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The heat transmission in a rectangular porous fin affected by a thermal non-equilibrium model with radiation and magnetic field influences is studied in this study. A ferrofluid containing ferroparticles (Fe3O, CoFe2O4, and Cu) and a mixture of 50 % water and 50 % ethylene glycol coats the fin. Dimensionless form is later achieved by formulating the governing equations for both the solid and ferrofluid phases. In order to get the answer, the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg (RK-45) scheme is used. Visual and tabular representations are used to investigate the effect on heat transmission of the Biot and Rayleigh numbers as well as the porous and convective parameters. The results show that the solid phase temperature profile is inferior for lower Hartmann numbers (H) and Rayleigh numbers (Ra). The disparity in temperature between the solid and ferrofluid phases decreases in proportion to the Ra. Applications for this type of device include heat exchangers, air conditioners, and cooling towers.

Fe2O3: Ni (1–9 mol.%) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using the co-precipitation method and calcined at 500∘C for 12 h. The crystallite size, phase, crystallinity, and structural parameters were analyzed via powder X-ray diffraction. The Bragg reflections confirmed that the synthesized NPs crystallize in a pure hexagonal crystal structure with space group R-3c. Surface morphology analysis revealed agglomerated NPs of irregular sizes and shapes. Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis confirmed the presence of Fe, O, and Ni elements, as well as the purity of the sample. Both the direct band gap energy and crystallite size decreased with increasing dopant concentration. Detailed studies were conducted on the photoluminescence and anticancer properties. The CIE coordinates indicated a color tuning from blue to green in the visible region. CIE coordinates and CCT values ranging between 2860 to 9547 k demonstrated that the synthesized nanophosphor material meets the requirements of display technology. Additionally, anticancer properties were investigated using HeLa cells and compared with the standard drug cisplatin for biomedical applications. Electrochemical investigations revealed super capacitance values ranging from 93.43 to 149.13 F/g at a scan rate of 10 mV/s with increasing Ni2+ concentration. Therefore, the synthesized Ni2+-doped hematite NPs show great promise in display technology, the biomedical field, and as supercapacitors in energy storage devices.

In this communication, for the first of its kind, CuAl2O4 doped with Ce3+ (1-9 mol %) are syn- thesized by solution combustion method using Aloe Vera gel as a reducing agent. The as-formed sample was calcined at 500° C for 3 hours, followed by characterization. The addition of dopants to the copper aluminate matrix didn't alter the crystal structure of the host matrix. Bragg reflec- tions confirm the formation of the cubic phase and also absence of other impurities. The surface morphology consists of nanorods arranged one above the other. The estimated crystallite size was found to decrease from 12 to 9 nm whereas, the direct energy band gap increases from 2.84 to 3.02 eV with an increase in dopant concentration. Under λex = 305 nm excitation, photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra have a high intense peak at 553 nm along with a less intense peak at 472 nm. The peak at 553 nm can be attributed to the existence of oxygen vacancies which arise due to the transition of an electron from the 2D3/2 → 2F7/2 of Ce3+, however, the peak observed at 472 nm results from the transition of ionized oxygen vacancies (VO) to the valence band caused by the 2D3/2 → 2F5/2 transition. The CIE coordinates lie well within the green region with 5758 K aver- age CCT. Further, Cyclic voltammetry analysis was conducted to investigate oxidation and redox peaks, while electrochemical impedance spectroscopy provided insights into ion transport kinetics. Specific capacitance values ranging from 29 to 59 F/g were obtained for CuAl2O4:Ce(1-9 mol %) NPs. These findings suggest potential applications for the synthesized material in areas such as display technology as a green nano phosphor and energy storage materials.

Calcium ferrite nanoparticles doped with Chromium (10-50 mol %) are synthesized using the solution combustion method, employing citrus Lemon extract as a reducing agent, followed by a calcination process at 500oC. Various characterization techniques are employed on the calcined samples. The Bragg reflections resulting from Chromium doping confirm the formation of a singular orthorhombic calcium ferrite phase. Crystallite sizes determined using both Scherrer’s and W-H plot methods found to be decreases with increase in dopant concentration. The surface morphology showcases agglomerated nanoparticles with irregular shapes and sizes, accompanied by pores and voids. The energy band gap found to be increases with increase in dopant concentration from 2.82 to 2.93 eV. The hysteresis loop analysis provides magnetic parameters including saturation magnetization (Ms), remanence (Mr), and coercivity (Hc). As the dopant concentration increases, Ms and Hc found to be maximum at 30 mol% cr3+ concentration in CaFe2O4 NPs. Linear increase in frequency-dependent conductivity at lower frequencies was observed. The presence of semicircles at low frequencies signifies compliance with the Cole-Cole formula for impedance behavior. Additionally, a detailed discussion on dielectric properties is presented. Notably, the dielectric constant decreases from 4.2 to 2.74 with an increase in dopant concentration. These distinctive attributes position the samples as suitable candidates for memory devices as well as high-frequency device applications.

