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The current paper has presented the results of field trials carried out at the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy” in 2019–2021 to study individual elements of cultivation technology (sowing dates, sowing rate) of wintering peas. The purpose of the study was to estimate the effect of sowing dates and sowing rates of wintering peas when cultivated in the southern part of the Rostov region on the economic efficiency of grain production. When cultivating wintering peas in the southern part of the Rostov region, the largest shares of costs have been spent on pesticides and seeds and were, respectively, 43.7–38.4 % and 25.4–35.9 % for the variety ‘Zimus’; 44.4–39.2 % and 23.9–34.3 % for the variety ‘Fokus’; 45.9–41.0 % and 20.7–30.6 % for the variety ‘Faeton’. The maximum gross income of 42,370 rubles/ha from the sale of wintering pea grain was obtained from the variety ‘Fokus’ in the third sowing period in the variant with a seeding rate of 1.4 million pcs. of germ. seeds/ha. The maximum conditional net income of 16,798 rubles/ha wasnoted for this variety in the second sowing period with a seeding rate of 1.2 million pcs. of germ. seeds/ha. The minimum production cost of 11,052 rubles/t was obtained from the variety ‘Fokus’ in the third sowing period with a seeding rate of 1.0 million pcs. of germ. seeds/ha, the maximum level of profitability of 72 % was noted in the same option. For the variety ‘Faeton’, grain was sold on 37,430 rubles/ha in the first sowing period at a seeding rate of 1.2 million pcs. of germ. seeds/ha. Also in this option, the highest conditional net income was 14347 rubles / ha with the lowest cost of production of 11717 rubles/ton and the maximum level of profitability of 62 %. For the variety ‘Zimus’, the maximum gross income from grain sales was 41420 rubles/ha with a seeding rate of 1.4 million pcs. of germ. seeds/ha in the second sowing period. In the same option, the highest conditional net income was 14423 rubles/ha, the lowest cost of production was 12384 rubles/t with the highest level of profitability of 53 %.

There have been presented the study results on determining the quality of grain of wintering peas varieties ‘Fokus’ and ‘Zimus’ depending on agricultural methods. The purpose of the current study was to determine protein percentage and yield of basic nutrients in grain of wintering peas, depending on sowing dates and rates. The current study was carried out at the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy” in 2019–2021. The soil of the experimental plot was represented by ordinary carbonate heavy loamy chernozem. The forecrop was winter wheat. Weather conditions during the years of study were characterized by increased air temperatures in autumn and the return of cold weather in spring, which led to significant damage and thinning of crops. The amount of productive precipitation during the period of grain filling had a positive effect on productivity formation. There has been found that the greatest collection of basic nutrients was obtained in the second ten days of October with a sowing rate of 1.2 and 1.4 million pcs/ha for the varieties ‘Fokus’ and ‘Zimus’, respectively. For the variety ‘Fokus’, the highest crude protein percentage was 25.42 %, with 2.58 t/ha of feed units, 0.557 t/ha of crude protein, 25.31 GJ/ha of metabolic energy, with 189 g of a supply of a feed unit with digestible protein. For the variety ‘Zimus’, the highest crude protein percentage was 25.46 %, with 2.57 t/ha of feed units, 0.555 t/ha of crude protein, 24.62 GJ/ha of metabolic energy, with 190 g of a supply of a feed unit with digestible protein. The studied varieties according to digestible protein percentage were at the level of 205–219 g per a kg of grain.

The current paper has presented the study results on the effect of sowing dates and seeding rates on productivity of wintering peas. Field trials were carried out during 2019–2021. The objects of research were the wintering pea variety ‘Fokus’, ‘Faeton’ and ‘Zimus’. The purpose of the study was to estimate the effect of sowing dates and seeding rates on productivity of wintering peas in the conditions of the southern part of the Rostov region. Sowing dates and seeding rates have influenced the elements of the yield structure and grain productivity of wintering peas. The weight of seeds per plant of the variety ‘Fokus’ ranged from 2.53 to 4.02 g; for the variety ‘Faeton’ it was 2.31–2.67 g, and 2.62–4.49 g for the variety ‘Zimus’. 1000-seed weight was in the range of 125.6–154.1 g for the variety ‘Fokus’, 130.1–157.6 g for the variety ‘Faeton’, 146.2–155.9 g for the variety ‘Zimus’. The maximum productivity of the variety ‘Fokus’ was established at a seeding rate of 1.4 million germ. seeds per ha, in the second and third terms of sowing it was 2.24 and 2.23 t/ha, respectively. In the first sowing period, the maximum productivity was established at a seeding rate of 1.8 million germ. seeds per ha. In the first sowing period the variety ‘Faeton’ demonstrated the maximum productivity (1.97 t/ha) at a seeding rate of 1.2 million germ. seeds per ha; in the second sowing period the yield was 1.93 t/haat a seeding rate of 1.4 million germ. seeds per ha; in the third sowing period the largest productivity (1.81 t/ha) was established at a seeding rate of 1.2 million germ. seeds per ha. The variety ‘Zimus’ gave the maximum productivity of 1.86 t/ha at a seeding rate of 1.4 million germ. seeds per ha in the first sowing period, 2.18 t/ha in the second sowing period, 1.96 t/ha in the third sowing period.

