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The purpose of the study: the study of the characteristics of the intestinal microbiome in young men who are professionally engaged in sports.Materials and methods: the study involved 36 young men aged 18 to 26 years. Fecal samples were taken from the study participants and then bacterial DNA was isolated from the obtained samples.Results: comparing the intestinal microbe of athletes with the control group, it is possible to trace the positive effect of sports on the overall diversity of representatives of the intestinal microbiota. When analyzing the taxonomic composition, it is worth separately noting the increase in representatives of lactate-producing bacteria and the increased content of Akkermansia muciniphila in athletes.Conclusions: the results of the study indicate the effects of sports training on the human gut microbiota and suggest the presence of a close two-way relationship “microbiome — muscle tissue”.

Purpose of the study: the aim of that study was an investigation of the level of adipokines, myokines and growth factors in the blood of athletes involved in acyclic sports — martial arts.Materials and methods: we have investigated 15 male athletes aged 15–19 years. The control group included 15 healthy men of the same age who did not engage in sports. In the blood serum of the all subjects, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, apelin, irisin, adipsin, myostatin, FGF21, osteocrin and oncostatin were determined using a multiplex analysis.Results: studies have shown that long-term regular martial arts training is accompanied by a decrease in the level of leptin, resistin and oncostatin M in the blood of athletes and a change in correlations between the content of the studied myokines, adipokines and growth factors compared with their values in the control group.Conclusions: regular long-term martial arts training is accompanied by a decrease in the level of leptin, resistin and oncostatin M in the blood of athletes. Their occurrence is associated with changes in the state of regulatory systems that control the production and secretion of myokines, adipokines and growth factors in adipose, muscle, nervous and bone tissue. The resulting shifts ensure adaptation of the athletes’ bodies to physical activity.

BACKGROUND: A special role in the development of obesity is given to the genetic polymorphism of lipid metabolism enzymes, which include triacylglycerol lipase. However, there is still no information about the relationship between the single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) of the triacylglycerol lipase (LIPC) gene and the state of the endocrine function of mesenchymal tissues in childhood and adolescence obesity.AIM: The aim of the work was to study the relationship between snp LIPC for rs2070895 and changes in the content of adipokines, myokines, and the values of blood lipid metabolism in obese children and adolescents with different sexes.MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 96 healthy children and adolescents of different sexes and 98 obese peers, a study was conducted to assess the snp of the LIPC by rs2070895. In the blood serum of the examined, the content of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, triacylglycerols, glucose, activity of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, as well as the level of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, apelin, irisin, adipsin, myostatin, FGF21, osteocrine, oncostatin M , insulin and asprosin.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: It has been established that obesity in boys is accompanied by hyperleptinemia, the occurrence of insulin resistance and disorders of blood lipid metabolism. In carriers of the heterozygous allele -250G/A, dyslipidemia and atherogenesis decrease in obesity, but alteration of internal organs increases. In girls with different LIPC genotypes for rs2070895, with obesity, there is an increase in the level of leptin and apelin, as well as irisin and insulin in the blood. In girls with the homozygous allele -250G/G, in addition to that, the content of resistin, asprosin and prolactin decreases in the blood, which is not are typical for girls with the heterozygous allele -250G/A. In obese girls with the heterozygous allele, the levels of adipsin, FGF-21, oncostatin M, and osteocrine increase, which are not typical for obese girls with the homozygous allele. Against the background of changes in the content of adipokines and myokines in girls homozygous for LIPC, obesity occurs dyslipemia, which is not typical for girls with the heterozygous allele -250G/A.CONCLUSION: The snp of LIPC at rs2070895 has sex-dependent effects on the levels of adipokines, myokines, and parameters lipid metabolism in the blood.

BACKGROUND. Among the many causes of obesity, genetic factors occupy a special place. An obvious role among them belongs to the genetic polymorphism of lipid metabolism enzymes, including paraoxonase-1 (PON-1). Until now, the character of the relationship between PON-1 polymorphism and the state of the endocrine function of mesenchymal tissues remains unclear. Its study will clarify the subtle mechanisms of the development of obesity in childhood and adolescence.AIM. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between PON-1 polymorphism (rs662) and changes in the content of adipokines, myokines, and blood lipid metabolism in children and adolescents of different sexes with obesity.MATERIALS AND METHODS. In 100 healthy children and adolescents of different sexes and 89 of their peers with obesity, a genetic study was conducted to assess the single nucleotide polymorphism of the PAO-1 (rs662) genes. In blood serum, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, triacylglycerols, glucose and aminotransferase activity (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) were determined by photometric methods, as well as leptin, adiponectin, resistin, apelin, irisin, adipsin, myostatin, FGF21, osteocrine, oncostatin and insulin — by multiplex ELISA, and asprosin — by ELISA ones.RESULTS. The patients with the homozygous Arg192/Arg allele, the development of complications of obesity in boys is limited and their occurrence in girls is prevented. In other variants of PON-1 polymorphism (Gln192/Gln and Gln192/Arg genotypes), protective mechanisms are formed in the body of girls aimed at preventing complications in obesity. In boys with the Gln192/Gln genotype, obesity reveals more pronounced shifts in lipid metabolism, manifestations of alteration and an increase in the mass of adipose tissue, and in boys-carriers of the heterozygous Gln192/Arg allele, atherogenesis processes increase.CONCLUSION. Polymorphism of the paraoxonase-1 gene (rs662) contributes to the appearance of gender differences in changes in the content of adipokines and myokines in the blood during obesity in childhood and adolescence.