For the first time Pb, Ni, and Cu nanocomposites were synthesized by versatile solution combustion synthesis using Aloevera extract as a reducing agent, to study the potential applications in X-ray/gamma, neutron, and Bremsstrahlung shielding. The synthesized Lead–Nickel–Copper (LNC) nanocomposites were characterized by PXRD, SEM, UV–VIS, and FTIR for the confirmation of successful synthesis. PXRD analysis confirmed the formation of multiphase LNC NCs and the Scherrer equation and the W-H plot gave the average crystal sizes of 19 nm and 17 nm. Surface morphology using SEM and EDX confirmed the presence of LNC NCs. Strong absorption peaks were analyzed by UV visible spectroscopy and the direct energy gap is found to be 3.083 eV. Functional groups present in the LNC NCs were analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy. X-ray/gamma radiation shielding properties were measured using NaI(Tl) detector coupled with MCA. It is found to be very close to Pb. Neutron shielding parameters were compared with traditional shielding materials and found LNC NCs are better than lead and concrete. Secondary radiation shielding known as Bremsstrahlung shielding characteristics also studied and found that LNC NCs are best in secondary radiation shielding. Hence LNC NCs find shielding applications in ionizing radiation such as X-ray/gamma and neutron radiation.

Nickel (10∼50 mol%) doped calcium ferrite nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized by the solution combustion method using lemon juice extract as a reducing agent, followed by calcination at 500°C. The calcined samples are characterized with different techniques. The Bragg reflections of Nickel doping confirm the formation of a single orthorhombic calcium ferrite phase. The crystallite size is estimated using both Scherrer's and the W-H plot method. The surface morphology consists of irregular size and shaped agglomerated NPs along with pores and voids. A blueshift and a broad absorption spectrum is observed with an increase in the direct energy band gap. The direct energy band gap estimated from Wood and Tauc's relationship was found to be 2.91∼2.97 eV with an increase in dopant concentration. The magnetic analysis provided values for saturation magnetization (Ms), remanence (Mr), and coercivity (Hc), while dielectric studies demonstrated a dielectric constant of 2.81, 2.14, and 1.67 with increasing dopant concentration. The variation of dielectric properties of the sample as a function of frequency in the range 0.1∼20 MHz has been studied at room temperature. The dielectric properties of CaFe2O4: Ni (1∼9 mol%) NPs clearly indicate that there is a more pronounced dispersion at lower frequencies, gradually reaching saturation as the frequency increases. The dielectric loss was found to decrease from 4.62, 3.22, and 2.32 with an increase in Ni2+ substitution (10, 30, and 50 mol%) respectively. These results indicate the suitability of these samples for applications in memory devices and high-frequency applications.

Barium Bismuth Oxide Borate (BBOB) has been synthesized for the first time using solution combustion technique. SEM analysis reveal flower shape of the nanoparticles. The formation of the nanoparticles has been confirmed through XRD & FTIR studies which gives the physical and chemical structure of the novel material. The UV light absorption is observed in the range 200–300 nm. The present study highlights the radiation shielding ability of BBOB for different radiations like X/Gamma rays, Bremsstrauhlung and neutrons. The gamma shielding efficiency is comparable to that of lead in lower energy range and lesser than lead in the higher energy range. The bremsstrauhlung exposure constant is comparably larger for BBOB NPs than that of concrete and steel however it is lesser than that of lead. The beauty of BBOB nanoparticles lies in, high absorption of radiations and low emission of secondary radiations when compared to lead. In addition, the neutron shielding parameters like scattering length, absorption and scattering cross sections of BBOB are found to be much better than lead, steel and concrete. Thus, BBOB nanoparticles are highly efficient in absorbing X/Gamma rays, neutrons and bremsstrauhlung radiations.

For the first time Aluminium-BariumZinc oxide nanocomposite (ZABONC) was synthesized by solution combustion method where calcination was carried out at low temperatures (6000C) to study the electromagnetic (EM) (X/γ) radiation shielding properties. Further for characterization purpose standard techniques like PXRD, SEM, UV-VISIBLE, FTIR were used to find phase purity, functional groups, surface morphology, and to do structural analysis and energy band gap determination. The PXRD pattern shows (hkl) planes corresponding to spinel cubic phase of ZnAl2O4, cubic Ba(NO3)2, α and γ phase of Al2O3 which clearly confirms the formation of complex nano composite. From SEM histogram mean size of nano particles was calculated and is in the order of 17 nm. Wood and Tauc’s relation direct energy band gap calculation gives energy gap of 2.9 eV. In addition, EM (X/γ) shielding properties were measured and compared with the theoretical ones using standard procedures (NaI (Tl) detector and multi channel analyzer MCA). For energy above 356 keV the measured shielding parameters agree well with the theory, while below this value slight deviation is observed, due to the influence of atomic/crystallite size of the ZABONC. Hence synthesized ZABONC can be used as a shielding material in EM (X/γ) radiation shielding.