The current paper has presented the study results of the elements of cultivation technology (sowing time, seeding rate) of wintering peas in the southern part of the Rostov region. Field trials were carried out during two agricultural years in 2019–2020 and 2020–2021. The objects of research were the varieties of wintering peas ‘Fokus’, ‘Faeton’, ‘Zimus’. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of sowing time and seeding rates on field germination and harvesting preservation of wintering peas in the conditions of the southern part of the Rostov region. The soil of the experimental plot was ordinary calcareous heavy loamy chernozem on loess-like loams. The content of humus in the arable layer was 3.36%, pH was 7.0, P2O5 was 24.4; K2O was 360 mg/kg of soil. The sowing time had an impact on field germination. On average, over the years of research, field germination in the 1st period ranged from 27.0 to 93.5 %, in the second from 33.6 to 91.0 %, in the third from 31.5 to 94.5 %. The share of the effect of the sowing time on field germination ranged from 9.4% for the variety ‘Faeton’ to 22.5 % for the variety ‘Fokus’. The harvesting preservation of wintering peas ranged from 93.8 % (‘Zimus’) to 94.8 % (‘Faeton’) in the first sowing period, in the second sowing period it ranged from 95.0 % (‘Faeton’) to 95.5 % (‘Fokus’), in the third, the harvesting preservation ranged from 94.7 % for the variety ‘Fokus’ to 95.6 % for the variety ‘Zimus’. The share of the effect of the sowing time on harvesting preservation ranged from 5.4 % for the variety ‘Zimus’ to 23.4 % for the variety ‘Fokus’. On average, over the years of study, the maximum field germination was observed for the variety ‘Faeton’ (93.5 %) at a seeding rate of 1.0 million germin. seeds/ha. The best preservation was identified for the variety ‘Faeton’ (96.5 %) at a seeding rate of 1.0 million germin. seeds/ha in the second sowing period.

The current work was carried out on the experimental plot of the research crop rotation of the laboratory for cultivation technology of row crops of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. The soil is represented by ordinary calcareous heavy loamy chernozem with such agrochemical parameters in the soil layer of 0–30 cm as 7.1 pH, 3.3 % of humus content, 18–20 mg/kg of P2O5; 340–370 mg/kg of K2O. The trials were carried out on the early-maturing grain sorghum varieties ‘Zernogradskoye 88’ and ‘Ataman’. The purpose of the current research was to identify the moisture consumption of new grain sorghum varieties, depending on the sowing norms and methods in the southern part of the Rostov region. The year 2018 was arid with 93.4 mm of rainfall. In 2019 there was also a shortage of precipitation, which amounted to 66.9 mm to the long-term average. The weather conditions of 2020 were characterized by the highest amount of precipitation (223.2 mm). The reserves of productive moisture on average over the years of study at the beginning of plant development in terms of sowing rates and methods in a meter-long soil layer were at the level of 111.2–113.9 mm, which is enough to obtain thick seedlings. The smallest amount of moisture was noted by the dead-rape stage and ranged from 6.5 to 20.5 mm for the studied varieties. On average, over the years of study, for all variants of the trial, the variety ‘Ataman’ was more productive, its productivity varied within 3.75–4.83 t/ha. At the same time, this variety formed the highest yield indicators (727 tons) with a row spacing of 0.45 m and a seeding rate of 0.4 million germinating seeds per ha, with the lowest moisture consumption per 1 ton of grain. As for the variety ‘Zernogradskoe 88’, the lowest moisture consumption was 823 tons at a seeding rate of 0.6 million germinating seeds per ha with a row spacing of 0.45 m.

The current paper has presented the study results of the application of herbicides ‘Meister Power MD’; ‘Remus VDG’; ‘Dianat, VR’; ‘Sekator Turbo, MD’ as elements of maize cultivation technology in the southern part of the Rostov region. Field trials were carried out in 2019–2021. The object of the study was the maize hybrid ‘Zernogradsky 354MV’, (included in the State List of Breeding Achievements in the 6th (North Caucasian) region in 2010). The purpose of the study was an economic and agronomic estimation of the application of herbicides ‘Meister Power MD’; ‘Remus VDG’; ‘Dianat, VR’; ‘Sekator Turbo, MD’ in the southern part of the Rostov region when cultivating maize for grain. The soil of the experimental plot was ordinary calcareous heavy loamy blackearth (chernozem) on loess-like loams. The content of humus in the arable layer was 3.36 %, pH was 7.0, P2O5 was 24.4; K2O was 360 mg/kg of soil. The hydrothermal coefficient during a vegetation period of maize was 0.62 in 2019; 0.70 in 2020; 0.86 in 2021. Thus, during the study years, the humidification conditions were very arid. As a result of the conducted study, it was revealed that the application of herbicides ‘Meister Power MD’; ‘Remus VDG’; ‘Dianat, VR’; ‘Sekator Turbo, MD’ had a positive effect on the phytosanitary conditions of maize sowing. The weediness reduced on 95.3–97.1 %. The grain productivity increase due to the application of herbicides was significant and amounted to 0.28– 0.53 t/ha or 17.4–24.2 % compared with that of the control. The cost of the herbicide ‘Meister Power, MD’ (5670 rubles per hectare norm) did not contribute to its high payback. The maximum payback was identified in the variant with the complex application of herbicides ‘Remus, VDG’ + ‘Dianat, BP’ and amounted to 5.50 rubles/rub. The application of herbicides ‘Remus, VDG’ and ‘Sekator Turbo, MD’ was also cost-effective with a payback of 5.36 and 5.45 rubles/rub., respectively.