By present time safety problems of gene therapy are widely discussed among scientists of all world. In this review results of clinical researches are summarized; explanations concerning side effects of vectors integration are given; factors that can cause genotoxicity are discussed. Approaches which can save or increase clinical efficacy of gene therapy with use as targets hematopoietic stem cells, thus significantly reduced risk of leukemia development and other side effects related to vectors including in genome, are presented.

Human mesenchimal stem cells (MSC) growth dynamics, immunophenotype change, genetic stability on early (3—4) and late (10—12) passages at in vitro culturing was studied. Results of bone marrow stromal fibroblasts culturing (n=25) from allogeneic transplant recipients with hematological disorders are presented. It has been shown, that in MSC population cultivated in vitro linear homogeneity of cells is observed on 3—4 passage, and remains on 10—12 passage. Clonal heterogeneities of MSC population and selective advantage of certain clones during culturing was revealed as aneuploidy analysis results of cultivated cells. The MSC culturing protocol used in our work allows receiving well characterized MSC number sufficient for clinical application as early as 3—4 passage. While using in the therapeutic purposes MSC later terms of expansion it is necessary to have close control of cells immunophenotype and genetic stability, which will allow avoiding in the future the undesirable long-term consequences of MSC cultures clinical use. The obtained data are discussed and compared with literature data.

Now mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are more widely applied in different areas of medicine. However, despite requirement for considerable quantities of human MSC for clinical practice, there is restricted information concerning culture conditions optimization required for their production. In present article the literature review, concerning various conditions of MSC extraction and culture, is presented. Influence of culture medium, cells passage density, fetal calf serum presence or absence and other conditions on MSC proliferation is surveyed. Data concerning use of three-dimensional structures and various bioreactors for ex vivo expansion are presented. MSC multilinear differentiation features are surveyed.

Autologic and allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) transplantation currently is used in clinical practice for hematopoietic progenitor engraftment acceleration and graft versus host disease prophylactic and treatment. In this literature review data concerning efficacy, safety and technologies of MSC clinical use are analyzed. Biological properties of MSC received in long-term culture and mechanisms of their interaction with other cells are discussed.

Cord blood cell composition is a short-lasting delivery stress consequence and is similar on adult G-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood.G-CSF realizes biological effect by number of secondary messengers, many of which are also natural effectors of stress. In this research comparative characteristics of cell composition, including lymphocytes subpopulations, CD34+ and CD133+ cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells colony-forming activity and mobilizing cytokines concentration (IL-8, MMP-2, MMP-9), between term newborns cord blood and G-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood is shown.Mobilized cytokines concentration ratio in combination with CD34+ cells count in cord blood and mobilized peripheral blood suggests that delivery stress possibly is not single cause of cord blood features.

Aim. To assess the concentrations of bacterial and eukaryotic metabolites mainly involved in indole, kynurenine, and serotonin pathways of tryptophan metabolism in a cohort of patients with obesity. Materials and methods. Using high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, the concentrations of several serum metabolites, such as kynurenine, kynurenic acid, anthranilic acid, xanthurenic acid, quinolinic acid, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetate, tryptamine, serotonin, indole-3-lactate, indole-3-acetate, indole-3- butyrate, indole-3-carboxaldehyde, indole-3-acrylate, and indole-3-propionate, were analyzed in a cohort of obese patients compared with healthy volunteers.Results. It was found that serum levels of tryptophan metabolites of microbial and eukaryotic origin were significantly increased in obese patients. Therefore, the concentration of kynurenine in the blood serum in obese patients was 2,413 ± 855 nmol / l, while in healthy volunteers of the same age group, the level of kynurenine in the blood serum was 2,122 ± 863 nmol / l. In obese patients, two acids formed due to kynurenine metabolism; the concentrations of kynurenic and quinolinic acids were increased in the blood serum. The concentration of kynurenic acid in the blood serum in obese patients was 21.1 ± 9.26 nmol / l, and in healthy patients, it was 16.8 ± 8.37 nmol / l. At the same time, the level of quinolinic acid in the blood serum in obese patients was 73.1 ± 54.4 nmol / l and in healthy volunteers – 56.8 ± 34.1 nmol / l. Normally, the level of quinolinic acid is 3.4 times higher than the concentration of kynurenic acid, and in case of obesity, there is a comparable increase in these acids in the blood serum.From indole derivatives, mainly of microbial origin, the concentrations of indole-3-lactate, indole-3-butyrate, and indole-3-acetate were significantly increased in the blood serum of obese patients. In obese patients, the serum concentration of 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetate was elevated to 74.6 ± 75.8 nmol / l (in healthy volunteers – 59.4 ± 36.6 nmol / l); indole-3-lactate – to 523 ± 251 nmol / l (in healthy volunteers – 433 ± 208 nmol / l); indole-3-acetate – to 1,633 ± 1,166 nmol / l (in healthy volunteers – 1,186 ± 826 nmol / l); and indole-3-butyrate – to 4.61 ± 3.31 nmol / l (in healthy volunteers – 3.85 ± 2.51 nmol / l).Conclusion. In case of obesity, the utilization of tryptophan was intensified by both the microbiota population and the macroorganism. It was found that obese patients had higher concentrations of kynurenine, quinolinic and kynurenic acids, indole-3-acetate, indole-3-lactate, indole-3-butyrate, and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetate. Apparently, against the background of increased production of proinflammatory cytokines by adipocytes in obese patients, the “kynurenine switch” was activated which contributed to subsequent overproduction of tryptophan metabolites involved in the immune function of the macroorganism.

