Myllymaki, M. Ott, J. and Siikonen, H. Tuominen, E. Tuominiemi, J. Luukka, P. and Petrow, H. Tuuva, T. Amendola, C. Besancon, M. Couderc, F. Dejardin, M. Denegri, D. Faure, J. L. Ferri, F. and Ganjour, S. Gras, P. Hamel de Monchenault, G. Jarry, P. and Lenzi, B. Locci, E. Malcles, J. Rander, J. Rosowsky, A. and Sahin, M. O. Savoy-Navarro, A. Titov, M. Yu, G. B. and Ahuja, S. Beaudette, F. Bonanomi, M. Buchot Perraguin, A. and Busson, P. Cappati, A. Charlot, C. Davignon, O. and Diab, B. Falmagne, G. Ghosh, S. Granier de Cassagnac, R. and Hakimi, A. Kucher, I. Motta, J. Nguyen, M. Ochando, C. and Paganini, P. Rembser, J. Salerno, R. Sarkar, U. and Sauvan, J. B. Sirois, Y. Tarabini, A. Zabi, A. Zghiche, A. Agram, J. -L. Andrea, J. Apparu, D. Bloch, D. and Bourgatte, G. Brom, J. -M. Chabert, E. C. Collard, C. and Darej, D. Fontaine, J. -C. Goerlach, U. Grimault, C. Le Bihan, A. -C. Nibigira, E. Van Hove, P. Asilar, E. and Beauceron, S. Bernet, C. Boudoul, G. Camen, C. Carle, A. and Chanon, N. Contardo, D. Depasse, P. El Mamouni, H. and Fay, J. Gascon, S. Gouzevitch, M. Ille, B. Laktineh, I. B. Lattaud, H. Lesauvage, A. Lethuillier, M. Mirabito, L. Perries, S. Shchablo, K. Sordini, V. Torterotot, L. and Touquet, G. Vander Donckt, M. Viret, S. Lomidze, I. and Toriashvili, T. Tsamalaidze, Z. Botta, V. Feld, L. and Klein, K. Lipinski, M. Meuser, D. Pauls, A. Rowert, N. and Schulz, J. Teroerde, M. Dodonova, A. Eliseev, D. and Erdmann, M. Fackeldey, P. Fischer, B. Ghosh, S. and Hebbeker, T. Hoepfner, K. Ivone, F. Mastrolorenzo, L. and Merschmeyer, M. Meyer, A. Mocellin, G. Mondal, S. and Mukherjee, S. Noll, D. Novak, A. Pook, T. Pozdnyakov, A. and Rath, Y. Reithler, H. Roemer, J. Schmidt, A. and Schuler, S. C. Sharma, A. Vigilante, L. Wiedenbeck, S. and Zaleski, S. Dziwok, C. Flugge, G. Haj Ahmad, W. and Hlushchenko, O. Kress, T. Nowack, A. Pistone, C. Pooth, O. Roy, D. Sert, H. Stahl, A. Ziemons, T. Zotz, A. and Aarup Petersen, H. Aldaya Martin, M. Asmuss, P. Baxter, S. Bayatmakou, M. Behnke, O. Bermudez Martinez, A. and Bhattacharya, S. Bin Anuar, A. A. Borras, K. Brunner, D. and Campbell, A. Cardini, A. Cheng, C. Colombina, F. and Consuegra Rodriguez, S. Correia Silva, G. Danilov, V. De Silva, M. Didukh, L. Eckerlin, G. Eckstein, D. Eren, E. and Estevez Banos, L. I. Filatov, O. Gallo, E. Gao, J. and Geiser, A. Giraldi, A. Grohsjean, A. Guthoff, M. Jafari, A. Jomhari, N. Z. Jung, H. Kasem, A. Kasemann, M. and Kaveh, H. Kleinwort, C. Kruecker, D. Lange, W. Lidrych, J. Lipka, K. Lohmann, W. Maekelae, T. Mankel, R. and Melzer-Pellmann, I. -A. Mendizabal Morentin, M. Metwally, J. and Meyer, A. B. Meyer, M. Mnich, J. Mussgiller, A. Otarid, Y. Perez Adan, D. Pitzl, D. Raspereza, A. Ribeiro Lopes, B. Ruebenach, J. Saggio, A. Saibel, A. Savitskyi, M. and Scham, M. Scheurer, V. Schnake, S. Schuetze, P. and Schwanenberger, C. Shchedrolosiev, M. Sosa Ricardo, R. E. and Stafford, D. Tonon, N. Van De Klundert, M. Walsh, R. and Walter, D. Wen, Y. Wichmann, K. Wiens, L. Wissing, C. and Wuchterl, S. Zlebcik, R. Aggleton, R. Albrecht, S. and Bein, S. Benato, L. Connor, P. De Leo, K. Eich, M. and Feindt, F. Froehlich, A. Garbers, C. Garutti, E. and Gunnellini, P. Hajheidari, M. Haller, J. Hinzmann, A. and Kasieczka, G. Klanner, R. Kogler, R. Kramer, T. Kutzner, V. Lange, J. Lange, T. Lobanov, A. Malara, A. and Nigamova, A. Pena Rodriguez, K. J. Rieger, O. Schleper, P. and Schroeder, M. Schwandt, J. Sonneveld, J. Stadie, H. and Steinbrueck, G. Tews, A. Zoi, I. Bechtel, J. Brommer, S. and Burkart, M. Butz, E. Caspart, R. Chwalek, T. De Boer, W. Dierlamm, A. Droll, A. El Morabit, K. and Faltermann, N. Giffels, M. Gosewisch, J. o. Gottmann, A. and Hartmann, F. Heidecker, C. Husemann, U. Keicher, P. and Koppenhoefer, R. Maier, S. Metzler, M. Mitra, S. and Mueller, Th. Neukum, M. Nuernberg, A. Quast, G. and Rabbertz, K. Rauser, J. Savoiu, D. Schnepf, M. Seith, D. and Shvetsov, I. Simonis, H. J. Ulrich, R. Van Der Linden, J. Von Cube, R. F. Wassmer, M. Weber, M. Wieland, S. and Wolf, R. Wozniewski, S. Wunsch, S. Anagnostou, G. and Daskalakis, G. Geralis, T. Kyriakis, A. Loukas, D. and Stakia, A. Diamantopoulou, M. Karasavvas, D. Karathanasis, G. Kontaxakis, P. Koraka, C. K. Manousakis-Katsikakis, A. and Panagiotou, A. Papavergou, I. Saoulidou, N. Theofilatos, K. Tziaferi, E. Vellidis, K. Vourliotis, E. Bakas, G. and Kousouris, K. Papakrivopoulos, I. Tsipolitis, G. and Zacharopoulou, A. Adamidis, K. Bestintzanos, I. Evangelou, I. Foudas, C. Gianneios, P. Katsoulis, P. Kokkas, P. and Manthos, N. Papadopoulos, I. Strologas, J. Csanad, M. and Farkas, K. Gadallah, M. M. A. Lokos, S. Major, P. and Mandal, K. Mehta, A. Pasztor, G. Radl, A. J. Suranyi, O. and Veres, G. I. Bartok, M. Bencze, G. Hajdu, C. and Horvath, D. Sikler, F. Veszpremi, V. Czellar, S. and Karancsi, J. Molnar, J. Szillasi, Z. Teyssier, D. Raics, P. Trocsanyi, Z. L. Ujvari, B. Csorgo, T. Nemes, F. and Novak, T. Choudhury, S. Komaragiri, J. R. Kumar, D. and Panwar, L. Tiwari, P. C. Bahinipati, S. Kar, C. Mal, P. and Mishra, T. Muraleedharan Nair Bindhu, V. K. Nayak, A. and Saha, P. Sur, N. Swain, S. K. Vats, D. Bansal, S. and Beri, S. B. Bhatnagar, V. Chaudhary, G. Chauhan, S. and Dhingra, N. Gupta, R. Kaur, A. Kaur, M. Kaur, S. and Kumari, P. Meena, M. Sandeep, K. Singh, J. B. Virdi, A. K. Ahmed, A. Bhardwaj, A. Choudhary, B. C. Gola, M. and Keshri, S. Kumar, A. Naimuddin, M. Priyanka, P. Ranjan, K. Shah, A. Bharti, M. Bhattacharya, R. Bhattacharya, S. and Bhowmik, D. Dutta, S. Dutta, S. Gomber, B. Maity, M. and Palit, P. Rout, P. K. Saha, G. Sahu, B. Sarkar, S. and Sharan, M. Singh, B. Thakur, S. Behera, P. K. and Behera, S. C. Kalbhor, P. Muhammad, A. Pradhan, R. and Pujahari, P. R. Sharma, A. Sikdar, A. K. Dutta, D. Jha, V. Kumar, V. Mishra, D. K. Naskar, K. Netrakanti, P. K. and Pant, L. M. Shukla, P. Aziz, T. Dugad, S. Kumar, M. and Banerjee, S. Chudasama, R. Guchait, M. Karmakar, S. and Kumar, S. Majumder, G. Mazumdar, K. Mukherjee, S. and Alpana, K. Dube, S. Kansal, B. Laha, A. Pandey, S. and Rane, A. Rastogi, A. Sharma, S. Bakhshiansohi, H. and Khazaie, E. Zeinali, M. Chenarani, S. Etesami, S. M. and Khakzad, M. Mohammadi Najafabadi, M. Grunewald, M. and Abbrescia, M. Aly, R. Aruta, C. Colaleo, A. Creanza, D. and De Filippis, N. De Palma, M. Di Florio, A. Di Pilato, A. and Elmetenawee, W. Fiore, L. Gelmi, A. Gul, M. Iaselli, G. Ince, M. Lezki, S. Maggi, G. Maggi, M. Margjeka, I. Mastrapasqua, V. My, S. Nuzzo, S. Pellecchia, A. and Pompili, A. Pugliese, G. Ramos, D. Ranieri, A. Selvaggi, G. Silvestris, L. Simone, F. M. Venditti, R. and Verwilligen, P. Abbiendi, G. Battilana, C. Bonacorsi, D. and Borgonovi, L. Brigliadori, L. Campanini, R. Capiluppi, P. and Castro, A. Cavallo, F. R. Cuffiani, M. Dallavalle, G. M. and Diotalevi, T. Fabbri, F. Fanfani, A. Giacomelli, P. and Giommi, L. Grandi, C. Guiducci, L. Lo Meo, S. Lunerti, L. Marcellini, S. Masetti, G. Navarria, F. L. Perrotta, A. Primavera, F. Rossi, A. M. Rovelli, T. Siroli, G. P. and Albergo, S. Costa, S. Di Mattia, A. Potenza, R. and Tricomi, A. Tuve, C. Barbagli, G. Cassese, A. and