The current paper has presented the study results of the elements of cultivation technology (sowing date, sowing method, seeding rate) of grain sorghum in the southern part of the Rostov region. Field trials were carried out in 2018–2020. The object of research was the grain sorghum variety ‘Zernogradskoe 88’, included in the State List of Breeding Achievements for the North Caucasus region in 2013. According to the study results there was established that the lowest values of grain weight per plant and 1000-grain weight were formed with a seeding rate of 0.9 million of germinating seeds per ha.In the same variant of the trial, there was determined theworst plants’ preservation before harvesting. Sowing method had the greatest effect on plant density (69.5 %) and on 1000-grain weight (23.8 %); seeding ratehad the greatest effect on grain weight per plant (52.5 %). On average, through the years of study, there was obtained the maximum productivity of 4.14 and 4.12 t/ha with a seeding rate of 0.4 and 0.5 million of germinated seeds per ha, respectively. For grain sorghum, the sowing method with a row spacing of 0.15 and 0.30 m was the most acceptable, where there was yielded 3.70 and 3.65 t/ha. When sowing seeds in the 3rd decade of May (20–22 °C of warming up the soil at a seeding depth), there was identified a maximum productivity of sorghum grain with 3.92 t/ha. The greatest effect on productivity formation (41.6 %) was produced by the seeding rate, the share of the effect of the sowing date was 24.8 %, that of the sowing method was 3.6 %, weather conditions affected on 7.7 %.

The current paper has presented the study results on the effect of biological products and microelement fertilizers ‘Organomix’ on productivity of the maize hybrid ‘Zernogradsky 354MV’ carried out in laboratory for cultivation technologies of row crops (FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”) in 2019–2020. The soil in the experimental plot was favorable for the cultivation of corn, containing 3.36% of humus in the arable layer, 24.4 mg of mobile phosphorus, and 360 mg of exchangeable potassium per 1 kg of soil. The soil pH was 7.0. The study was carried out to estimate the effect of the use of biological products for seed treatment and microelement fertilizers ‘Organomix’ for plant treatment on productivity and economic efficiency of maize cultivation. There was low moisture content of sowings during the period of the trial. There was established an uneven distribution of precipitation, the value of the hydrothermal coefficient was less than 1 (0.64 in 2019 and 0.65 in 2020), which indicated the dryness of the vegetation period. The studied biological products and microelement fertilizers influenced the yield structure elements. The applied biological products and microelement fertilizers ‘Organomix’ improved survival rate of plants before harvesting (the plant density was 4.39–4.54 pcs/m2). There was increase of grain productivity indicators, namely cob weight ranged from 112.9 to 125.7 g, grain weight per ear varied from 94.4 to 104.8 g and 1000-grain weight was 221.2–231.4 g. The improvement of the yield structure elements increased grain productivity on 0.25–0.77 t/ha. Economic efficiency showed that the use of biological products and microelement fertilizers raised the conditional net income to the level of 28 061–34 821 rubles/ha, profitability up to 167.6–201.8% and reduced production costs to 4640–5231 rubles/t.

For Russia, peas are traditional legumes, used both in the food industry for its excellent taste, and in animal husbandry for the high content of feed units and balanced protein, which allows reducing the cost of animals’ feeding. The purpose of the current study was to estimate the effect of the seeding rates of peas on its productivity, feed value of its beans, economic and bioenergetic cultivation efficiency. The current paper has presented the study results obtained in the laboratory for cultivation technology of row crops (FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”) in 2019–2020 where there was studied the effect of seeding rates on productivity of the middle maturing pea variety ‘Aksaysky Usatii 5’ of the Don breeding. The soil of the experimental plot was favorable for growing peas with 3.36% of humus in the arable, with 7.0 pH, 24.4 mg/kg of soil of P2O5, 360 mg/kg of soil of K2O. The studied seeding rates influenced yield structure elements of peas, protein percentage in seeds and yield of feed units. At seeding rates of 1.2-1.8 million of germinating seeds per hectare, there was an increase in protein percentage in seeds on more than 1.0% in comparison with the norms of 0.8-1.0 million of germinating seeds per hectare. In the same variants of the trial, the yield of digestible protein was at the level of 528-579 kg/ha, compared with that of 390-456 kg/ha when sown with a rate of 0.8-1.0 million of germinating seeds per hectare. The maximum productivity (2.07 t/ha) was recorded with a seeding rate of 1.4 million of germinating seeds per hectare. In the same variant of the trial, there were identified the maximum indicators of energy and economic efficiency, such as 2.07 of energy efficiency coefficient and 97.4% of profitability with the lowest production cost of 7600 rubles/ton.

