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New acrylic monomers were obtained via transesterification of olive, canola, and high-oleic soybean oils by N-hydroxyethylacrylamide. The kinetic features of homopolymerization of these monomers were studied and the influence of linoleic (C18: 2) and linolenic (C18: 3) acid esters on the polymerization rate and the molecular weight of homopolymers were compared. It was found that the chain transfer and propagation rate constants increase in monomer’s range: olive (CM = 0.016)

The PAMELA magnetic spectrometer on board the Resurs-DK1 satellite was launched into an elliptical quasipolar Earth orbit with altitudes of 350–600 km and an inclination of ~70° to study the fluxes of cosmic ray particles and antiparticles in a wide range of energies (~50 MeV to hundreds of GeV). Results are presented from observing electron and positron fluxes at energies above 50 MeV between 2006 and 2016.

This study aimed to examine the regularities of the regenerationprocesses of haploid plants, the dependence of in vitro microspore morphogenesis in anther culture on optimization factors, and their efficiency in F1 hybrids of T. aestivumof different ecological and geographicorigin. It was found that heterosis contributed to an increased yield of haploid chlorophyll-bearing regenerants from hybrids obtained from the crossing of parental forms with different responsiveness to androclinia. Results were obtained for the complex optimization of the androgenesis method for the in vitro anther culture of T. aestivum, in order to create diploidized haploid lines (DHL) regardless of the influence of the genotype. The agroecological properties for a complex of economically useful traits were also assessed. DHLs were created that combined high yield (5.1-6.8 t / ha) with lodging resistance (straw height – 60-80 cm) and consistently high grain quality; these were characterized by increased resistance to major leaf diseases in comparison with the standard variety in the conditions of the Central Economic Region of the Non-Black Earth Zone of the Russian Federation. Keywords: spring soft wheat, androgenesis, embyroidogenesis, callusogenesis, diploidized haploids, in vitro, yield and quality

Time-dependent energy spectra of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) carry fundamental information regarding their origin and propagation. When observed at the Earth, these spectra are significantly affected by the solar wind and the embedded solar magnetic field that permeates the heliosphere, changing significantly over an 11-year solar cycle. Energy spectra of GCRs measured during different epochs of solar activity provide crucial information for a thorough understanding of solar and heliospheric phenomena. The PAMELA experiment had collected data for almost ten years (15th June 2006 - 23rd January 2016), including the minimum phase of solar cycle 23 and the maximum phase of solar cycle 24. In this paper, we present new spectra for helium nuclei measured by the PAMELA instrument from January 2010 to September 2014 over a three Carrington rotation time basis. These data are compared to the PAMELA spectra measured during the previous solar minimum providing a picture of the time dependence of the helium nuclei fluxes over a nearly full solar cycle. Time and rigidity dependencies are observed in the proton-to-helium flux ratios. The force-field approximation of the solar modulation was used to relate these dependencies to the shapes of the local interstellar proton and helium-nuclei spectra., 9 pages, 5 figures

It is well known today that a continuous stream of highly ionized plasma is emitted from the Sun’s surface. This plasma is called the solar wind and consists of protons, electrons, and light nuclei. The solar wind pushes the solar magnetic field into interplanetary space to form the interplanetary magnetic field. The interplanetary magnetic field is a dynamical system that depends on the solar cycle and the Sun’s rotation phase. Thus, the Solar System is a natural plasma physics laboratory with an enormous multitude of different effects showing the current state of the system. By recording cosmic-ray fluxes, one can study the behavior of the interplanetary magnetic field and obtain information about processes that occur both on the Sun’s surface and throughout the Solar System. The main short-time variations in cosmic-ray intensity include the 27-day variations and the Forbush decreases. These variations are caused by complex solar plasma structures, which are generated by different processes on the Sun’s surface and propagate through space in a wide range of velocities. Cosmic-ray fluxes recorded with the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer on board the Resurs DK1 satellite in 2006–2016 are used to show some examples of cosmic-ray variations.