Ceccarelli, R. Ciulli, V. Civinini, C. D'Alessandro, R. and Focardi, E. Latino, G. Lenzi, P. Lizzo, M. Meschini, M. and Paoletti, S. Seidita, R. Sguazzoni, G. Viliani, L. and Benussi, L. Bianco, S. Piccolo, D. Bozzo, M. Ferro, F. and Mulargia, R. Robutti, E. Tosi, S. Benaglia, A. and Boldrini, G. Brivio, F. Cetorelli, F. De Guio, F. and Dinardo, M. E. Dini, P. Gennai, S. Ghezzi, A. Govoni, P. and Guzzi, L. Lucchini, M. T. Malberti, M. Malvezzi, S. and Massironi, A. Menasce, D. Moroni, L. Paganoni, M. and Pedrini, D. Pinolini, B. S. Ragazzi, S. Redaelli, N. and Tabarelli de Fatis, T. Valsecchi, D. Zuolo, D. Buontempo, S. and Carnevali, F. Cavallo, N. De Iorio, A. Fabozzi, F. and Iorio, A. O. M. Lista, L. Meola, S. Paolucci, P. Rossi, B. Sciacca, C. Azzi, P. Bacchetta, N. Bisello, D. and Bortignon, P. Bragagnolo, A. Carlin, R. Checchia, P. and Dorigo, T. Dosselli, U. Gasparini, F. Gasparini, U. and Grosso, G. Hoh, S. Y. Layer, L. Lusiani, E. Margoni, M. and Meneguzzo, A. T. Pazzini, J. Ronchese, P. Rossin, R. and Simonetto, F. Strong, G. Tosi, M. Yarar, H. Zanetti, M. and Zotto, P. Zucchetta, A. Zumerle, G. Aime, C. and Braghieri, A. Calzaferri, S. Fiorina, D. Montagna, P. and Ratti, S. P. Re, V. Riccardi, C. Salvini, P. Vai, I. and Vitulo, P. Asenov, P. Bilei, G. M. Ciangottini, D. Fano, L. Lariccia, P. Magherini, M. Mantovani, G. Mariani, V. and Menichelli, M. Moscatelli, F. Piccinelli, A. Presilla, M. Rossi, A. Santocchia, A. Spiga, D. Tedeschi, T. and Azzurri, P. Bagliesi, G. Bertacchi, V. Bianchini, L. and Boccali, T. Bossini, E. Castaldi, R. Ciocci, M. A. and D'Amante, V. Dell'Orso, R. Di Domenico, M. R. Donato, S. and Giassi, A. Ligabue, F. Manca, E. Mandorli, G. Matos Figueiredo, D. Messineo, A. Palla, F. Parolia, S. and Ramirez-Sanchez, G. Rizzi, A. Rolandi, G. Roy Chowdhury, S. and Scribano, A. Shafiei, N. Spagnolo, P. Tenchini, R. and Tonelli, G. Turini, N. Venturi, A. Verdini, P. G. and Barria, P. Campana, M. Cavallari, F. Del Re, D. Di Marco, E. Diemoz, M. Longo, E. Meridiani, P. Organtini, G. Pandolfi, F. Paramatti, R. Quaranta, C. Rahatlou, S. and Rovelli, C. Santanastasio, F. Soffi, L. Tramontano, R. and Amapane, N. Arcidiacono, R. Argiro, S. Arneodo, M. and Bartosik, N. Bellan, R. Bellora, A. Berenguer Antequera, J. and Biino, C. Cartiglia, N. Cometti, S. Costa, M. and Covarelli, R. Demaria, N. Kiani, B. Legger, F. Mariotti, C. Maselli, S. Migliore, E. Monteil, E. Monteno, M. and Obertino, M. M. Ortona, G. Pacher, L. Pastrone, N. and Pelliccioni, M. Pinna Angioni, G. L. Ruspa, M. Shchelina, K. and Siviero, F. Sola, V. Solano, A. Soldi, D. Staiano, A. Tornago, M. Trocino, D. Vagnerini, A. Belforte, S. and Candelise, V. Casarsa, M. Cossutti, F. Da Rold, A. and Della Ricca, G. Sorrentino, G. Vazzoler, F. Dogra, S. and Huh, C. Kim, B. Kim, D. H. Kim, G. N. Kim, J. Lee, J. Lee, S. W. Moon, C. S. Oh, Y. D. Pak, S. I. and Radburn-Smith, B. C. Sekmen, S. Yang, Y. C. Kim, H. and Moon, D. H. Francois, B. Kim, T. J. Park, J. Cho, S. and Choi, S. Go, Y. Hong, B. Lee, K. Lee, K. S. Lim, J. and Park, J. Park, S. K. Yoo, J. Goh, J. Gurtu, A. and Kim, H. S. Kim, Y. Almond, J. Bhyun, J. H. Choi, J. and Jeon, S. Kim, J. Kim, J. S. Ko, S. Kwon, H. Lee, H. and Lee, S. Oh, B. H. Oh, M. Oh, S. B. Seo, H. Yang, U. K. Yoon, I. Jang, W. Kang, D. Y. Kang, Y. Kim, S. and Ko, B. Lee, J. S. H. Lee, Y. Merlin, J. A. Park, I. C. Roh, Y. Ryu, M. S. Song, D. Watson, I. J. Yang, S. Ha, S. Yoo, H. D. Choi, M. Lee, H. Lee, Y. and Yu, I. Beyrouthy, T. Maghrbi, Y. Dreimanis, K. Veckalns, V. Ambrozas, M. Carvalho Antunes De Oliveira, A. and Juodagalvis, A. Rinkevicius, A. Tamulaitis, G. Bin Norjoharuddeen, N. Wan Abdullah, W. A. T. Yusli, M. N. and Zolkapli, Z. Benitez, J. F. Castaneda Hernandez, A. Leon Coello, M. Murillo Quijada, J. A. Sehrawat, A. Valencia Palomo, L. Ayala, G. Castilla-Valdez, H. De La Cruz-Burelo, E. Heredia-De La Cruz, I. Lopez-Fernandez, R. Mondragon Herrera, C. A. Perez Navarro, D. A. Sanchez Hernandez, A. and Carrillo Moreno, S. Oropeza Barrera, C. Vazquez Valencia, F. and Pedraza, I. Salazar Ibarguen, H. A. Uribe Estrada, C. and Mijuskovic, J. Raicevic, N. Krofcheck, D. Butler, P. H. and Ahmad, A. Asghar, M. I. Awais, A. Awan, M. I. M. and Hoorani, H. R. Khan, W. A. Shah, M. A. Shoaib, M. Waqas, M. Avati, V. Grzanka, L. Malawski, M. Bialkowska, H. and Bluj, M. Boimska, B. Gorski, M. Kazana, M. Szleper, M. and Zalewski, P. Bunkowski, K. Doroba, K. Kalinowski, A. and Konecki, M. Krolikowski, J. Araujo, M. Bargassa, P. and Bastos, D. Boletti, A. Faccioli, P. Gallinaro, M. and Hollar, J. Leonardo, N. Niknejad, T. Pisano, M. Seixas, J. Toldaiev, O. Varela, J. Afanasiev, S. Budkouski, D. and Golutvin, I. Gorbunov, I. Karjavine, V. Korenkov, V. and Lanev, A. Malakhov, A. Matveev, V. Palichik, V. and Perelygin, V. Savina, M. Seitova, D. Shalaev, V. and Shmatov, S. Shulha, S. Smirnov, V. Teryaev, O. and Voytishin, N. Yuldashev, B. S. Zarubin, A. Zhizhin, I. and Gavrilov, G. Golovtcov, V. Ivanov, Y. Kim, V. and Kuznetsova, E. Murzin, V. Oreshkin, V. Smirnov, I. and Sosnov, D. Sulimov, V. Uvarov, L. Volkov, S. Vorobyev, A. Andreev, Yu. Dermenev, A. Gninenko, S. Golubev, N. and Karneyeu, A. Kirpichnikov, D. Kirsanov, M. Krasnikov, N. and Pashenkov, A. Pivovarov, G. Toropin, A. Epshteyn, V. and Gavrilov, V. Lychkovskaya, N. Nikitenko, A. Popov, V. and Stepennov, A. Toms, M. Vlasov, E. Zhokin, A. Aushev, T. and Chadeeva, M. Oskin, A. Parygin, P. Popova, E. and Rusinov, V. Selivanova, D. Andreev, V. Azarkin, M. and Dremin, I. Kirakosyan, M. Terkulov, A. Belyaev, A. Boos, E. Dubinin, M. Dudko, L. Ershov, A. Klyukhin, V. and Kodolova, O. Lokhtin, I. Lukina, O. Obraztsov, S. and Petrushanko, S. Savrin, V. Snigirev, A. Blinov, V. and Dimova, T. Kardapoltsev, L. Kozyrev, A. Ovtin, I. and Radchenko, O. Skovpen, Y. Azhgirey, I. Bayshev, I. and Elumakhov, D. Kachanov, V. Konstantinov, D. Mandrik, P. and Petrov, V. Ryutin, R. Slabospitskii, S. Sobol, A. and Troshin, S. Tyurin, N. Uzunian, A. Volkov, A. Babaev, A. and Okhotnikov, V. Borshch, V. Ivanchenko, V. Tcherniaev, E. and Adzic, P. Dordevic, M. Milenovic, P. Milosevic, J. and Aguilar-Benitez, M. Alcaraz Maestre, J. 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Kim, H. Luo, S. Malhotra, S. Mueller, R. Overton, D. Rathjens, D. Safonov, A. Akchurin, N. and Damgov, J. Hegde, V. Kunori, S. Lamichhane, K. Lee, S. W. Mengke, T. Muthumuni, S. Peltola, T. Volobouev, I. and Wang, Z. Whitbeck, A. Appelt, E. Greene, S. Gurrola, A. Johns, W. Melo, A. Ni, H. Padeken, K. Romeo, F. and Sheldon, P. Tuo, S. Velkovska, J. Arenton, M. W. and Cox, B. Cummings, G. Hakala, J. Hirosky, R. Joyce, M. and Ledovskoy, A. Li, A. Neu, C. Perez Lara, C. E. and Tannenwald, B. White, S. Wolfe, E. Poudyal, N. Black, K. and Bose, T. Caillol, C. Dasu, S. De Bruyn, I. and Everaerts, P. Fienga, F. Galloni, C. He, H. Herndon, M. and Herve, A. Hussain, U. Lanaro, A. Loeliger, A. and Loveless, R. Madhusudanan Sreekala, J. Mallampalli, A. and Mohammadi, A. Pinna, D. Savin, A. Shang, V. Sharma, V. and Smith, W. H. Teague, D. Trembath-Reichert, S. Vetens, W. and CMS Collaboration