The current paper has presented the study results of the effect of different dosages of the herbicide ‘Ballerina SE’ on the weediness of sorghum sowing, as well as the economic efficiency of the application. The purpose of the study was to estimate the efficiency of the use of the herbicide ‘Ballerina’ on grain sorghum and its effect on the weediness of the sowing and the amount of productivity. The field trials were carried out in 2017–2019 in the laboratory for cultivation technology of row crops of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” (Zernograd). The experimental plot is located in the southern agricultural zone of the Rostov region (with insufficient and unstable moisture). The soil of the experimental plot was ordinary heavy loamy blackearth (chernozem) on forestry loams, with 3.2% of humus, 18.5–20.0 mg of P2O5 and 342–360 mg of K2O per kg of soil. The hydrothermal coefficient during the years of study ranged from 0.32 to 0.89, which characterized the insufficient moisture supply of the growing season. There was presented the information on the varietal composition of grain sorghum in the southern zone of the Rostov region. The applied dosages of the herbicide had a significant effect on the reduction of the weediness of grain sorghum after their application (the decrease ranged from 78.3 to 96.7%). The greatest decrease in weediness was noted for dicotyledonous weeds. When using 0.5–l of the herbicide ‘Ballerina SE’ per ha, there was obtained the highest conditional net income of 22,230 rubles/ha, with the lowest production cost of 4,329 rubles/ha and the highest profitability level of 163%.

The field trials were carried out in 2018-2019 in the laboratory for cultivation technology of row crops of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” (Zernograd). The experimental plot was located in the southern agricultural zone of the Rostov region (with insufficient and unstable moisture). The soil of the experimental plot was ordinary heavy loamy blackearth (chernozem) on loess-like loam, with 3.2% of humus, 18.5-20.0 mg of P2O5, 342-360 mg of K2O per kg of soil. The value of the hydrothermal coefficient in the years of research ranged from 0.27 to 0.66, which characterized the insufficient moisture supply of the vegetation period. The purpose of the current work was to study the effect of biological products and bioorganic fertilizer “Nagro” on the productivity of the mid-ripening hybrid ‘Zernogradsky 354 MB'. The applied bio products had a significant effect on the safety of plants for harvesting, which was at the level of 86.6-87.9% and indicators of the yield structure, where there was a significant improvement in comparison with the control variant on 7.2-26.2 g of a cob weight, 6.0-19.75 g of kernel weight per cob, 19.2-32.3 g of 1000-kernel weight. The productivity increase due to the use of bio products ranged in 0.18-0.56 t/ha. The most energetically efficient variants of the trial were the use of the bioorganic fertilizer “Nagro” and the biological product “Flavobacterin”, where the minimum values of the energy intensity of the product were 4.55 GJ/ha (“Nagro”) and the maximum energy efficiency coefficient was 2.39 GJ/ha (“Flavobacterin”). When using the bioorganic fertilizer “Nagro”, there was the largest net income of 20 343 rubles/ha, with the smallest production cost of 3487 rubles/ha and the highest profitability level of 158%.

The field trials were carried out in 2018–2019 in the laboratory for cultivation technology of row crops of the FSBSI “AgriculturalResearchCenter“Donskoy” (Zernograd). The experimental plot is located in the southern agricultural part of theRostovregion characterized with insufficient and unstable moisture. The soil of the experimental plot is ordinary heavy loamy blackearth (chernozem) on loess-like loam, with 3.2% of humus, 18.5–20.0 of P O , 342–360 mg of K O per a kg of soil. The value of the hydrothermal coefficient in the years of study ranged from 0.28 to 0.55 (insufficient moisture supply of the growing season). The current paper has presented the study results of the effect of effect of seeding rates, sowing dates, sowing methods on productivity of the middle early ripening chickpeas variety “Privo1”. The applied agricultural techniques affected on indicators of the yield structure elements. So, the increase of the seeding rate from 0.3 to 1.0 million units/ha reduced number of seeds per plant by 7–11 pcs., decreased seed weight per plant by 1.7–2.6 g and 1000-seed weight by 35–65 g. The sowing date had the greatest effect on chickpea productivity (the effect of the factor was 42.2%), and the sowing method had the smallest (4.1%) effect on it. The largest productivity was formed in the first period with the ordinary-row method of sowing (0.76–1.06 t/ha), and the smallest productivity was formed in the third period with the wide-row method of sowing (0.44–0.71 t/ha). The correlation between the main elements of productivity (“number of seeds per plant”, “seed weight per plant”, “1000-seed weight”) and cultivation technologies was average positive (r = 0.39–0.47).