Series with respect to a system of characters of a zero-dimensional compact commutative group are considered. A generalization of an analogue of Hardy-Littlewood test and its consequences, which were earlier obtained in the case of bounded sequence {pk} defining the system, are proved.

Analysis of the isotope composition of nuclei in galactic cosmic rays (GCR) in the PAMELA orbital international experiment allows studying the problems of cosmic-ray origin and propagation in our Galaxy. PAMELA magnetic spectrometer data provided the significant progress in the study of the light nuclei isotope composition of GCR from H to Be in the energy range ∼0.1–1 GeV/nucleon. This makes it possible to estimate the contribution of local (∼100 pc) young (∼106 years) interstellar sources (LISS) into GCR fluxes from supernova explosions. The analysis of boron (B) isotope fluxes in the GCR has so far been carried out only in the energy range ∼0.08–0.17 GeV/nucleon in the space experiments Voyager, Ulysses, ACE. In the present contribution the attempt was done to determine the 11B/10B ratio in the energy range ∼0.1–1.0 GeV/nucleon for the first time on the base of 2006–2014 PAMELA data using the measurements of the detected nuclei rigidities, velocities and ionization losses in a multilayer calorimeter. The new PAMELA results are consistent with existing as experimental data and those expected from simulations. However the statistical and systematic measurement uncertainties do not allow to separate the local boron source contributions into GCR fluxes. The preliminary results of the boron isotope flux analysis in GCR (10B, 11B spectra and 11B/10B ratio dependences on the rigidity and energy) are presented as well as the existing measurement data and simulation results.

During the several decades of Forbush decrease (FD) studies the main properties of this phenomenon were established. Today is clear that Forbush decreases originate as the responses of cosmic ray particle fluxes to solar-induced processes inside interplanetary space. Moreover the profiles of FD’s are the manifestation of the complex structure of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) which are driving from the Sun and often accompanied by flares. So the investigation of FD’s is a useful tool for understanding the dynamics of CME processes and the effects they have on in the interplanetary space. Classification and theoretical interpretation of different FD’s are important for understanding the complex effect of CME’s as well as the search for new features of their behavior. Spectra of cosmic ray protons and helium nuclei obtained by the PAMELA experiment in the rigidity range between 1–15 GV were used to investigate the characteristics of Forbush decreases. Additional data on the interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind speed were taken from the ACE data center for correlation analysis. Rigidity dependences for selected Forbush decreases are also presented.

Detection of cosmic ray fluxes makes it possible to study dynamics of the interplanetary magnetic field and gain information about processes that occur both on the solar surface and in the entire Solar system. The main variations in the cosmic ray intensity are 27-day variations and Forbush effects. These variations are caused by complex spatial solar-plasma formations resulting from various processes on the solar surface and propagating in space with widely varying velocities. The data recorded by the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer on board the Resurs-DK1 satellite in 2006–2016 are used.

Searches for the anisotropy of the total electron and positron fluxes in high-energy galactic cosmic rays are performed. Data collected by the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer from June 2006, when it was launched into Earth’s orbit, to 2016 were used for the respective analysis. The main event selection and a determination of particle arrival directions were accomplished by means of a position-sensitive microstrip calorimeter. A neutron detector was used to suppress additionally the background of protons and nuclei. An analysis of information obtained over a nearly ten-year period of measurements made it possible to set upper limits on the amplitude of the dipole anisotropy of the total electron and positron fluxes for two energy ranges, between 25 and 100 GeV and between 100 GeV and 1 TeV. These results supplement data from other satellite-borne experiments, AMS-02 and Fermi.