Introduction. The concept of heterogeneity in obesity depending on the risk of developing cardiometabolic complications has garnered attention in recent decades, since not everyone with obesity goes on to develop metabolic dysfunction.The aim of the work is to study specific characteristics of colonic microbial communities in patients with different obesity phenotypes and in healthy individuals by employing metagenomics methods.Materials and methods. A total of 265 individuals (44 men and 221 women; mean age 47.1 ± 4.8 years) were enrolled in the study. They were further divided into clinical groups: Healthy normal-weight individuals (n = 129); patients with obesity (n = 136), including metabolically healthy obesity (n = 40) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (n = 55). Quantitative and qualitative assessment of the intestinal microbiome was based on metagenomic analysis. Fecal samples were used to isolate DNA and perform sequencing of the variable v3-v4 region of the 16S rRNA gene.Results. The study revealed statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences between quantitative and qualitative variables in studied phylotypes of colonic microorganisms in healthy individuals without obesity and in patients with different obesity phenotypes.Discussion. Patients with obesity had higher levels of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and lower levels of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, TM7 (Saccharibacteria), Fusobacteria, and more frequently detected phyla Tenericutes, Planctomycetes and Lentisphaerae compared to healthy individuals. Metabolically healthy obese patients had more rarely detected phylum Lentisphaerae in their colonic microbiome, increased numbers of Firmicutes and reduced numbers of Bacteroidetes compared to metabolically unhealthy obese patients.Conclusion. The findings demonstrate alterations in the colonic microbiome in patients with different obesity phenotypes.

Umbilical cord blood (CB) is now an attractive source of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for transplantation in pediatric and adult patients with various malignant and non-malignant diseases. However, its clinical application is limited by low cells numbers in graft, which correlates with delayed engraftment, an extension of time to platelets and neutrophils recovery and increasing risk of infectious complications. Several strategies have been suggested to overcome this limitation, one of which is obtaining a sufficient number of hematopoietic progenitor cells by ex vivo expansion. Literature review about CB HSCs expansion in given article is presented.

Cord blood cell composition is a short-lasting delivery stress consequence and is similar on adult G-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood. G-SCF realizes biological effect by number of secondary messengers, many of which are also natural effectors of stress. In this research comparative characteristics of cell composition, including lymphocytes subpopulations, CD34+ and CD133+ cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells colony-forming activity and mobilizing cytokines concentration (IL-8, MMP-2, MMP-9), between term newborns cord blood and G-SCF-mobilized peripheral blood is shown. Mobilized cytokines concentration ratio in combination with CD34+ cells count in cord blood and mobilized peripheral blood suggests that delivery stress possibly is not single cause of cord blood features.

By present time safety problems of gene therapy are widely discussed among scientists of all world. In this review results of clinical researches are summarized; explanations concerning side effects of vectors integration are given; factors that can cause genotoxicity are discussed. Approaches which can save or increase clinical efficacy of gene therapy with use as targets hematopoietic stem cells, thus significantly reduced risk of leukemia development and other side effects related to vectors including in genome, are presented.

The hypoxia is the powerful stressful factor, and, presumably, should result not only in rising of erythrocytes counts for the compensatory purpose, but also in rising of other blood cells number, as consequence of mobilization in the answer stress. In article the influence assessment of pregnancy and delivery features, acute and chronic fetal hypoxia on cord blood cell composition of the full-term newborns is shown. Increase of leucocytes count at elongation of the second period of delivery, presence of chronic prenatal hypoxia or acute hypoxia in delivery is revealed. Differences of cord blood cell composition depending on newborn gender and body weight which consist in higher leucocytes count (all subpopulations including hematopoietic stem cells) at boys and at higher body weight are shown. Differences according to gender and to body weight are independent from each other. It is shown, that boys worse adapt for delivery that is expressed in higher concentration of mobilization cytokines and higher leucocytes and hemopoietic progenitors count in cord blood. It is shown, that mobilization cytokine concentration (IL-8, G-CSF, MMP-9) in cord blood of full-term newborns statistically significantly above, than in peripheral blood of healthy donors. Thus IL-8, G-CSF, MMP-9 concentration higher at boys in comparison with girls; at normal delivery in comparison with delivery by planned cesarean sections and at acute fetal hypoxia.