The field trials were conducted in 2017–2019 in the laboratory for cultivation technologies of row crops in the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. The experimental plots were located in the southern soil-climatic zone of the Rostov region characterized with insufficient and unstable moisture. The soil of the experimental plots was heavy-loamy ordinary blackearth (chernozem) on forestry loams with 3.2% of humus, fertilized with 18.5 – 20.0 mg/kg of P2O5 and 342 – 360 mg/kg of K2O. The current paper has presented the study results of the effect of herbicides on middle ripening maize hybrid “Zernogradsky 354 MV”, included in the State List of RF in 2010. The used herbicides had a positive effect on reducing the contamination of maize sowings with monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds (90% decrease), which contributed to an improvement of grain crop productivity. In the phase of full ripeness, the number of weeds in the experimental variants was 2.7–3.1 times less than in the control variant. The productivity increase in the control variant was 0.55–0.83 t/ha. The largest net income (22 545 rub/ha) was obtained due to the use of the herbicide “Elumis”. The high cost of the preparations negatively affected the cost of production, which exceeded the control variant on 436–519 rubles per ton. The profitability of the applied herbicides was lower than the control variant on 30 and 39%. The grain productivity increase obtained in the trials has paid for the costs of herbicides’ use; the payback amount was 1.15–1.57 rubles.

Annual and perennial grasses are important not only as a source of green fodder, hay, silage, grass meal and haylage in feed production, but also as good forecrops, due to the ability to accumulate biological nitrogen in the soil (since it decreases the cost of mineral fertilizers), to disinfect the soil from micro zoo pests, to improve the physical condition of the soil (since it decreases soil density). Perennial grasses are also an important component of biologized crop rotations, since the amount of crop residues remaining in the soil after harvesting is several times greater than after winter crops. The field trials were conducted in 2009–2016 by the staff of the laboratory of row crop cultivation technology of the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. The experimental plot is located in the southern soil-climatic zone of the Rostov region (with insufficient and unstable moisture). The soil of the experimental plot is ordinary heavy loamy chernozem on loesslike loams, with 3.2% humus, neutral pH, and a high content of movable phosphorus and exchange potassium according to Machigin. The current paper has presented a bioenergetic estimation of grain (4-crop rotation sequence with annual grasses included) and biologized (8-crop rotation sequence with 25% perennial grasses) crop rotations. It has been established that nutrients’ amount per 1 ha of crop rotation area of biologized crop rotation is higher than in grain crop rotation on 22% of dry matter, on 40% of raw protein and on 39% of metabolic energy. Energy consumption per 1 kg of raw protein is lower on 27%.

For the Russian Federation, pea is a traditional cultivated agricultural crop, demanded both in the food industry for its excellent taste and in livestock for a high content of forage units and balanced protein (up to 90% of the protein are of easily soluble albumin and globulins), which contribute to lower costs for animal feeding. The current paper has presented the working results of the laboratory of row crop cultivation technology (FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”) for 2015–2016, which studied the impact of growth stimulants (“Etikhol”, “Gumistim”), bioorganic fertilizers “Intermag Profi”, and biological product “Rizotorfin” on the productivity of the middle-ripening pea variety “Aksaysky usaty 7”. The soil of the experimental plot is favorable for peas growing, as the humus content in the arable layer is 3.36%, pH is 7.0, P2 O5 is 24.4; K2 O is 360 mg per one kg of soil. The studied preparations had an impact on the elements of the yield structure and grain productivity. Productivity has significantly improved due to application of most fertilizers. The largest productivity increase on 0.57 t/ha or 26.4% to the control was observed with the use of “Intermag Profi”. This experiment had also better energetic and economic indicators compared to other variants. The increase of net energy income compared to control was 9.48 GJ/ha, the decrease in energy intensity was on 1.14 GJ/t, the increase of energetic efficiency was on 0.59 units. The increase of net income was on 6507 rubles/ha, the cost of production reduced on 1232 rubles/ton and profitability increased on 27%.

The nutritional value of soybean seeds is in high protein (up to 35%) and fat (up to 25%) percentage. In the Russian Federation, there is a positive trend in increasing the soybean acreage (e. g. from 1.537 million hectares in 2013 to 2.919 million hectares in 2018). The field trials were carried out in the laboratory of cultivation technology of row crops of the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” (Zernograd, southern soil-climatic region of the Rostov region) in 2016–2017. The experiments were conducted with the varieties of local breeding “Don 21” and “Diva”, included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation in 6 regions, differing in the length of vegetation period. The soil of the experimental plot is favorable for soybean cultivation, the humus content in the topsoil is 3.36%; pH is 7.0; P2O5 is 24.4; K2O is 360 mg/kg of soil. Depending on the sowing period, the soybean yields varied from 0.85 to 1.25 t/ha for the variety “Don 21” and from 0.77 to 1.38 t/ha for the variety “Diva”. The protein content in soybean seeds was the highest in the fourth term of sowing (41.9 and 39.8%), and the fat content in the first term was 19.0 and 20.2% (the varieties “Don 21” and “Diva” respectively). The analysis of economic and energy efficiency identified the most effective variants of the trial. The variety “Don 21” had the second sowing period, the variety “Diva” had the third one, with the highest values of profitability (129.8 and 147.7%) and the energy efficiency ratio (2.03 and 2.18).