Subjects
High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, High Energy Physics::Experiment
Abstract

A measurement of the inclusive jet production in proton-proton collisions at the LHC at root s = 13TeV is presented. The double-differential cross sections are measured as a function of the jet transverse momentum p(T) and the absolute jet rapidity vertical bar y vertical bar. The anti- k(T) clustering algorithm is used with distance parameter of 0.4 (0.7) in a phase space region with jet p(T) from 97 GeV up to 3.1TeV and vertical bar y vertical bar < 2.0. Data collected with the CMS detector are used, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.3 fb(-1) (33.5 fb(-1)). The measurement is used in a comprehensive QCD analysis at next-to-next-to-leading order, which results in significant improvement in the accuracy of the parton distributions in the proton. Simultaneously, the value of the strong coupling constant at the Z boson mass is extracted as alpha(S)(m(Z)) = 0.1170 +/- 0.0019. For the first time, these data are used in a standard model effective field theory analysis at next-to-leading order, where parton distributions and the QCD parameters are extracted simultaneously with imposed constraints on the Wilson coefficient c(1) of 4-quark contact interactions.

Published
2022

31. Validity and reliability of a protocol to establish human critical environmental limits (PSU HEAT Project)

Author

Rachel M. Cottle, S. Tony Wolf, Zachary S. Lichter, and W. Larry Kenney

Subjects
Hot Temperature, Physiology, Physiology (medical), Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Humidity, Heat Stress Disorders, Research Article, Body Temperature, Body Temperature Regulation
Abstract

The PSU HEAT protocol has been used to determine critical environmental limits, i.e., those combinations of ambient temperature and humidity above which heat stress becomes uncompensable and core temperature rises continuously. However, no studies have rigorously investigated the reliability and validity of this experimental protocol. Here, we assessed the 1) between-visit reliability and 2) validity of the paradigm. Twelve subjects (5 M/7W; 25 ± 4 yr) completed a progressive heat stress protocol during which they walked on a treadmill (2.2 mph, 3% gradient) in a controllable environmental chamber. After an equilibration period, either dry-bulb temperature (T(db)) was increased every 5 min while ambient water vapor pressure (P(a)) was held constant (T(crit) experiments) or P(a) was increased every 5 min while T(db) was held constant (P(crit) experiments) until an upward inflection in gastrointestinal temperature (T(gi)) was observed. For reliability experiments, 11 subjects repeated the same protocol on a different day. For validity experiments, 10 subjects performed a T(crit) experiment at their previously determined P(crit) or vice versa. The between-visit reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC) for critical environmental limits was 0.98. Similarly, there was excellent agreement between original and validity trials for T(crit) (ICC = 0.95) and P(crit) (ICC = 0.96). Furthermore, the wet-bulb temperature at the T(gi) inflection point was not different during reliability (P = 0.78) or validity (P = 0.32) trials compared with original trials. These findings support the reliability and validity of this experimental paradigm for the determination of critical environmental limits for maintenance of human heat balance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The PSU HEAT progressive heat stress protocol has been used to identify critical environmental limits for various populations, clothing ensembles, and metabolic intensities. However, no studies have rigorously investigated the reliability and validity of this experimental model. Here, we demonstrate excellent reliability and validity of the PSU HEAT protocol.

Published
2021

32. Evaluating the 35°C wet-bulb temperature adaptability threshold for young, healthy subjects (PSU HEAT Project)

Author

Daniel J. Vecellio, S. Tony Wolf, Rachel M. Cottle, and W. Larry Kenney

Subjects
Adult, Hot Temperature, Physiology, Physiology (medical), Temperature, Humans, Humidity, Heat Stress Disorders, Healthy Volunteers, Research Article, Body Temperature Regulation
Abstract

A wet-bulb temperature of 35°C has been theorized to be the limit to human adaptability to extreme heat, a growing concern in the face of continued and predicted accelerated climate change. Although this theorized threshold is based in physiological principles, it has not been tested using empirical data. This study examined the critical wet-bulb temperature (T(wb,crit)) at which heat stress becomes uncompensable in young, healthy adults performing tasks at modest metabolic rates mimicking basic activities of daily life. Across six experimentally determined environmental limits, no subject’s T(wb,crit) reached the 35°C limit and all means were significantly lower than the theoretical 35°C threshold. Mean T(wb,crit) values were relatively constant across 36°C –40°C humid environments and averaged 30.55 ± 0.98°C but progressively decreased (higher deviation from 35°C) in hotter, dry ambient environments. T(wb,crit) was significantly associated with mean skin temperature (and a faster warming rate of the skin) due to larger increases in dry heat gain in the hot-dry environments. As sweat rates did not significantly differ among experimental environments, evaporative cooling was outpaced by dry heat gain in hot-dry conditions, causing larger deviations from the theoretical 35°C adaptability threshold. In summary, a wet-bulb temperature threshold cannot be applied to human adaptability across all climatic conditions and where appropriate (high humidity), that threshold is well below 35°C. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to use empirical physiological observations to examine the well-publicized theoretical 35°C wet-bulb temperature limit for human to extreme environments. We find that uncompensable heat stress in humid environments occurs in young, healthy adults at wet-bulb temperatures significantly lower than 35°C. In addition, uncompensable heat stress occurs at widely different wet-bulb temperatures as a function of ambient vapor pressure.

Published
2021

33. Effect of surficial geology mapping scale on modelled ground ice in Canadian Shield terrain

Author

H. B. O'Neill, S. A. Wolfe, C. Duchesne, and R. J. H. Parker

Subjects
Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract

Ground ice maps at small scales offer generalized depictions of abundance across broad circumpolar regions. In this paper, the effect of surficial geology mapping scale on modelled ground ice abundance is examined in the Slave Geological Province of the Canadian Shield, a region where the geological and glacial legacy has produced a landscape with significant variation in surface cover. Existing model routines from the Ground ice map of Canada (GIMC) were used with a 1:125 000-scale regional surficial geology compilation and compared to the national outputs, which are based on surficial geology at a 1:5 000 000 scale. Overall, the regional-scale modelling predicts much more ground ice than the GIMC due to greater representation of unconsolidated sediments in the region. Improved modelling accuracy is indicated by comparison of the outputs to empirical datasets due to improved representation of the inherent regional heterogeneity in surficial geology. The results demonstrate that the GIMC significantly underestimates the abundance and distribution of ground ice over Canadian Shield terrain. In areas with limited information on ground ice, regional-scale modelling may provide useful reconnaissance-level information to help guide the field-based investigations required for planning infrastructure development. The use of current small-scale ground ice mapping in risk or cost assessments related to permafrost thaw may significantly influence the accuracy of outputs in areas like the Canadian Shield, where surficial materials range from bedrock to frost-susceptible deposits over relatively short distances.

Published
2024
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34. Hydration Is More Important Than Exogenous Carbohydrate Intake During Push-to-the-Finish Cycle Exercise in the Heat

Author

Craig W. Berry, S. Tony Wolf, Rachel M. Cottle, and W. Larry Kenney

Subjects
Core (anatomy), cycling, Chemistry, sports drink, carbohydrates, electrolytes, Carbohydrate, medicine.disease, Sports drink, Animal science, Time trial, Sports and Active Living, time-trial, GV557-1198.995, medicine, dairy, Cycle exercise, Dehydration, heat, hydration, Hydration status, Carbohydrate intake, Original Research, Sports
Abstract

Dehydration ≥2% loss of body mass is associated with reductions in performance capacity, and carbohydrate (CHO)-electrolyte solutions (CES) are often recommended to prevent dehydration and provide a source of exogenous carbohydrate during exercise. It is also well established that performance capacity in the heat is diminished compared to cooler conditions, a response attributable to greater cardiovascular strain caused by high skin and core temperatures. Because hydration status, environmental conditions, and carbohydrate availability interact to influence performance capacity, we sought to determine how these factors affect push-to-the-finish cycling performance. Ten young trained cyclists exercised at a moderate intensity (2.5 W·kg−1) in a hot-dry condition [40°C, 20% relative humidity (RH)] until dehydration of ~2% body mass. Subjects then consumed either no fluid (NF) or enough fluid (water, WAT; Gatorade®, GAT; or GoodSport™, GS) to replace 75% of lost body mass over 30 min. After a 30-min light-intensity warm-up (1.5 W·kg−1) in a 35°C, 20% RH environment, subjects then completed a 120-kJ time trial (TT). TT time-to-completion, absolute power, and relative power were significantly improved in WAT (535 ± 214 s, 259 ± 99 W, 3.3 ± 0.9 W·kg−1), GAT (539 ± 226 s, 260 ± 110 W, 3.3 ± 1.0 W·kg−1), and GS (534 ± 238 s, 262 ± 105 W, 3.4 ± 1.0 W·kg−1) compared to NF (631 ± 310 s, 229 ± 96 W, 3.0 ± 0.9 W·kg−1) all (p < 0.01) with no differences between WAT, GAT, and GS, suggesting that hydration is more important than carbohydrate availability during exercise in the heat. A subset of four subjects returned to the laboratory to repeat the WAT, GAT, and GS treatments to determine if between-beverage differences in time-trial performance were evident with a longer TT in thermoneutral conditions. Following dehydration, the ambient conditions in the environmental chamber were reduced to 21°C and 20% RH and subjects completed a 250-kJ TT. All four subjects improved TT performance in the GS trial (919 ± 353 s, 300 ± 100 W, 3.61 ± 0.86 W·kg−1) compared to WAT (960 ± 376 s, 283 ± 91 W, 3.43 ± 0.83 W·kg−1), while three subjects improved TT performance in the GAT trial (946 ± 365 s, 293 ± 103 W, 3.60 ± 0.97 W·kg−1) compared to WAT, highlighting the importance of carbohydrate availability in cooler conditions as the length of a push-to-the-finish cycling task increases.

Published
2021
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35. Analysis of the structure and function of the epidermal barrier in patients with ichthyoses-clinical and electron microscopical investigations

Author

R. Fölster‐Holst, C. Naß, S. Dähnhardt‐Pfeiffer, and S. Freitag‐Wolf

Subjects
Microscopy, Electron, Infectious Diseases, Netherton Syndrome, Humans, Ichthyosis, Dermatology, Epidermis, Ceramides, Ichthyosis, Lamellar
Abstract

Ichthyoses are pathogenetically characterized by a pronounced disorder of the epidermal barrier. Clinically, hyperkeratosis, severe scaling and erythroderma are present on the entire integument. The time-consuming therapy includes daily baths and the application of skin care products to restore the epidermal barrier.To enhance the knowledge about the structure and function of the epidermal barrier in ichthyoses, we conducted clinical, biophysical and electron microscopical measurements on 46 patients with ichthyoses, including autosomal recessive ichthyoses, keratinopathic ichthyoses, X-chromosomal-recessive ichthyosis and Netherton syndrome.The patients displayed a significantly decreased skin hydration along with unexpectedly low transepidermal waterloss values. Electron microscopical examinations demonstrated a severe occlusion of the epidermis by lipid remnants of skin care products in the stratum corneum. We found decreased intercellular lipid lamellae and an increased undulation of the corneocyte membrane of all ichthyoses, mostly pronounced in Netherton syndrome. The lipid profiles of ichthyoses showed decreased esterified Ω-hydroxy-sphingosine (EOS) ceramide levels.The results demonstrate the extent of the epidermal barrier disruption in ichthyoses. In combination with the knowledge about pathogenetic causes, individually improved therapeutic options can be derived from our results. In the future, the analyses of the organization of intercellular lipid lamellae and corneocyte membrane undulation will enable improved investigations of the epidermal barrier in ichthyoses and may be used to study and evaluate possible effects of topical skin preparations.