—Under the conditions of Moscow oblast, we investigated 1500 samples of X. Triticosecale Wittmack of different ecological-geographical origin concentrated at the World Gene Fund of the Vavilov All-Russia Research Institute of Crop Production and new cultivars and lines of the Moscow Nemchinovka Research Institute of Agriculture (MosNIIKh) obtained using gene sources and donors of valuable traits from Dias (5 × 5) and other field experiments. Results of the analysis of diallel crosses according to the method of B.J. Hayman (1954) suggest that all studied traits of triticale are characterized by the additive dominant inheritance scheme. Thousand-grain weight and grain protein and starch content in F1 hybrids revealed overdominance. By ear grain weight, the character of inheritance varied from complete dominance to overdominance. The main contribution to the increase in productivity traits was made by dominant genes, the concentration of which was used to determine the viability of individual cross combinations. In terms of the 1000-grain weight trait, the Prag 468 line is promising, while the ADK 1369t line is promising in terms of the ear grain weight. The high starch content in the grain is due to the dominant alleles, in particular in the lines Prag 468 and 6418-145. We obtained fundamentally new varieties and lines with high rates of productivity and quality of grain, much higher than the standard cultivar Viktor. Grain yields in the control nursery of new lines (5802-10-5-6, 5802-10-5-59, and 154-11-55) ranged from 8.34 to 9.91 t/ha even under extremely adverse weather conditions in 2017. The yield of the standard cultivar Viktor was 5.04 t/ha, that is, almost two times lower than that of the line 154-11-5-5. In competitive varietal trials (2014–2017), the best cultivar was Gera. It was shown that the advantage of new genotypes over standards is that they form a well-grained ear with large full-weight grain (up to 80 grains), have increased productivity, good plant preservation for harvesting, and high resistance to environmental limiting factors.

Under the conditions of Moscow region were investigated 1.5 thousand of models X.Triticosecale Wittmack of different ecological- geographical origin, concentrated in the world gene pool and also new types and the line of Federal Research Center, obtained with the use of those isolated in Dias (5x5) and other field experiments of the genetic sources and donors of valuable signs. The results of the analysis of diallel crossings according to the method of B.J.Hayman (1954) attest to the fact that for all studied signs of tritikale is characteristic the additive- dominant diagram of inheritance. According to the signs the mass 1000 of grains, the content of protein in the grain, the content of starch in the grain in F1 hybrids is revealed the super-domination. According to the sign the mass of grain from the ear the nature of inheritance changed from the complete domination to the super-domination. The basic contribution to the increase of the signs of productivity introduced dominant genes, by their concentration the prospect of the separate combinations of crossing is determined. According to the sign the mass 1000 of grains is promising the line Of Prag 468, throughout the mass of grain from the ear – line ADK 1369t. The high content of starch in the grain is caused by dominant alleles, they were separately allotted to the line Prag 468 and 6418-145. It is shown that by the authors obtained the fundamentally new types and lines with the high indices of productivity and quality of grain, which considerably exceed standard Victor. The collection of grain in the control nursery of new lines (5802-10-5-6 5802-10-5-59, 154-11-55) even under the extremely unfavorable weather conditions of 2017 year varied from 8,34 to 9,91 t/ha. The harvest of standard type Victor proved to be equal 5,04 t/ha, i.e., almost in 2 time it is lower than in the line 154-11-5-5. In the competitive strain testing (2014-2017) superiority showed the type Gera. The advantage of the noted new genotype over standards lies in the fact that they form the excellently ear with the coarse full-weight grain ear (to 80 the grains), have the increased productivity, a good safety of plants to the harvesting, high stability to the limiting factors of medium.

An experimental setup for studying the dynamics of deformation of a metal sample under the action of a magnetic-field pulse of a complex shape is presented. The slow part of a pulse has forward polarity (the amplitude is up to 15 T), while the fast part consists of a sequence of reverse-polarity pulses (the amplitudes are up to 4 T). This creates a pressure that causes attraction of a sample to an inductor. The device consists of four pulse current sources that operate simultaneously into one inductor. The generation of a pulsed magnetic field by inductors of two types is considered: a flat inductor (a double flat spiral) and a cylindrical inductor with a cutout concentrator of the magnetic field. The setup is equipped with a multipoint system for measuring the dynamics of the plate deformation during the exposure. The possibility of plastic deformations of copper, aluminum, and steel plates with thicknesses of up to 1 mm is shown.