Soybean is the most important food protein and oil grain crop in the world. However, in the Rostov region, the areas under this crop are insignificant (12.3 thousand hectares or 0.21% of the arable land in 2015). As the Rostov region is the zone of insufficient and unstable moistening, soybean is a promising leguminous crop, which is resistant to lodging and to damage by diseases. The studies were conducted in 2016-2017 to determine soybean response to different sowing time. The research work was carried out on the fields of the FSBSI “Agricultural Scientific Center “Donskoy” (the laboratory of cultivation technologies of row crops) located in the southern soil-climatic zone of the Rostov region. The soil of the test plot is ordinary blackearth (chernozem), heavy loamy, carbonate on forestry loam, with such agrochemical indicators of soil as 3.36% of humus; 7.0 of pH; 24.4 of P2O5; 360 mg of K2O per kg of soil. The object of research was the soybean varieties “Don 21” and “Diva” approved for use in the Rostov region. The article presents the results on the effect of sowing dates on the length of the vegetation period, the elements of yield structure and productivity of soybean seeds. The length of the vegetation period varied depending on the sowing time and was the shortest in the fourth term of sowing, viz. 110 and 116 days for the varieties “Don 21” and “Diva” respectively. The highest values of the elements of the yield structure (the number of beans per plant (21.7 and 19.5 pcs.), seeds' weight per plant (3.87 and 3.58 g) and 1000-seeds weight (146.9 and 146.7 g) were identified in the variety “Diva” (the third sowing term) and in the variety “Don 21” (the second sowing term). In the same variants of the trial, the maximum yields were produced by the varieties “Diva” and “Don 21” (1.38 and 1.25 t/ha respectively).

The article presents the study results of seed inoculation by specific strains Mesorhizobiumciceri on number and weight of chickpea root nodules, productivity and nutrition value of chickpea cultivated in the southern nature-climatic part of the Rostov region. The study was conducted on the fields of FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” (in the laboratory of cultivation technology of row crops) located in the southern part of the Rostov region in 2015–2016. The soil of the plot was heavy loamy carbonate blackearth (chernozem) with 7.0 рН, 3.2% of humus, 18–25 of P2O5 mg/kg of soil and 350–400 of K2O mg/kg of soil. The object of the study was a chickpea variety ‘Volgogradsky 10’, approved to use in the Rostov region. The strains of nodule bacteria (Rhyzotorfin) were developed and presented by the FSBSI All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Microbiology (the laboratory of ecology of symbiotic and associative rhizobacteria). Agroclimatic conditions of chickpea vegetation period ranged throughout the years of study that allowed estimating chickpea productivity without fear or favor. The use of Rhyzotorfin strains resulted in increasing preservation of plants for harvesting, improving seed productivity (seed-weight per plant, 1000-kernel weight) and increasing grain productivity (with the increase on 0.24–0.51 t/ha compared with the control). Large yields of fodder units and raw protein per unit area testified the improvement of nutrition value of chickpea kernels, and the increase of these traits to the control was 0.33–0.68 t/ha and 26.5-93.1 kg/ha respectively.

Among all legumes chickpea is the most resistant and tolerant to heat and drought. But its productivity in the Rostov region is significantly dependent on soil water and nutrition elements content. The field trials were carried out in 2012–2016 in the laboratory of the cultivation technology of row crops in the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center ‘Donskoyʼ, located in the southern part of the Rostov region (town of Zernograd). The study showed that in the years with sufficient water content in soil chickpea productivity can reach 2.06 t/ha, in the years of drought productivity reduces to 1.34–1.54 t/ha. There has been determined a positive dependence of productivity on the reserves of productive moisture and available nutrition elements in the soil. The flowering (r = 0.63) and the germ phases (r = 0.59) in a meter soil layer showed the largest correlation between productivity and water reserves in soil. The largest coefficients of correlation between chickpea productivity and nitrate nitrogen (r = 0.63) and changeable potassium (r = 0.64) content in soil layer of 0–30 cm have been noted in the germ phase and mobile phosphorus (r = 0.76) content in soil layer of 0–30 cm have been noted in the flowering phase.

In the article we give the results of study of the effects of liquid complex fertilizers with micro elements of OOO ‘VolskiBiochim’ (Nizhny Novgorod) on field germination, survival rate of plants to harvesting, productivity, economic and energetic efficiency of maize hybrid cultivation. In the process of study we used maize hybrids of different groups of ripeness; they are a mid-early hybrid ‘Zernogradsky 282 MV’ (FAO280) and a mid-ripening hybrid ‘Zernogradsky 354 MV’ (FAO350). The hybrids ‘Zernogradsky 282 MV’ and ‘Zernogradsky 354 MV’ produced the largest harvests of 3,61 t/ha and 3,93 t/ha while using ‘MicroMak’ for a seed processing and ‘Micro El’ for a plant processing. The economic accounts showed that the hybrids gave a conventional net income of 11679-13853 rub/ha and profitability of 86-101% after using of liquid complex fertilizers with micro elements ‘MicroMak’ for a presowing seed processing and ‘Micro El’ for a plant processing during vegetation. The analysis of energetic efficiency of the maize hybrids showed that these variants of the experiments gave a larger net energy income of 40,68-45,39 GJ/ha and a coefficient of energy efficiency of 3,91-4,22 GJ/ha. In all variants of the experiments a mid-ripening hybrid ‘Zernogradsky 354 MV’ showed higher figures of productivity, economic and bio energetic efficiency than a mid-early hybrid ‘Zernogradsky 282 MV’.