Published
2021

36. Metabolism- and sex-dependent critical WBGT limits at rest and during exercise in the heat

Author

Mireille Folkerts, Hein A.M. Daanen, Rachel M. Cottle, S. Tony Wolf, W. Larry Kenney, Physiology, AMS - Ageing & Vitality, and AMS - Sports

Subjects
Male, Materials science, Hot Temperature, Physiology, Environmental limits, Heat stress, Body Temperature, Young Adult, Heat balance, Physiology (medical), Sex differences, Humans, Body core temperature, Exercise, Rest (physics), Sex Characteristics, Heat losses, Humidity, Thermogenesis, Mechanics, Solar gain, Female, SDG 6 - Clean Water and Sanitation, Body Temperature Regulation, Research Article
Abstract

Critical environmental limits are environmental thresholds above which heat gain exceeds heat loss and body core temperature (Tc) cannot be maintained at equilibrium. Those limits can be represented as critical wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGTcrit), a validated index that represents the overall thermal environment. Little is known about WBGTcrit at rest and during low-to-moderate intensity exercise, or sex differences in WBGTcrit, in unacclimated young adults. The following hypotheses were tested: 1) WBGTcrit progressively decreases as metabolic heat production (Mnet) increases, 2) no sex differences in WBGTcrit occur at rest, and 3) WBGTcrit is lower during absolute-intensity exercise but higher at relative intensities in women than in men. Thirty-six participants [19 men (M)/17 women (W); 23 ± 4 yr] were tested at rest, during light, absolute-intensity exercise (10 W), or during moderate, relative-intensity exercise [30% maximal oxygen consumption (V̇o2max)] in an environmental chamber. Dry-bulb temperature was clamped as relative humidity or ambient water vapor pressure was increased until an upward inflection was observed in Tc (rectal or esophageal temperature). Sex-aggregated WBGTcrit was lower during 10 W (32.9°C ± 1.7°C, P < 0.0001) and 30% V̇o2max (31.6°C ± 1.1°C, P < 0.0001) exercise versus at rest (35.3°C ± 0.8°C), and lower at 30% V̇o2max versus 10 W ( P = 0.01). WBGTcrit was similar between sexes at rest (35.6°C ± 0.8°C vs. 35.0°C ± 0.8°C, P = 0.83), but lower during 10 W (31.9°C ± 1.7°C vs. 34.1°C ± 0.3°C, P < 0.01) and higher during 30% V̇o2max (32.4°C ± 0.8°C vs. 30.8°C ± 0.9°C, P = 0.03) exercise in women versus men. These findings suggest that WBGTcrit decreases as Mnet increases, no sex differences occur in WBGTcrit at rest, and sex differences in WBGTcrit during exercise depend on absolute versus relative intensities.

Published
2021
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37. Skin pigmentation and vitamin D-folate interactions in vascular function: an update

Author

S. Tony Wolf and W. Larry Kenney

Subjects
Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Ultraviolet Rays, Medicine (miscellaneous), Skin Pigmentation, vitamin D deficiency, Article, Melanin, Folic Acid, Internal medicine, medicine, Vitamin D and neurology, Humans, Vitamin D, Nutrition and Dietetics, integumentary system, Vitamin d supplementation, business.industry, fungi, Metabolism, Micronutrient, medicine.disease, Vitamin D Deficiency, Endocrinology, Folic acid, business, Vascular function
Abstract

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Vitamin D and folate promote vascular endothelial health and may therefore help mitigate the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure stimulates cutaneous vitamin D synthesis but degrades the bioactive metabolite of folate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF). Skin melanin absorbs UVR, thereby modulating the impact of UVR exposure on vitamin D and 5-MTHF metabolism. This review presents recent findings regarding the inter-relations among UVR, skin pigmentation, folate and vitamin D, and endothelial function. RECENT FINDINGS: Evidence for roles of folic acid or vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular disease endpoints is inconsistent, although preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of both micronutrients for improving endothelial function. Vitamin D deficiency is most prevalent in darkly-pigmented individuals living in relatively low-UVR environments. Conversely, there is a negative relation between accumulated UVR exposure and serum folate concentration in lightly-pigmented adults. The interactions among UVR and bioavailable folate and vitamin D differentially impact endothelial function in differently-pigmented skin. SUMMARY: UVR exposure disparately impacts folate and vitamin D metabolism in differently-pigmented skin depending upon regional UVR intensity and seasonality. These findings present new clinical research questions regarding the interactions among UVR, skin pigmentation, folate and vitamin D bioavailability, and endothelial health.

Published
2021

38. Sunscreen or simulated sweat minimizes the impact of acute ultraviolet radiation on cutaneous microvascular function in healthy humans

Author

Sara B. Ferguson, Anna E. Stanhewicz, W. Larry Kenney, Lauren E. Kenney, S. Tony Wolf, and Craig W. Berry

Subjects
Adult, Male, Mean arterial pressure, medicine.medical_specialty, Skin erythema, Adolescent, Erythema, Ultraviolet Rays, Physiology, Health Status, Human skin, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Article, SWEAT, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Forearm, Skin Physiological Phenomena, Physiology (medical), medicine, Humans, Sunburn, Endothelial dysfunction, Sweat, Nutrition and Dietetics, integumentary system, business.industry, fungi, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Dermatology, Vasodilation, medicine.anatomical_structure, Microvessels, Female, medicine.symptom, business, Sunscreening Agents, Blood Flow Velocity, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Are ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced increases in skin blood flow independent of skin erythema? Does broad-spectrum UVR exposure attenuate NO-mediated cutaneous vasodilatation, and does sunscreen or sweat modulate this response? What are the main findings and their importance? Erythema and vascular responses to UVR are temporally distinct, and sunscreen prevents both responses. Exposure to UVR attenuates NO-mediated vasodilatation in the cutaneous microvasculature; sunscreen or simulated sweat on the skin attenuates this response. Sun over-exposure may elicit deleterious effects on human skin that are separate from sunburn, and sunscreen or sweat on the skin may provide protection. ABSTRACT Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) may result in cutaneous vascular dysfunction independent of erythema (skin reddening). Two studies were designed to differentiate changes in erythema from skin vasodilatation throughout the 8 h after acute broad-spectrum UVR exposure with (+SS) or without SPF-50 sunscreen (study 1) and to examine NO-mediated cutaneous vasodilatation after acute broad-spectrum UVR exposure with or without +SS or simulated sweat (+SW) on the skin (study 2). In both studies, laser-Doppler flowmetry was used to measure red cell flux, and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated (CVC = flux/mean arterial pressure). In study 1, in 14 healthy adults (24 ± 4 years old; seven men and seven women), the skin erythema index and CVC were measured over two forearm sites (UVR only and UVR+SS) before, immediately after and every 2 h for 8 h post-exposure (750 mJ cm-2 ). The erythema index began to increase immediately post-UVR (P

Published
2019
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41. Search for resonant and nonresonant new phenomena in high-mass dilepton final states at root s=13 TeV