We present a study of the solar-cycle variations of >80 MeV proton flux intensities in the lower edge of the inner radiation belt, based on the measurements of the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) mission. The analyzed data sample covers an ~8 year interval from 2006 July to 2014 September, thus spanning from the decaying phase of the 23rd solar cycle to the maximum of the 24th cycle. We explored the intensity temporal variations as a function of drift shell and proton energy, also providing an explicit investigation of the solar-modulation effects at different equatorial pitch angles. PAMELA observations offer new important constraints for the modeling of low-altitude particle radiation environment at the highest trapping energies., accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters

We present a study of the east-west anisotropy of trapped-proton fluxes in low-Earth orbit based on the measurements of the Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA) experiment. The differential intensities of eastward- and westward-traveling protons detected in the South Atlantic Anomaly region were estimated as a function of equatorial pitch angle and drift shell, for six energy bins between 80 MeV and 2 GeV. We found that, as a consequence of the strong atmospheric gradient coupled with the large gyroradius in this energy range, the intensities of eastward fluxes exceed those of westward fluxes by a factor of ∼10-20. However, the reported directional asymmetry also depends on the sign of the local flux gradient, resulting in more intense westward fluxes beyond the radial distances where the inner belt peaks. PAMELA observations can be used to improve the description of the near-Earth radiation environment at lowest altitudes and highest trapping energies, where current theoretical and empirical models are affected by the largest uncertainties.

The article presents the results of experiments conducted on sod-podzolic soil of the Non-Chernozem zone from 2017 to 2021. It was found that growth regulators with the retardant properties of Ce Ce Ce 750, Reggae and Messidor reduced the height of winter wheat plants, reduced lodging and increased yield.

Precise time-dependent measurements of the Z = 2 component in the cosmic radiation provide crucial information about the propagation of charged particles through the heliosphere. The PAMELA experiment, with its long flight duration (2006 June 15-2016 January 23) and the low energy threshold (80 MeV/n) is an ideal detector for cosmic-ray solar modulation studies. In this paper, the helium nuclei spectra measured by the PAMELA instrument from 2006 July to 2009 December over a Carrington rotation time basis are presented. A state-of-the-art three-dimensional model for cosmic-ray propagation inside the heliosphere was used to interpret the time-dependent measured fluxes. Proton-to-helium flux ratio time profiles at various rigidities are also presented in order to study any features that could result from the different masses and local interstellar spectra shapes.

The possibility of studying the anisotropy of the total fluxes of electrons and positrons of high-energy (10 GeV to 1 TeV) cosmic rays in the PAMELA satellite-borne experiment by means of a calorimeter is considered. The procedure developed with aim of performing searches for this anisotropy is described along with the results of applying it to a test data sample.

The MONICA satellite-based experiment is described. In this experiment, fluxes of cosmic-ray ions from H to Ni are investigated near the Earth in the energy range of 10–300 MeV/nucleon. The main scientific objectives of the MONICA experiment are to measure the ion and isotope compositions and the energy spectra of solar cosmic rays for individual solar events and to study the evolution of these characteristics over time. The MONICA experiment will help to investigate the ion and isotope composition of the anomalous component of cosmic rays, galactic cosmic rays, and nuclear fluxes in the Earth’s radiation belt. Observations of ion fluxes will be carried out using the MONICA high-aperture multilayer semiconductor spectrometer–telescope installed on board a spacecraft with a low-Earth circular polar orbit at a height of approximately 600 km. This orbit will make it possible to perform the method for measuring the charge of ions with energies above 10 MeV/nucleon, which is based on the use of the Earth’s magnetic field as a particle- charge separator. The geometric factor of the instrument is 100 cm2 sr and the angular resolution is 1°.