To stabilize the production of forage grain in the dry parts of the Rostov region it is necessary to implement highly productive varieties of grain sorghum. With the help of the crop it’s possible to solve the problems of maintenance of sustained productivity of grain every year. The researches were carried out in 2013-2015 by the All-Russian RI of Grain Crops named after I.G. Kalinenko to determine the efficiency of cultivation of grain sorghum varieties in the regions of unstable and insufficient humidity of the Rostov region. The agroclimatic conditions in the years of study significantly differed in the amount of precipitations, in the temperature regime, which allowed objectively evaluating the studied varieties. The article gives the results of the study of grain productivity and quality (the yield of fodder units, digestible protein, metabolizable energy content in the dry matter; the bioenergitic efficiency of grain sorghum cultivation has been considered). The varieties ‘Khazine 28’, ‘Zernogradskoe 53’, ‘Luchistoe’, ‘Orlovskoe’, ‘Zernogradskoe 88’ and ‘Velikan’, considered in the article, belong to the early and middle maturing groups of varieties and they have a high content of starch (74.1-76.0%). On average the studied varieties formed the grain productivity of 3.73-4.76 t/ha, with the fodder units of 4.63-5.85 t/ha and the content of raw protein of 11.4-12.8%. The cultivation technologies of grain sorghum produced net energetic profit of 29.56-40.11 GJ/ha with the coefficient of energetic efficiency of 3.3-3.9. According to the energy content all grain sorghum varieties are considered efficient.

Chickpea is the most promising crop for dry parts of the Rostov region, as it is drought tolerant, resistant to lodging, diseases and pests. The purpose of the study is to find out the deviations of productivity and protein content in chickpea depending on meteorological conditions in the southern part of the Rostov region. The experiments were conducted in 2012-2016 at the fields of the All-Russian Research Institute of Grain Crops named after I.G. Kalinenko (laboratory of cultivation technology of row-crop), which are located in the southern soil-climatic part of the Rostov region with unstable and insufficient humidity. The soil on the fields is heavy loamy, carbonaceous black earth (chernozem). The object of the study was the chickpea variety ‘Volgogradsky 10’, approved to use in the Rostov region. The article presents the results of the correlation analysis of the effect of meteorological conditions of the southern part of the Rostov region on the duration of vegetation period of chickpea, its productivity and protein content. The correlation analysis showed a great dependence of the duration of vegetation period on the amount precipitations (r=0.92) and the sum of temperatures (r=-0.86). The meteorological conditions during the second half of vegetation period, i.e. sum of temperatures (r=0.90), amount of precipitations (r=0.87) and GTK (r=0.76), had a positive effect on protein content in chickpea kernels. The regressive analysis of the effect of precipitations and air temperature on productivity and protein content showed the change of its indexes due to climatic factors. The intervals between precipitations and sum of temperatures which increase productivity and protein content have been established. During the years of study precipitations and air temperatures influenced on productivity and protein content in kernels in different ways, as the largest yields were obtained at 200-220 mm of precipitations and 1750-19500C during the vegetation period; the largest amount of protein in chickpea kernels were received at 100-120 mm of precipitations and 2100-21500C.

The research was carried out in 2012-2016 in FSBSI All-Russian Research Institute of Grain Crops after I.G. Kalinenko (the laboratory of primary seed-growing and study of seed), located in the southern soil-climatic area of the Rostov region, characterized with unstable and insufficient humidity. The soil of the experimental plot is calcareous heavy loam blacksoil (chernozem), the object of the study is the spring barley variety ‘Leon’ 9introduced into the State List of Breeding Achievements of RF since 2012). The agroclimatic conditions during the years of study significantly differed in the amount of precipitation (from 96.8 mm in 2013 to 249.8 mm in 2015), in temperature regime (from 1923.90C in 2012 to 1721.90C in 2014), that gave an opportunity to evaluate the productivity of the spring barley variety ‘Leon’. The article deals with the study results of the effect of meteorological conditions on the length of vegetation period, productivity of the main element of yield structure of spring barley, i.e. number of productive stems per m2, kernel weight per head, number of kernels per head and 1000-seed weight. We have determined the correlation between the sum of active temperatures, average daily temperature of air, amount of precipitation, relative air humidity and hydrothermal co-efficient (HTC) during the vegetation period and the main economic-valuable traits of spring barley. The sum of precipitation (r=+0.81) and HTC (r=+0.82) had a strong positive effect on the length of a vegetation period. The relative air humidity showed a strong correlation with the number of productive stems per m2 (r=0.87). The meteorological conditions had a slight effect on the productivity; there were average positive and negative correlations. The study determined a sum of active temperatures and precipitation at which the largest yields could be produced.