Author

Sirunyan, A. M. Tumasyan, A. Adam, W. Andrejkovic, J. W. and Bergauer, T. Chatterjee, S. Dragicevic, M. Del Valle, A. Escalante Fruhwirth, R. Jeitler, M. Krammer, N. Lechner, L. Liko, D. Mikulec, I Pitters, F. M. Schieck, J. and Schofbeck, R. Spanring, M. Templ, S. Waltenberger, W. and Wulz, C-E Chekhovsky, V Litomin, A. Makarenko, V and Darwish, M. R. De Wolf, E. A. Janssen, X. Kello, T. and Lelek, A. Sfar, H. Rejeb Van Mechelen, P. Van Putte, S. and Van Remortel, N. Blekman, F. Bols, E. S. D'Hondt, J. De Clercq, J. Delcourt, M. Lowette, S. Moortgat, S. Morton, A. Muller, D. Sahasransu, A. R. Tavernier, S. Van Doninck, W. Van Mulders, P. Beghin, D. Bilin, B. and Clerbaux, B. De Lentdecker, G. Favart, L. Grebenyuk, A. and Kalsi, A. K. Lee, K. Mahdavikhorrami, M. Makarenko, I and Moureaux, L. Petre, L. Popov, A. Postiau, N. Starling, E. Thomas, L. Vanden Bemden, M. Vander Velde, C. and Vanlaer, P. Vannerom, D. Wezenbeek, L. Cornelis, T. and Dobur, D. Gruchala, M. Mestdach, G. Niedziela, M. and Roskas, C. Skovpen, K. Tytgat, M. Verbeke, W. Vermassen, B. Vit, M. Bethani, A. Bruno, G. Bury, F. Caputo, C. and David, P. Delaere, C. Donertas, I. S. Giammanco, A. and Lemaitre, V Mondal, K. Prisciandaro, J. Taliercio, A. and Teklishyn, M. Vischia, P. Wertz, S. Wuyckens, S. Alves, G. A. Hensel, C. Moraes, A. Alda Junior, W. L. Ferreira Filho, M. Barroso Malbouisson, H. Brandao Carvalho, W. and Chinellato, J. Da Costa, E. M. Da Silveira, G. G. Damiao, D. De Jesus De Souza, S. Fonseca Figueiredo, D. Matos Herrera, C. Mora Amarilo, K. Mota Mundim, L. Nogima, H. Teles, P. Rebello Rosas, L. J. Sanchez Santoro, A. Do Amaral, S. M. Silva Sznajder, A. Thiel, M. Da Silva De Araujo, F. Torres and Pereira, A. Vilela Bernardes, C. A. Calligaris, L. Perez Tomei, T. R. Fernandez Gregores, E. M. Lemos, D. S. and Mercadante, P. G. Novaes, S. F. Padula, Sandra S. and Aleksandrov, A. Antchev, G. Atanasov, I Hadjiiska, R. and Iaydjiev, P. Misheva, M. Rodozov, M. Shopova, M. and Sultanov, G. Dimitrov, A. Ivanov, T. Litov, L. Pavlov, B. Petkov, P. Petrov, A. Cheng, T. Fang, W. Guo, Q. and Javaid, T. Mittal, M. Wang, H. Yuan, L. Ahmad, M. and Bauer, G. Dozen, C. Hu, Z. Martins, J. Wang, Y. and Yi, K. Chapon, E. Chen, G. M. Chen, H. S. Chen, M. and Kapoor, A. Leggat, D. Liao, H. Liu, Z-A Sharma, R. and Spiezia, A. Tao, J. Thomas-Wilsker, J. Wang, J. Zhang, H. Zhang, S. Zhao, J. Agapitos, A. Ban, Y. Chen, C. and Huang, Q. Levin, A. Li, Q. Lu, M. Lyu, X. Mao, Y. Qian, S. J. Wang, D. Wang, Q. Xiao, J. You, Z. and Gao, X. Okawa, H. Xiao, M. Avila, C. Cabrera, A. and Florez, C. Fraga, J. Sarkar, A. Segura Delgado, M. A. and Jaramillo, J. Mejia Guisao, J. Ramirez, F. Ruiz Alvarez, J. D. Salazar Gonzalez, C. A. Vanegas Arbelaez, N. Giljanovic, D. Godinovic, N. Lelas, D. Puljak, I Antunovic, Z. and Kovac, M. Sculac, T. Brigljevic, V Ferencek, D. and Majumder, D. Roguljic, M. Starodumov, A. Susa, T. and Attikis, A. Erodotou, E. Ioannou, A. Kole, G. Kolosova, M. Konstantinou, S. Mousa, J. Nicolaou, C. Ptochos, F. and Razis, P. A. Rykaczewski, H. Saka, H. Finger, M. and Finger Jr, M. Jr Kveton, A. Ayala, E. Carrera Jarrin, E. and Abu Zeid, S. Elgammal, S. Khalil, S. Lotfy, A. Mahmoud, M. A. Bhowmik, S. De Oliveira, A. Carvalho Antunes Dewanjee, R. K. Ehataht, K. Kadastik, M. Pata, J. Raidal, M. and Veelken, C. Eerola, P. Forthomme, L. Kirschenmann, H. and Osterberg, K. Voutilainen, M. Brucken, E. Garcia, F. and Havukainen, J. Karimaki, V Kim, M. S. Kinnunen, R. and Lampen, T. Lassila-Perini, K. Lehti, S. Linden, T. and Lotti, M. Siikonen, H. Tuominen, E. Tuominiemi, J. and Luukka, P. Petrow, H. Tuuva, T. Amendola, C. Besancon, M. Couderc, F. Dejardin, M. Denegri, D. Faure, J. L. and Ferri, F. Ganjour, S. Givernaud, A. Gras, P. de Monchenault, G. Hamel Jarry, P. Lenzi, B. Locci, E. and Malcles, J. Rander, J. Rosowsky, A. Sahin, M. O. and Savoy-Navarro, A. Titov, M. Yu, G. B. Ahuja, S. and Beaudette, F. Bonanomi, M. Perraguin, A. Buchot Busson, P. and Charlot, C. Davignon, O. Diab, B. Falmagne, G. and Ghosh, S. de Cassagnac, R. Granier Hakimi, A. Kucher, I and Lobanov, A. Nguyen, M. Ochando, C. Paganini, P. Rembser, J. Salerno, R. Sauvan, J. B. Sirois, Y. Zabi, A. and Zghiche, A. Agram, J-L Andrea, J. Apparu, D. Bloch, D. and Bourgatte, G. Brom, J-M Chabert, E. C. Collard, C. and Darej, D. Fontaine, J-C Goerlach, U. Grimault, C. Le Bihan, A-C Van Hove, P. Asilar, E. Beauceron, S. Bernet, C. Boudoul, G. Camen, C. Carle, A. Chanon, N. and Contardo, D. Depasse, P. El Mamouni, H. Fay, J. Gascon, S. Gouzevitch, M. Ille, B. Jain, Sa Laktineh, I. B. and Lattaud, H. Lesauvage, A. Lethuillier, M. Mirabito, L. and Shchablo, K. Torterotot, L. Touquet, G. Vander Donckt, M. and Viret, S. Bagaturia, I Tsamalaidze, Z. Feld, L. and Klein, K. Lipinski, M. Meuser, D. Pauls, A. Rauch, M. P. and Teroerde, M. Eliseev, D. Erdmann, M. Fackeldey, P. and Fischer, B. Hebbeker, T. Hoepfner, K. Ivone, F. Keller, H. Mastrolorenzo, L. Merschmeyer, M. Meyer, A. Mocellin, G. Mondal, S. Mukherjee, S. Noll, D. Novak, A. Pook, T. Pozdnyakov, A. Rath, Y. Reithler, H. Roemer, J. and Schmidt, A. Schuler, S. C. Sharma, A. Wiedenbeck, S. and Zaleski, S. Dziwok, C. Flugge, G. Ahmad, W. Haj and Hlushchenko, O. Kress, T. Nowack, A. Pistone, C. Pooth, O. Roy, D. Sert, H. Stahl, A. Ziemons, T. Petersen, H. Aarup Martin, M. Aldaya Asmuss, P. Babounikau, I and Baxter, S. Behnke, O. Martinez, A. Bermudez Bin Anuar, A. A. and Borras, K. Botta, V Brunner, D. Campbell, A. and Cardini, A. Connor, P. Rodriguez, S. Consuegra Danilov, V and Defranchis, M. M. Didukh, L. Eckerlin, G. Eckstein, D. and Banos, L. I. Estevez Gallo, E. Geiser, A. Giraldi, A. and Grohsjean, A. Guthoff, M. Harb, A. Jafari, A. and Jomhari, N. Z. Jung, H. Kasem, A. Kasemann, M. Kaveh, H. and Kleinwort, C. Knolle, J. Krucker, D. Lange, W. Lenz, T. Lidrych, J. Lipka, K. Lohmann, W. Madlener, T. and Mankel, R. Melzer-Pellmann, I-A Metwally, J. Meyer, A. B. and Meyer, M. Mnich, J. Mussgiller, A. Myronenko, V and Otarid, Y. Adan, D. Perez Pitzl, D. Raspereza, A. and Rubenach, J. Saggio, A. Saibel, A. Savitskyi, M. and Scheurer, V Schwanenberger, C. Singh, A. Ricardo, R. E. Sosa and Tonon, N. Turkot, O. Vagnerini, A. Van de Klundert, M. and Walsh, R. Walter, D. Wen, Y. Wichmann, K. Wissing, C. Wuchterl, S. Zlebcik, R. Aggleton, R. Bein, S. and Benato, L. Benecke, A. De Leo, K. Dreyer, T. Eich, M. and Feindt, F. Frohlich, A. Garbers, C. Garutti, E. and Gunnellini, P. Haller, J. Hinzmann, A. Karavdina, A. and Kasieczka, G. Klanner, R. Kogler, R. Kutzner, V Lange, J. Lange, T. Malara, A. Nigamova, A. Rodriguez, K. J. Pena Rieger, O. Schleper, P. Schroder, M. Schwandt, J. and Schwarz, D. Sonneveld, J. Stadie, H. Steinbruck, G. and Tews, A. Vormwald, B. Zoi, I Bechtel, J. Berger, T. and Butz, E. Caspart, R. Chwalek, T. De Boer, W. Dierlamm, A. Droll, A. El Morabit, K. Faltermann, N. Floh, K. and Giffels, M. Gosewisch, J. O. Gottmann, A. Hartmann, F. and Heidecker, C. Husemann, U. Katkov, I Keicher, P. and Koppenhofer, R. Maier, S. Metzler, M. Mitra, S. Muller, Th Musich, M. Neukum, M. Quast, G. Rabbertz, K. and Rauser, J. Savoiu, D. Schafer, D. Schnepf, M. Seith, D. and Shvetsov, I Simonis, H. J. Ulrich, R. Van der Linden, J. and Von Cube, R. F. Wassmer, M. Weber, M. Wieland, S. and Wolf, R. Wozniewski, S. Wunsch, S. Anagnostou, G. and Asenov, P. Daskalakis, G. Geralis, T. Kyriakis, A. and Loukas, D. Stakia, A. Diamantopoulou, M. Karasavvas, D. and Karathanasis, G. Kontaxakis, P. Koraka, C. K. and Manousakis-Katsikakis, A. Panagiotou, A. Papavergou, I and Saoulidou, N. Theofilatos, K. Tziaferi, E. Vellidis, K. and Vourliotis, E. Bakas, G. Kousouris, K. Papakrivopoulos, I and Tsipolitis, G. Zacharopoulou, A. Evangelou, I Foudas, C. and Gianneios, P. Katsoulis, P. Kokkas, P. Manthos, N. and Papadopoulos, I Strologas, J. Csanad, M. Farkas, K. and Gadallah, M. M. A. Lokos, S. Major, P. Mandal, K. Mehta, A. Pasztor, G. 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Montalvo, R. Nash, K. Osherson, M. Salur, S. and Schnetzer, S. Somalwar, S. Stone, R. Thayil, S. A. and Thomas, S. Wang, H. Acharya, H. Delannoy, A. G. Spanier, S. Bouhali, O. Dalchenko, M. Delgado, A. Eusebi, R. and Gilmore, J. Huang, T. Kamon, T. Kim, H. Luo, S. and Malhotra, S. Mueller, R. Overton, D. Rathjens, D. and Safonov, A. Akchurin, N. Damgov, J. Hegde, V Kunori, S. and Lamichhane, K. Mengke, T. Muthumuni, S. Peltola, T. and Undleeb, S. Volobouev, I Whitbeck, A. Appelt, E. Greene, S. Gurrola, A. Johns, W. Maguire, C. Melo, A. Ni, H. and Padeken, K. Romeo, F. Sheldon, P. Tuo, S. Velkovska, J. Arenton, M. W. Cox, B. Cummings, G. Hakala, J. and Hirosky, R. Joyce, M. Ledovskoy, A. Li, A. Neu, C. and Tannenwald, B. Wolfe, E. Karchin, P. E. Poudyal, N. and Thapa, P. Black, K. Bose, T. Buchanan, J. Caillol, C. and Dasu, S. De Bruyn, I Everaerts, P. Fienga, F. and Galloni, C. He, H. Herndon, M. Herve, A. Hussain, U. and Lanaro, A. Loeliger, A. Loveless, R. Sreekala, J. Madhusudanan Mallampalli, A. Mohammadi, A. Pinna, D. and Savin, A. Shang, V Sharma, V Smith, W. H. Teague, D. and Trembath-reichert, S. Vetens, W. CMS Collaboration

Subjects
High Energy Physics::Experiment
Abstract

A search is presented for physics beyond the standard model (SM) using electron or muon pairs with high invariant mass. A data set of proton-proton collisions collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC at root s = 13 TeV from 2016 to 2018 corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of up to 140 fb(-1) is analyzed. No significant deviation is observed with respect to the SM background expectations. Upper limits are presented on the ratio of the product of the production cross section and the branching fraction to dileptons of a new narrow resonance to that of the Z boson. These provide the most stringent lower limits to date on the masses for various spin-1 particles, spin-2 gravitons in the Randall-Sundrum model, as well as spin-1 mediators between the SM and dark matter particles. Lower limits on the ultraviolet cutoff parameter are set both for four-fermion contact interactions and for the Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos, and Dvali model with large extra dimensions. Lepton flavor universality is tested at the TeV scale for the first time by comparing the dimuon and dielectron mass spectra. No significant deviation from the SM expectation of unity is observed.