Particles of albedo radiation are the particles born in interactions of primary cosmic rays penetrating inside Earth’s atmosphere and magnetosphere and the atmosphere nuclei. These interactions result in so-called particle showers and the detection of these showers is the essence of work for ground-based cosmic-ray detectors such as neutron monitors, muon hodoscopes and EAS arrays. Some products of these interactions undergoing by scattering and having the curve paths in geomagnetic field propagate upwards to the boundary of Earth’s magnetosphere. These particles are called albedo particles. The principle of their identification is simple. They are registered in geomagnetic zones where the penetration of low-energy galactic or solar cosmic rays is restricted due to Earth’s magnetic field. The results of measurements of albedo protons, deuterons, electrons and positrons has been already published by PAMELA collaboration. In this work the first approach to search for the albedo tritium nuclei with energies above 100 MeV/nucleon is described.

Series with respect to a system of characters of a zero-dimensional compact Abelian group are considered. A generalization of an analogue of Dini test and its corollary obtained earlier for systems determined by bounded sequences {pk} are proved.

Amplitudes of Forbush decreases registered in the PAMELA experiment from 2006 to 2014 were analyzed, depending on such characteristics of interplanetary space as the magnitude of the magnetic field modulus, the solar wind velocity, and the plasma temperature. The PAMELA telescope consists of a time-of-flight system, a magnetic spectrometer, anticoincidence systems, an electromagnetic calorimeter, and a neutron detector. It was launched into Earth orbit aboard the Resurs DK1 satellite in June 2006 and continued to work for 10 years.

In the experiment, four varieties of winter wheat (Don 93 – standard, Krasa of Don, Lilit, Kapitan) and four levels of mineral nutrition (1. Ammophos 60 kg/ha when sowing; 2. Ammophos 60 kg/ha when sowing, Polydon Biouniversal 0.5 l/ha in the tillering phase, Polydon Biouniversal 0.5 l/ha in the earing phase; 3. Ammophos 60 kg/ha when sowing, spring tillering ammonium nitrate 130 kg/ha, Polydon Biouniversal 0.5 l/ha in the tillering phase, Polydon Biouniversal 0.5 l/ha in the earing phase; 4. Ammophos 60 kg/ha during sowing, spring tillering ammonium nitrate 130 kg/ha) were considered. According to the level of mineral nutrition, the lowest biological yield was formed at the first level of nutrition. At the third level of nutrition, the largest biological yield was formed. On average, for three years of research, it was in the Don-93 variety by 0.54 t/ha more than at the first level, in the Kapitan variety by 0.66 t/ha more than at the first level, in the Krasa of Don variety by 0.81 t/ha more than at the first level and in the Lilit variety by 0.89 t/ha more than at the first level.

In the conditions of the Moscow region, in 1993-2020, more than 1.0 thousand Triticale Wittmack cultivars were studied, including new varieties and lines, by using diallel crossings (DIAC) (5 × 5) and other field and laboratory experiments. Tests of varietal samples in DIAC in 2011-2012 using the method of Hayman (1954) showed that the traits of winter triticale are characterized by an additive-dominant inheritance scheme. The dominant genes made the main contribution to the increase in productivity traits, and the prospects of a particular cross-breeding combination depended on their concentration. In the competitive test (CSI) in 2015-2020, the best productivity was found in the Gera variety - 8.15 t/ha (the standard one is 7.29 t/ha). It is shown that over the past 25 years in the Federal Research Center “Nemchinovka” created more than 25 varieties of winter triticale, 12 varieties submitted to the State Register, 6 varieties are now in production, including variety Nina, released in 2013 for the Central region and combines with Samara Research Institute of Agriculture variety Capella, made to the State Register from 2019.