The effect of cultivation technologies on chick pea productivity in the southern part of the Rostov region Chick pea with its high tolerance to drought, resistance to lodging, pests and diseases is the most promising grain culture for dry areas of the Rostov region. The purpose of the research is to improve chick pea productivity due to fertilizing with microelements and growth regulators. The study was carried out in 2012-2014 on the fields of All-Russian Research Institute of Grain Crops named after I.G. Kalinenko (the laboratory of cultivation technology of row crops), located in the southern soil-climatic part of the Rostov region characterized with unstable and insufficient humidity. The soil of the experimental plot is common heavy loamy, lime black earth (chernozem). The subject of the study was the chick pea variety ‘Volgogradsky 10’ approved to use in the Rostov region. The article presents the data about the effect of fertilizing with microelements and growth regulators on field germination, safety of plants before harvesting, elements of yield structure and productivity, economic and bioenergetics efficiency of chick pea cultivation. The largest indexes of field germination (82.4%) and chick pea safety before harvesting (89.1%) have been achieved after fertilizing with microelements combined with seed treatment by ‘Ekomak’ and plant treatment by ‘Mikroel’. Due to it there have been received the maximum indexes of elements of yield structure, namely ‘number of beans per plant’ - 15.8 pc.; ‘number of kernels per plant’ - 17.4 pc.; ‘kernel weight per plant’ - 4.83g; ‘1000-kernel weight’ - 247.2g. In the same experiment the largest increase of productivity was 0.57 t/ha (or 39.0%) in addition to the control, and there were the highest indexes of energetic and economic efficiency of chick pea cultivation with 22.73 GJ/ha of net energetic profit, 6.49 GJ/t of energy content in the product, 2.72 coefficient of energetic efficiency, 13141 rub/ha of net income, 8527 rub/t of net cost, 75.9% of profitability.

The effect of inoculation by the drugs on the basis of the bacteria Mesorhizobium Ciceri on the chickpea productivity in the south of the Rostov region For the zone of insufficient and unstable hydration of the Rostov region, the most promising leguminous crop is chickpea as it possesses high drought resistance, heat resistance, resistance to lodging and diseases. The research was conducted in 2015-2017 to determine the reaction of chickpea on the use of various strains of nodule bacterium Mesorhizobium cicero (producents of the inoculant ‘Risotorfin’). For the processing of chickpea seeds, there was used an inoculant, produced by the All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Microbiology (St. Petersburg). The research work was carried out on the fields of the agricultural scientific center ‘Donskoy’ (laboratory of cultivated crops technology), located in the southern soil and climatic zone of the Rostov region. The soil of the experimental plot is ordinary blackearth (chernozem), heavy loamy, calcareous on forestry loams. The object of research was the chickpea variety ‘Volgogradsky 10’, approved to use in the Rostov region. The article presents the study results of the influence of bio drugs on field germination, the preservation of plants for harvesting, the elements of the yield structure, the productivity, the economic and bioenergetic efficiency of chickpea cultivation. The greatest values of such elements of the structure of chickpea yield structure as ‘number of beans per plant’ and ‘number of seeds per plant’, ‘seed weight per plant’ and ‘1000-seed weight’ were obtained when using the biologic drug based on Mesorhizobium ciceri KZ-2013 . In the same version of the experiment, there was a maximum yield increase compared with the control variety and the highest indexes of energetic and economic efficiency of chickpea cultivation.

Due to the increasing aridity during the vegetation, productivity of fodder crops is unstable in the last years, and does not meet the cattle needs in rich feed. We can solve the problem by increasing the areas with grass sorghum, which is a promising crop for obtaining green mass and hay. The article has given the study results of productivity and assessment of bio energetic efficiency of cultivation of new varieties of Sudan grass and sorghum-Sudan hybrids. The field trials were conducted from 2011 till 2015 in the laboratory of breeding of fodder sorghum of FSBSI ARRICG after I.G. Kalinenko. In the field trials the soil consisted of chernozem (black soil), carbonate, heavy-loamy, with a humus content in arable layer (3,5%). During the years of study the average productivity of the new variety ‘Krasava’ was 48,8 t/ha of green mass, 11,7 t/ha of dry matter , which was on 15,6% and 14,7% higher than the productivity of the standard variety ‘Aleksandrina’. The productivity of the sorghum-Sudan hybrid ‘Germes’ was 58,6 t/ha of green mass and 13,3 t/ha of dry matter, which was on 9,9% and 9,05 higher than the productivity of the standard hybrid ‘Gustolistny’. The variety ‘Krasava’ and the hybrid ‘Germes’ produced the largest yield of fodder units (10,25 and 12,81 t/ha), digestible protein (0,707 and 0,885t/ha), energy (118,17 and 135,13 GJ/ha), coefficient of energetic efficiency (4,14 and 4,61).