Published
2021

42. Search for long-lived particles decaying to jets with displaced vertices in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 Te V

Author

Sirunyan, A. M. Tumasyan, A. Adam, W. Bergauer, T. and Dragicevic, M. Del Valle, A. Escalante Fruhwirth, R. and Jeitler, M. Krammer, N. Lechner, L. Liko, D. Mikulec, I and Pitters, F. M. Schieck, J. Schofbeck, R. Spanring, M. and Templ, S. Waltenberger, W. Wulz, C-E Zarucki, M. and Chekhovsky, V Litomin, A. Makarenko, V Darwish, M. R. De Wolf, E. A. Janssen, X. Kello, T. Lelek, A. Sfar, H. Rejeb Van Mechelen, P. Van Putte, S. Van Remortel, N. and Blekman, F. Bols, E. S. D'Hondt, J. De Clercq, J. and Lowette, S. Moortgat, S. Morton, A. Muller, D. and Sahasransu, A. R. Tavernier, S. Van Doninck, W. Van Mulders, P. Beghin, D. Bilin, B. Clerbaux, B. De Lentdecker, G. and Dorney, B. Favart, L. Grebenyuk, A. Kalsi, A. K. and Lee, K. Makarenko, I Moureaux, L. Petre, L. Popov, A. and Postiau, N. Starling, E. Thomas, L. Vander Velde, C. and Vanlaer, P. Vannerom, D. Wezenbeek, L. Cornelis, T. and Dobur, D. Gruchala, M. Khvastunov, I Mestdach, G. and Niedziela, M. Roskas, C. Skovpen, K. Tytgat, M. Verbeke, W. Vermassen, B. Vit, M. Bethani, A. Bruno, G. Bury, F. Caputo, C. David, P. Delaere, C. Delcourt, M. and Donertas, I. S. Giammanco, A. Lemaitre, V Mondal, K. and Prisciandaro, J. Taliercio, A. Teklishyn, M. Vischia, P. and Wertz, S. Wuyckens, S. Alves, G. A. Hensel, C. Moraes, A. Junior, W. L. Alda Das Chagas, E. Belchior Batista and Malbouisson, H. Brandao Carvalho, W. Chinellato, J. Coelho, E. Da Costa, E. M. Da Silveira, G. G. Damiao, D. De Jesus and De Souza, S. Fonseca Martins, J. Figueiredo, D. Matos and Herrera, C. Mora Mundim, L. Nogima, H. Teles, P. Rebello and Rosas, L. J. Sanchez Santoro, A. Do Amaral, S. M. Silva and Sznajder, A. Thiel, M. De Araujo, F. Torres Da Silva and Pereira, A. Vilela Bernardes, C. A. Calligaris, L. Tomei, T. R. Fernandez Perez Gregores, E. M. Lemos, D. S. Mercadante, P. G. Novaes, S. F. Padula, Sandra S. Aleksandrov, A. and Antchev, G. Atanasov, I Hadjiiska, R. Iaydjiev, P. and Misheva, M. Rodozov, M. Shopova, M. 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Madhusudanan and Mallampalli, A. Mohammadi, A. Pinna, D. Savin, A. Shang, V Sharma, V Smith, W. H. Teague, D. Trembath-Reichert, S. Vetens, W. CMS Collaboration

Subjects
High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, High Energy Physics::Experiment
Abstract

A search is presented for long-lived particles produced in pairs in proton-proton collisions at the LHC operating at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The data were collected with the CMS detector during the period from 2015 through 2018, and correspond to a total integrated luminosity of 140 fb(-1). This search targets pairs of long-lived particles with mean proper decay lengths between 0.1 and 100 mm, each of which decays into at least two quarks that hadronize to jets, resulting in a final state with two displaced vertices. No significant excess of events with two displaced vertices is observed. In the context of R-parity violating supersymmetry models, the pair production of long-lived neutralinos, gluinos, and top squarks is excluded at 95% confidence level for cross sections larger than 0.08 fb, masses between 800 and 3000 GeV, and mean proper decay lengths between 1 and 25 mm.

Published
2021

43. Measurements of the pp -> W-+/-gamma gamma and pp -> Z gamma gamma cross sections at root s=13 TeV and limits on anomalous quartic gauge couplings