The article presents the results of experiments to study the reaction of winter soft wheat of the Nemchinovskaya 17 variety to growth regulators with retardant properties. It was found that the use of growth regulators at the end of the tillering-exit phase into the tube reduced the height of plants by an average of 0.115 m compared to the control without treatment, where the height of plants was on average 0.813 m. According to the results of observations, a differentiated reaction of the tested winter wheat to lodging was established when using the studied growth regulators. In plants treated with Reggi and Messidor growth regulators, lodging was not observed and ranged from 4.4 to 5 points of lodging on the control without treatment – 3 points. The tested plant growth regulators have a significant impact on the yield of winter wheat of the studied variety and the formation of its structural elements. The increase in yield according to the variants of the experiment was about 4.1-6.1 t/ha depending on the type of drug. The highest yield increases were obtained with the use of Reggi at a dose of 1.5 l/ha.

The article provides examples of radiation emergencies (ES), emergency response measures aimed at protecting the public and territories, including applicability of a comprehensive monitoring system of the public security conditions. A special attention is paid to scientific approaches and research results aimed at optimization of information processes during the operational use of data from monitoring systems on the conditions status under radiation emergencies. Besides, the expediency and sufficiency of using two data sources producing reports was determined and justified if one of the data sources is a monitoring system. Based on the research results, other provisions concerning the management of information processes under radiation ES conditions related to the requirements for operational public notification were justified. In particular, schemes for constructing such systems under special radiation ES conditions, algorithms for their operation, operating modes, and some parameters that these systems should provide with were justified. The information subsystem as a part of the CSPPCM is a kind of information system for the prompt public notification, and the research results are quite relevant for it.

The article presents examples of radiological emergencies with ionizing radiation sources used in radioisotope devices. A number of measures aimed at emergency response in relation to such emergencies, including in relation to the control of the radiation situation (CRS) and its assessment, are considered. A variant of building a complex of mobile CRS tools for a comprehensive monitoring system for the state of the population protection is presented. Special attention is paid to the justification and optimization of the CRS use in situations of control loss over IRS, including technical, organizational and scientific approaches to the use of these mobile tools. In order to optimize the group integrated use of mobile CRS tools, typical radiological situations are studied in advance and rational options for the mobile CRS tools using are selected, taking into account different environmental conditions, including natural-geographical, climatic and man-made factors. The considered approaches to optimization in the use of mobile means of comprehensive systems of the public protection conditions monitoring in radiological emergencies allow, first of all, to increase the efficiency of their use and ensure the successful implementation of tasks for the prevention and elimination of such emergencies consequences.

Under conditions of the Central Nonblack Earth Region on sod-podzolic soil, the reaction of oat varieties Yakov, Bulanyi, Zalp, Ulov, Golozernyi (line 61h) to fertilizers and crop protection agents was investigated. Among the tested varieties, Yakov variety with a yield up to 10 t/ha at high-intensive technology was allocated. Zalp and Bulanyi varieties also exceeded by productivity the standard variety (Ulov) by 0.3–0.9 t/ha. Increases of the yield depending on seeding rate changed from 12 to 64%, and the grain protein content changed from 9.8 to 17.8%. The grain protein content was the highest in the Golozernyi variety. The treatment of crops with herbicides reduced contamination by 65–95%, and application of crop protection agents promoted preservation of the yield and improved grain quality.

The first results from measuring the spectra of solar neutrons with energies of ~10-1000 MeV in the solar flares of 2006-2015 observed by the PAMELA international space experiment are presented. The PAMELA neutron detector with 3He counters and a moderator with an area of 0.18 m2 allows us to estimate the flux of solar neutrons during solar flares. Solar neutrons with energies of ~10-1000 MeV likely occurred in 21 out of the 24 analyzed flares of 2006-2015. © 2017, Allerton Press, Inc.

The PAMELA magnetic spectrometer was launched onboard the Resurs-DK1 satellite into a near-polar Earth orbit with an altitude of 350-600 km, in order to study fluxes of cosmic ray particles and antiparticles in the wide energy range of ~80 MeV to hundreds of GeV. The results from observations of electron and positron fluxes in 2006-2016 are presented.