Author

Tumasyan, A. Adam, W. Andrejkovic, J. W. Bergauer, T. and Chatterjee, S. Dragicevic, M. Del Valle, A. Escalante and Fruhwirth, R. Jeitler, M. Krammer, N. Lechner, L. Liko, D. Mikulec, I Paulitsch, P. Pitters, F. M. Schieck, J. and Schofbeck, R. Spanring, M. Templ, S. Waltenberger, W. and Wulz, C-E Chekhovsky, V Litomin, A. Makarenko, V and Darwish, M. R. De Wolf, E. A. Janssen, X. Kello, T. and Lelek, A. Sfar, H. Rejeb Van Mechelen, P. Van Putte, S. and Van Remortel, N. Blekman, F. Bols, E. S. D'Hondt, J. De Clercq, J. Delcourt, M. El Faham, H. Lowette, S. and Moortgat, S. Morton, A. Muller, D. Sahasransu, A. R. and Tavernier, S. Van Doninck, W. Van Mulders, P. Stylianou, N. and Beghin, D. Bilin, B. Clerbaux, B. De Lentdecker, G. and Favart, L. Grebenyuk, A. Kalsi, A. K. Lee, K. and Mahdavikhorrami, M. Makarenko, I Moureaux, L. Petre, L. and Popov, A. Postiau, N. Starling, E. Thomas, L. Vanden Bemden, M. Vander Velde, C. Vanlaer, P. Vannerom, D. and Wezenbeek, L. Fang, W. Gao, X. Cornelis, T. Dobur, D. and Knolle, J. Lambrecht, L. Mestdach, G. Niedziela, M. and Roskas, C. Samalan, A. Skovpen, K. Tran, T. T. Tytgat, M. Verbeke, W. Vermassen, B. Vit, M. Bethani, A. and Bruno, G. Bury, F. Caputo, C. David, P. Delaere, C. and Donertas, I. S. Giammanco, A. Jaffel, K. Lemaitre, V and Mondal, K. Prisciandaro, J. Taliercio, A. Teklishyn, M. and Vischia, P. Wertz, S. Wuyckens, S. Alves, G. A. Hensel, C. Moraes, A. Alda Junior, W. L. Gallo Pereira, M. Alves and Ferreira Filho, M. Barroso Malbouisson, H. Brandao Carvalho, W. and Chinellato, J. Da Costa, E. M. Da Silveira, G. G. and Damiao, D. De Jesus De Souza, S. Fonseca Figueiredo, D. Matos and Herrera, C. Mora Amarilo, K. Mota Mundim, L. Nogima, H. and Teles, P. Rebello Santoro, A. Silva Do Amaral, S. M. and Sznajder, A. Thiel, M. Da Silva De Araujo, F. Torres and Pereira, A. Vilela Bernardes, C. A. Calligaris, L. Fernandez Perez Tomei, T. R. Gregores, E. M. Lemos, D. S. Mercadante, P. G. Novaes, S. F. 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N. and Winterbottom, D. Zecchinelli, A. G. Coldham, K. Cole, J. E. and Khan, A. Kyberd, P. Reid, I. D. Teodorescu, L. and Zahid, S. Abdullin, S. Brinkerhoff, A. Caraway, B. and Dittmann, J. Hatakeyama, K. Kanuganti, A. R. McMaster, B. and Pastika, N. Sawant, S. Sutantawibul, C. Wilson, J. and Bartek, R. Dominguez, A. Uniyal, R. Hernandez, A. M. Vargas and Buccilli, A. Cooper, I, S. Di Croce, D. Gleyzer, V, S. and Henderson, C. Perez, C. U. West, C. Akpinar, A. and Albert, A. Arcaro, D. Cosby, C. Demiragli, Z. Fontanesi, E. Gastler, D. Rohlf, J. Salyer, K. Sperka, D. and Spitzbart, D. Suarez, I Tsatsos, A. Yuan, S. Zou, D. and Benelli, G. Burkle, B. Cutts, D. Hadley, M. Heintz, U. and Hogan, J. M. Landsberg, G. Lau, K. T. Lukasik, M. and Luo, J. Narain, M. Sagir, S. Usai, E. Wong, W. Y. and Yan, X. Yu, D. Zhang, W. Bonilla, J. Brainerd, C. and Breedon, R. Sanchez, M. Calderon De La Barca Chertok, M. and Conway, J. Cox, P. T. Erbacher, R. Haza, G. Jensen, F. and Kukral, O. Lander, R. Mulhearn, M. Pellett, D. and Regnery, B. Taylor, D. Yao, Y. Zhang, F. Bachtis, M. and Cousins, R. Datta, A. Hamilton, D. Hauser, J. Ignatenko, M. Iqbal, M. A. Lam, T. Mccoll, N. Nash, W. A. and Regnard, S. Saltzberg, D. Stone, B. Valuev, V. Burt, K. and Chen, Y. Clare, R. Gary, J. W. Gordon, M. Hanson, G. and Karapostoli, G. Long, O. R. Manganelli, N. Negrete, M. Olmedo Si, W. Wimpenny, S. Zhang, Y. Branson, J. G. and Chang, P. Cittolin, S. Cooperstein, S. Deelen, N. and Duarte, J. Gerosa, R. Giannini, L. Gilbert, D. Guiang, J. Kansal, R. Krutelyov, V Lee, R. Letts, J. and Masciovecchio, M. May, S. Pieri, M. Narayanan, B. V. Sathia and Sharma, V Tadel, M. Vartak, A. Wurthwein, F. Xiang, Y. Yagil, A. Amin, N. Campagnari, C. Citron, M. and Dorsett, A. Dutta, V Incandela, J. Kilpatrick, M. Marsh, B. Mei, H. Oshiro, M. Quinnan, M. Richman, J. and Sarica, U. Stuart, D. Wang, S. Bornheim, A. Cerri, O. and Dutta, I Lawhorn, J. M. Lu, N. Mao, J. Newman, H. B. and Ngadiuba, J. Nguyen, T. Q. Spiropulu, M. Vlimant, J. R. and Wang, C. Xie, S. Zhang, Z. Zhu, R. Y. Pena, C. and Alison, J. An, S. Andrews, M. B. Bryant, P. Ferguson, T. and Harilal, A. Liu, C. Mudholkar, T. Paulini, M. and Sanchez, A. Cumalat, J. P. Ford, W. T. Hassani, A. and MacDonald, E. Patel, R. Perloff, A. Savard, C. Stenson, K. Ulmer, K. A. Wagner, S. R. Alexander, J. Cheng, Y. and Cranshaw, D. J. Hogan, S. Monroy, J. Patterson, J. R. and Quach, D. Reichert, J. Ryd, A. Sun, W. Thom, J. and Wittich, P. Zou, R. Albrow, M. Alyari, M. Apollinari, G. and Apresyan, A. Apyan, A. Bauerdick, L. A. T. Berry, D. and Berryhill, J. Bhat, P. C. Burkett, K. Butler, J. N. and Canepa, A. Cerati, G. B. Cheung, H. W. K. Chlebana, F. and Cremonesi, M. Di Petrillo, K. F. Elvira, V. D. Feng, Y. and Freeman, J. Gecse, Z. Gray, L. Green, D. Grunendahl, S. and Gutsche, O. Harris, R. M. Heller, R. Herwig, T. C. and Hirschauer, J. Jayatilaka, B. Jindariani, S. Johnson, M. and Joshi, U. Klijnsma, T. Klima, B. Kwok, K. H. M. Lammel, S. Lincoln, D. Lipton, R. Liu, T. Madrid, C. and Maeshima, K. Mantilla, C. Mason, D. McBride, P. Merkel, P. Mrenna, S. Nahn, S. O'Dell, V Papadimitriou, V and Pedro, K. Prokofyev, O. Ravera, F. Hall, A. Reinsvold and Ristori, L. Schneider, B. Sexton-Kennedy, E. Smith, N. and Soha, A. Spalding, W. J. Spiegel, L. Stoynev, S. Strait, J. Taylor, L. Tkaczyk, S. Tran, V, N. Uplegger, L. and Vaandering, E. W. Weber, H. A. Acosta, D. Avery, P. and Bourilkov, D. Cadamuro, L. Cherepanov, V Errico, F. and Field, R. D. Guerrero, D. Joshi, B. M. Kim, M. Koenig, E. Konigsberg, J. Korytov, A. Lo, K. H. Matchev, K. and Menendez, N. Mitselmakher, G. Madhu, A. Muthirakalayil and Rawal, N. Rosenzweig, D. Rosenzweig, S. Shi, K. Sturdy, J. Yigitbasi, E. Zuo, X. Adams, T. Askew, A. Diaz, D. Habibullah, R. Hagopian, V Johnson, K. F. Khurana, R. and Kolberg, T. Martinez, G. Prosper, H. Schiber, C. and Yohay, R. Zhang, J. Baarmand, M. M. Butalla, S. and Elkafrawy, T. Hohlmann, M. Verma, R. Kumar Noonan, D. and Rahmani, M. Saunders, M. Yumiceva, F. Adams, M. R. and Gonzalez, H. Becerril Cavanaugh, R. Chen, X. Dittmer, S. and Evdokimov, O. Gerber, C. E. Hangal, D. A. Hofman, D. J. and Merrit, A. H. Mills, C. Oh, G. Roy, T. Rudrabhatla, S. and Tonjes, M. B. Varelas, N. Viinikainen, J. Wang, X. and Wu, Z. Ye, Z. Alhusseini, M. Dilsiz, K. Gandrajula, R. P. Koseyan, O. K. Merlo, J-P Nachtman, J. Ogul, H. and Onel, Y. Penzo, A. Snyder, C. Tiras, E. Amram, O. and Blumenfeld, B. Corcodilos, L. Davis, J. Eminizer, M. and Gritsan, V, A. Kyriacou, S. Maksimovic, P. Roskes, J. and Swartz, M. Vami, T. A. Anguiano, J. Barrera, C. Baldenegro and Baringer, P. Bean, A. Bylinkin, A. Isidori, T. and Khalil, S. King, J. Krintiras, G. Kropivnitskaya, A. and Lindsey, C. Minafra, N. Murray, M. Rogan, C. Royon, C. and Sanders, S. Schmitz, E. Smith, C. Takaki, J. D. Tapia and Williams, J. Wilson, G. Duric, S. Ivanov, A. Kaadze, K. Kim, D. Maravin, Y. Mitchell, T. Modak, A. Nam, K. Rebassoo, F. Wright, D. Adams, E. Baden, A. and Baron, O. Belloni, A. Eno, S. C. Hadley, N. J. Jabeen, S. Kellogg, R. G. Koeth, T. Mignerey, A. C. Nabili, S. and Seidel, M. Skuja, A. Wang, L. Wong, K. Abercrombie, D. Andreassi, G. Bi, R. Brandt, S. Busza, W. Cali, I. A. D'Alfonso, M. Eysermans, J. Ceballos, G. Gomez and Goncharov, M. Harris, P. Hu, M. Klute, M. Kovalskyi, D. and Krupa, J. Lee, Y-J Maier, B. Mironov, C. Paus, C. and Rankin, D. Roland, C. Roland, G. Shi, Z. Stephans, G. S. F. Tatar, K. Wang, Z. Wyslouch, B. Chatterjee, R. M. Evans, A. Hansen, P. Hiltbrand, J. Jain, Sh and Krohn, M. Kubota, Y. Mans, J. Revering, M. Rusack, R. and Saradhy, R. Schroeder, N. Strobbe, N. Wadud, M. A. and Bloom, K. Bryson, M. Claes, D. R. Fangmeier, C. Finco, L. Golf, F. Fernandez, J. R. Gonzalez Joo, C. and Kravchenko, I Musich, M. Reed, I Siado, J. E. Snow, G. R. Tabb, W. Yan, F. Agarwal, G. Bandyopadhyay, H. and Hay, L. Iashvili, I. Kharchilava, A. McLean, C. Nguyen, D. Pekkanen, J. Rappoccio, S. Williams, A. Alverson, G. and Barberis, E. Freer, C. Haddad, Y. Hortiangtham, A. and Li, J. Madigan, G. Marzocchi, B. Morse, D. M. Nguyen, V and Orimoto, T. Parker, A. Skinnari, L. Tishelman-Charny, A. and Wamorkar, T. Wang, B. Wisecarver, A. Wood, D. and Bueghly, J. Chen, Z. Gilbert, A. Gunter, T. Hahn, K. A. and Odell, N. Schmitt, M. H. Velasco, M. Band, R. Bucci, R. Das, A. Dev, N. Goldouzian, R. Hildreth, M. and Anampa, K. Hurtado Jessop, C. Lannon, K. Loukas, N. and Marinelli, N. Mcalister, I McCauley, T. Meng, F. and Mohrman, K. Ruchti, R. Siddireddy, P. Wayne, M. and Wightman, A. Wolf, M. Zarucki, M. Zygala, L. Bylsma, B. and Cardwell, B. Durkin, L. S. Francis, B. Hill, C. and Ornelas, M. Nunez Wei, K. Winer, B. L. Yates, B. R. and Addesa, F. M. Bonham, B. Das, P. Dezoort, G. Elmer, P. and Frankenthal, A. Greenberg, B. Haubrich, N. Higginbotham, S. Kalogeropoulos, A. Kopp, G. Kwan, S. Lange, D. and Lucchini, M. T. Marlow, D. Mei, K. Ojalvo, I Olsen, J. and Palmer, C. Stickland, D. Tully, C. Norberg, S. and Bakshi, A. S. Barnes, V. E. Chawla, R. Das, S. Gutay, L. and Jones, M. Jung, A. W. Karmarkar, S. Liu, M. Negro, G. Neumeister, N. Paspalaki, G. Peng, C. C. Piperov, S. and Purohit, A. Schulte, J. F. Stojanovic, M. Thieman, J. and Wang, F. Xiao, R. Xie, W. Dolen, J. Parashar, N. and Baty, A. Decaro, M. Dildick, S. Ecklund, K. M. Freed, S. and Gardner, P. Geurts, F. J. M. Li, W. Padley, B. P. and Redjimi, R. Shi, W. Leiton, A. G. Stahl Zhang, L. Bodek, A. de Barbaro, P. Demina, R. Dulemba, J. L. Fallon, C. and Ferbel, T. Galanti, M. Garcia-Bellido, A. Hindrichs, O. and Khukhunaishvili, A. Ranken, E. Taus, R. Chiarito, B. and Chou, J. P. Gandrakota, A. Gershtein, Y. Halkiadakis, E. and Hart, A. Heindl, M. Hughes, E. Kaplan, S. Karacheban, O. and Laflotte, I Lath, A. Montalvo, R. Nash, K. Osherson, M. Salur, S. Schnetzer, S. Somalwar, S. Stone, R. and Thayil, S. A. Thomas, S. Acharya, H. Delannoy, A. G. and Spanier, S. Bouhali, O. Dalchenko, M. Delgado, A. and Eusebi, R. Gilmore, J. Huang, T. Luo, S. Malhotra, S. and Mueller, R. Overton, D. Rathjens, D. Safonov, A. and Akchurin, N. Damgov, J. Hegde, V Kunori, S. Lamichhane, K. Mengke, T. Muthumuni, S. Peltola, T. Volobouev, I and Whitbeck, A. Appelt, E. Greene, S. Gurrola, A. Johns, W. and Melo, A. Ni, H. Padeken, K. Romeo, F. Sheldon, P. and Tuo, S. Velkovska, J. Arenton, M. W. Cox, B. and Cummings, G. Hakala, J. Hirosky, R. Joyce, M. Ledovskoy, A. Li, A. Neu, C. Tannenwald, B. White, S. Wolfe, E. and Poudyal, N. Black, K. Bose, T. Buchanan, J. Caillol, C. Dasu, S. De Bruyn, I Everaerts, P. Fienga, F. and Galloni, C. He, H. Herndon, M. Herve, A. Hussain, U. and Lanaro, A. Loeliger, A. Loveless, R. Sreekala, J. Madhusudanan Mallampalli, A. Mohammadi, A. Pinna, D. and Savin, A. Shang, V Smith, W. H. Teague, D. and Trembath-Reichert, S. Vetens, W. CMS Collaboration

Subjects
Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

The cross section for W or Z boson production in association with two photons is measured in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The data set corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb(-1) collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The W -> l nu and Z -> ll decay modes (where l = e, mu) are used to extract the W gamma gamma and Z gamma gamma cross sections in a phase space defined by electron (muon) with transverse momentum larger than 30 GeV and photon transverse momentum larger than 20 GeV. All leptons and photons are required to have absolute pseudorapidity smaller than 2.5. The measured cross sections in this phase space are sigma(W gamma gamma) = 13.6(-1.9)(+1.9) (stat)(-4.0)(+4.0) (syst) +/- 0.08 (PDF + scale) fb and sigma(Z gamma gamma) = 5.41(-0.55)(+0.58) (stat)(-0.70)(+0.64) (syst) +/- 0.06 (PDF + scale) fb. Limits on anomalous quartic gauge couplings are set in the framework of an effective field theory with dimension-8 operators.

Published
2021

44. Thermoregulatory reflex control of cutaneous vasodilation in healthy aging

Author

Jody L. Greaney, S. Tony Wolf, W. Larry Kenney, and Anna E. Stanhewicz

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Sympathetic nervous system, Physiology, Skin blood flow, business.industry, Efferent, Microneurography, medicine.anatomical_structure, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, Cutaneous vasodilation, medicine, Reflex, Cardiology, Reflex control, Healthy aging, business, Research Paper
Abstract

Reflex cutaneous vasodilation during heating is attenuated in healthy human aging secondary to blunted increases in efferent skin sympathetic nervous system activity (SSNA) and reductions in end-organ sensitivity. Whether age-related alterations in the mean body temperature ([Image: see text] (b)) threshold for increasing SSNA and/or the sensitivity of responses are evident with aging have not been examined. We tested the hypotheses that the T(b) threshold for SSNA and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) would be increased, but the sensitivity would be reduced, with aging. Reflex vasodilation was induced in 13 young (23 ± 3 y) and 13 older (67 ± 7 y) adults using a water-perfused suit to systematically increase mean skin and esophageal temperatures. SSNA (peroneal microneurography) and red cell flux (laser Doppler flowmetry) in the innervated dermatome were continuously measured. SSNA was normalized to baseline; CVC was normalized as a percentage of maximal CVC. Baseline [Image: see text] (b) was lower in older adults (36.0 ± 0.4°C vs 36.4 ± 0.3°C; p = 0.005). During passive heating, the ∆[Image: see text] (b) thresholds for increasing SSNA and CVC were greater (1.3 ± 0.4°C vs 0.9 ± 0.3°C; p = 0.007 and 1.3 ± 0.4°C vs 0.8 ± 0.3°C; p = 0.002, respectively) in older adults. The slope of the relation between both SSNA (0.31 ± 0.23 vs 0.13 ± 0.10 V⋅s⋅°C (−1); p = 0.01) and CVC (87.5 ± 50.1 vs 32.4 ± 18.1%max⋅°C(−1); p = 0.002) vs [Image: see text] (b) was lower in older adults. The relative [Image: see text] (b) threshold for activation of SSNA and the initiation of reflex cutaneous vasodilation is higher in older adults, and once activated, the sensitivity of both responses is diminished, supporting the concept that the efferent component of the thermoregulatory reflex arc is impaired in healthy aging. Abbreviations: CI: confidence interval; CVC: cutaneous vascular conductance; SSNA: skin sympathetic nervous system activity; [Image: see text] (b): mean body temperature; T(es): esophageal temperature; [Image: see text] (sk): mean skin temperature.

Published
2020

45. Temperature regulation during exercise in the heat: Insights for the aging athlete

Author

W. Larry Kenney, S. Tony Wolf, Lacy M. Alexander, Gabrielle A. Dillon, and Craig W. Berry

Subjects
Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Aging, Hot Temperature, Adolescent, Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, Competitive athletes, Heat Stress Disorders, Article, Extreme heat, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Risk Factors, medicine, Aerobic exercise, Humans, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Cardiac Output, Exercise, Aged, Skin, business.industry, Skin blood flow, 030229 sport sciences, Thermoregulation, Middle Aged, Heat stress, Increased risk, Physical Fitness, Regional Blood Flow, business, Body Temperature Regulation, Physical Conditioning, Human, Sports
Abstract

Objective The purpose of this review is to evaluate the currently-available literature regarding the impact of both primary aging and age-related fitness on thermoregulatory function during exercise in the heat. In so doing, we aim to (1) characterize the influence of fitness in mitigating age-related declines in thermoregulation, (2) address the limitations of prior experimental approaches for investigating age-related thermoregulatory impairments, (3) examine to what extent aerobic fitness can be maintained in the aging athlete, and (4) begin to address the specific environmental conditions in which age-related impairments in thermoregulatory function may place highly active older adults at increased risk for heat-related illness and injury and/or limited performance. Design Mini-review. Methods Review and synthesis of available information. Results The earth’s climate is warming, accompanied by a consequently greater frequency and severity of extreme heat events. At the same time, lifespan is increasing and people of all ages are staying increasingly active. Age-related impairments in thermoregulatory function are well-documented, leading to increased heat-related health risks and reduced exercise/athletic performance for older adults in hot environmental conditions. High aerobic fitness improves body temperature regulation during exercise via augmented sweating and improved cardiovascular function, including cardiac output and skin blood flow, in humans of all ages. Conclusions The masters athlete is better suited for exercise/heat-stress compared to his or her less fit peers. However, while age and thermoregulation in general has been studied extensively, research on the most fit older adults, including highly competitive athletes, is generally lacking.

Published
2020

46. Four weeks of vitamin D supplementation improves nitric oxide-mediated microvascular function in college-aged African Americans

Author

S. Tony Wolf, Sara B. Ferguson, W. Larry Kenney, Nina G. Jablonski, and Lacy M. Alexander

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, Physiology, Disease, Nitric Oxide, Nitric oxide, chemistry.chemical_compound, Young Adult, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, medicine, Vitamin D and neurology, Humans, Endothelial dysfunction, Vitamin D, Skin, Vitamin d supplementation, business.industry, Age Factors, medicine.disease, Vitamin D Deficiency, Black or African American, Vasodilation, Endocrinology, Antecedent (behavioral psychology), Treatment Outcome, chemistry, Dietary Supplements, Microvessels, Female, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Research Article
Abstract

Reduced nitric oxide (NO)-mediated cutaneous vasodilation, secondary to increased oxidative stress, presents in young African American (AA) compared with European American (EA) adults and may be modulated by vitamin D status. We assessed cutaneous microvascular function in 18 young, healthy (21 ± 2 yr; 9 men, 9 women) subjects before (pre, 8 AA, 10 EA) 4 wk of 2,000 IU/day oral vitamin D supplementation and in 13 subjects after (post, 7 AA, 6 EA) 4 wk of 2,000 IU/day oral vitamin D supplementation. Serum vitamin D concentrations [25(OH)D] were measured at each visit. Three intradermal microdialysis fibers placed in the ventral forearm were randomized for treatment with 10 μM Tempol, 100 μM apocynin, or lactated Ringer’s solution (control). Local heating (39°C) induced cutaneous vasodilation; red cell flux was measured at each site (laser-Doppler flowmetry), and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC = flux/MAP) was expressed as a percentage of maximum (28 mM sodium nitroprusside, +43°C) for each phase of local heating. After stable elevated blood flow was attained, 15 mM N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME; NO synthase inhibitor) was perfused at all sites to quantify the NO contribution to cutaneous vasodilation (%NO), calculated as the difference between local heating and l-NAME plateaus. Serum [25(OH)D], the magnitude of the local heating response, and %NO were all lower in AAs versus EAs (P < 0.01). Tempol (P = 0.01), but not apocynin (P ≥ 0.19), improved the local heating response and %NO. Four weeks of supplementation improved serum [25(OH)D], the local heating response, and %NO in AAs (P ≤ 0.04) but not in EAs (P ≥ 0.41). Vitamin D supplementation mitigated endothelial dysfunction, an antecedent to overt cardiovascular disease (CVD), in otherwise healthy, young AA adults. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Endothelial dysfunction, an antecedent to overt cardiovascular disease (CVD), is observed earlier and more frequently in otherwise healthy African Americans (AAs) when compared with other ethnic groups. Vitamin D may modulate endothelial function, and darkened skin pigmentation increases risk of vitamin D deficiency. We show that 4 wk of 2,000 IU/day vitamin D supplementation improves microvascular responses to local heating in AAs. Ensuring adequate vitamin D status may mitigate development of cardiovascular dysfunction in this at-risk population.

Published
2020

48. Hydration Efficacy of a Milk Permeate-Based Oral Hydration Solution

Author

Craig W. Berry, Bob Murray, S. Tony Wolf, and W. Larry Kenney

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Adult, Blood Glucose, Male, sports drink, lcsh:TX341-641, Urine, electrolytes, Plasma volume, Water consumption, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Eating, 0302 clinical medicine, Positive fluid balance, Animals, Humans, Food science, osmolality, Urine output, plasma volume, 030109 nutrition & dietetics, Nutrition and Dietetics, Chemistry, Osmolar Concentration, food and beverages, Water, 030229 sport sciences, Permeation, Water-Electrolyte Balance, Physiological responses, Sports drink, fluid balance, Solutions, Milk, beverage hydration index, dairy, Female, lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply, Blood Chemical Analysis, Food Science
Abstract

Milk permeate is an electrolyte-rich, protein- and fat-free liquid with a similar carbohydrate and mineral content to that of milk. Its hydration efficacy has not been examined. The beverage hydration index (BHI) has been used to compare various beverages to water in terms of post-ingestion fluid balance and retention. Our purpose was to compare the BHI (and related physiological responses) of a novel milk permeate solution (MPS) to that of water and a traditional carbohydrate&ndash, electrolyte solution (CES). Over three visits, 12 young subjects consumed 1 L of water, CES, or MPS. Urine samples were collected immediately post-ingestion and at 60, 120, 180, and 240 min. BHI was calculated by dividing cumulative urine output after water consumption by cumulative urine output for each test beverage at each time point. The BHI for MPS was significantly higher at all time points compared to water (all p &lt, 0.001) and CES (all p &le, 0.01) but did not differ between CES and water at any time point. Drinking 1 L of MPS resulted in decreased cumulative urine output across the subsequent 4 h compared to water and CES, suggesting that a beverage containing milk permeate is superior to water and a traditional CES at sustaining positive fluid balance post-ingestion.

Published
2020

49. Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure, Risk, and Protection in Military and Outdoor Athletes

Author

Lauren E. Kenney, W. Larry Kenney, and S. Tony Wolf

Subjects
Sun protection, Ultraviolet Rays, Sunburn, Sunscreening Agents, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Adverse health effect, Environmental health, Medicine, Humans, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Ultraviolet radiation, Exercise, biology, Health consequences, integumentary system, business.industry, Athletes, fungi, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, 030229 sport sciences, General Medicine, Radiation Exposure, biology.organism_classification, Military personnel, Increased risk, Military Personnel, business
Abstract

Over-exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from the sun is associated with deleterious health effects including, but not limited to, increased risk of skin cancers. Military personnel and those who participate in outdoor exercise or sports represent two potential populations at elevated risk of negative health consequences of UVR exposure, due to large amounts of time spent outdoors, often in harsh UVR environments. Despite exposure to high and/or frequent doses of UVR in recreational and tactical athletes, adequate sun-protection practices are often disregarded or not well understood by many within these at-risk populations, resulting in heightened risk of negative UVR effects. The focus of this review is to examine the available literature regarding UVR exposure, risk of adverse health effects of UVR exposure, and sun protection practices in outdoor exercisers, athletes, and military personnel.

Published
2020

50. Colloquium: Electron–Lattice Interaction and Its Impact on High-Tc Superconductivity

Author

S. A. Wolf and V. Z. Kresin

Subjects
Physics, Superconductivity, Condensed matter physics, Phonon, Pairing, Magnon, Exciton, Density of states, Lattice (group), Boson
Abstract

In this Colloquium, the main features of the electron-lattice interaction are discussed and high values of the critical temperature up to room temperature could be provided. While the issue of the mechanism of superconductivity in the high ${T}_{c}$ cuprates continues to be controversial, one can state that there have been many experimental results demonstrating that the lattice makes a strong impact on the pairing of electrons. The polaronic nature of the carriers is also a manifestation of strong electron-lattice interaction. One can propose an experiment that allows an unambiguous determination of the intermediate boson (phonon, magnon, exciton, etc.) which provides the pairing. The electron-lattice interaction increases for nanosystems, and this is due to an effective increase in the density of states.

Published
2020
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