The PAMELA experiment has measured cosmic ray particles and antiparticles fluxes at Earth orbit from June 2006 till January 2016 onboard the Resurs-DK1 satellite. Measurements were carried out during the solar minimum of 23 solar cycle with negative polarity A < 0 of heliospheric magnetic field till the beginning of 24 cycle with positive polarity A > 0. In this paper, the results of observations of electron and positron fluxes are presented in wide energy range from several hundreds MeVs till several TeVs These measurements provide important information to study cosmic ray sources and propagation in Galaxy and heliosphere.

A useful parametrization of the energy spectrum of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) near Earth is offered by the so-called force-field model which describes the shape of the entire spectrum with a single parameter, the modulation potential. While the usefulness of the force-field approximation has been confirmed for regular periods of solar modulation, it was not tested explicitly for disturbed periods, when \GCR\ are locally modulated by strong interplanetary transients. Here we use direct measurements of protons and α -particles performed by the \PAMELA\ space-borne instrument during December 2006, including a major Forbush decrease, in order to directly test the validity of the force-field parameterization. We conclude that (1) The force-field parametrization works very well in describing the energy spectra of protons and α -particles directly measured by \PAMELA\ outside the Earths atmosphere; (2) The energy spectrum of \GCR\ can be well parameterized by the force-field model also during a strong Forbush decrease; (3) The estimate of the \GCR\ modulation parameter, obtained using data from the world-wide neutron monitor network, is in good agreement with the spectra directly measured by \PAMELA\ during the studied interval. This result is obtained on the basis of a single event analysis, more events need to be analyzed.

Large-scale anisotropy or so-called sidereal-diurnal wave has been detected in the PAMELA satellite experiment in the time interval of 2006–2014. The magnitude of anisotropy has been measured simultaneously for the Southern and Northern Hemispheres in the equatorial coordinate system. The results confirm the data of ground-based experiments.

The results of measuring albedo deuteron fluxes in the vicinity of the Earth are presented. The data were obtained in the PAMELA experiment conducted aboard the Resurs DK-1 artificial Earth satellite. High-precision detectors of the instrument setup allow us to identify albedo deuterons and measure their spectra in the energy interval from 70 to 600 MeV/nucleon at altitudes of 350-600 km for different geomagnetic latitudes.

Forbush decrease is an effect in the cosmic rays physics which manifests itself as a sudden depression of the intensity of cosmic rays. Active phase of Forbush decrease lasts for several days and is often accompanied by a geomagnetic storm. The reason for such sudden depressions originates from the Sun, and is connected with a phenomenon of solar physics known as coronal mass ejections. Nowadays Forbush decreases are mostly studied by ground based detectors such as neutron monitors and muon hodoscopes. These detectors are characterized by small statistical fluctuations but register secondary cosmic rays which are created in interactions of primary cosmic rays with Earth atmosphere. This work is based on the data obtained by the satellite experiment PAMELA. The main characteristics of Forbush decreases are calculated for a fluxes of cosmic rays protons in the rigidity range 0.8 – 9 GV.

The study is devoted to the development of the technique for searching for neutrons of solar origin during solar flares using the neutron detector of the PAMELA magnetic spectrometer onboard the RESURS-DK1 satellite. The study of the neutron detector counting rates showed that it operates properly and background conditions are stable in the geomagnetic equator region. 27 solar events from December 2006 to September 2014 were analyzed. Some events contain indications of solar neutron detection. The final conclusion on the nature of these neutrons requires an increase in statistics; to this end, background conditions in polar regions should be analyzed to increase the observation interval.

Efficiency analysis of some information theoretic measures that can be used in image registration as objective functions is carried out. Shannon mutual information, Renyi and Tsallis entropy are examined using synthesized images with correlation function, intensity and noise distributions close to Gaussian. Results show that Renyi entropy potentially provides a faster convergence rate and lower variance of parameters' estimates when using recurrent image registration algorithms. According to these criteria, Tsallis entropy provides a little worse results; however, it has a larger effective range. Shannon mutual information loses to both entropy measures. Moreover, it is more sensitive to noise. Nevertheless, Shannon mutual information is more effective in terms of computational complexity.