The current study reports the synthesis of Fe2O3 NPs by the co-precipitation method and the evaluation of the anticancer activity and X-ray/gamma absorption study. PXRD analysis confirmed the formation of monophase trigonal-shaped NPs, and the average crystal size is computed using both Scherrer equation and W-h plot and found to be 45 nm and 54 nm respectively. The direct energy gap is computed from the Wood-Taucs plot and found to be 1.76 eV. FTIR analysis confirmed the functional groups present in NPs. Surface morphology studies confirmed by SEM and EDAX analysis confirmed the chemical composition. Anti-cancer studies verified the efficacy of Fe2O3 NPs in cell viability and cell death when compared with Cisplatin. Finally, a NaI(Tl) detector is used to evaluate Mass attenuation co-efficient of the X-ray and gamma radiation shielding characteristics. Shielding requirements are comparable to those for lead. Thus, the synthesized Fe2O3 nanoparticles can be used for anticancer activities, particularly in tailored drug delivery systems, and radiation shielding instead of toxic lead shielding.

For the first time, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized by the green combustion method using apple peel extract as a reducing agent. Further, ZnO-Deoxy-d-Glucose (2DG) nanohybrids were synthesized by the sputtering method. These synthesized biomolecule-coated NPs and nanohybrids are characterized with different techniques. The Bragg reflections confirm the hexagonal Wurtzite structure for ZnO. A decrease in crystallite size and an increase in energy band gap were observed for ZnO and ZnO-2DG. The tuning of the band gap plays a vital role in cytotoxicity, arbitrated by intracellular reactive oxygen species. The cytotoxic properties, such as the percentage of inhibition and the percentage of the proliferation of ZnO and ZnO-2DG nanohybrid, are examined against the Kidney cancer Vero cell line and also compared with the standard drugs Levofloxacin and Doxorubicin. Compared to ZnO, ZnO-2DG shows excellent cytotoxic properties, even better than the standard drug against the Vero cell line. Thus, the present ZnO-2DG nanohybrid might be used as a nanodrug and go on to replace Levofloxacin and Doxorubicin as standard drugs in kidney cancer cell therapy.

A new theoretical tri-hybrid nanofluid model for enhancing the heat transfer is presented in this article. This model explains the method to obtain a better heat conductor than the hybrid nanofluid. The tri-hybrid nanofluid is formed by suspending three types of nanoparticles with different physical and chemical bonds into a base fluid. In this study, the nanoparticles TiO2, Al2O3 and SiO2 are suspended into water thus forming the combination TiO2-SiO2-Al2O3-H2O. This combination helps in decomposing harmful substances, environmental purification and other appliances that requires cooling. The properties of tri-hybrid nanofluid such as Density, Viscosity, Thermal Conductivity, Electrical Conductivity and Specific Heat capacitance are defined mathematically in this article. The system of equations that governs the flow and temperature of the fluid are converted to ordinary differential equations and are solved using RKF-45 method. The results are discussed through graphs and it is observed that the tri-hybrid nanofluid has a better thermal conductivity than the hybrid nanofluid.

This work elucidates the synthesis of V2O5, Praseodymium (Pr) doped vanadium pentoxide Pr-V2O5 nanoparticles (NPs) and Pr-V2O5/rGO nanocomposite by green combustion method, using Manilkara zapota as a novel combustion fuel. The synthesised Pr-V2O5/rGO nano catalyst was characterized by various physicochemical techniques. Pr-V2O5/rGO exhibits an excellent electrochemical ability to detect Pb2+ with lower limit of detection 2.919 nM and sensitivity 0.8113 μA/nM cm2. Further, the Pr-V2O5/rGO employed for the photocatalytic degradation of MB dye displayed remarkable efficiency through swift degradation. Also, the conditions such as catalytic load, pH, and dye concentration were optimized to achieve most efficient degradation of the dye. Pr-V2O5 provides a greater number of catalytic sites and high ion transport channels, whereas rGO provides the conductivity and porosity to the nanocatalyst. By utilizing these synergic advantages, Pr-V2O5/rGO nanocatalyst effectively detects heavy metal ions (HMIs) and degrade methylene blue (MB) dye, befitting from unique morphology of Pr doped V2O5 nanoparticles wrapped into the two dimensional rGO nano sheets. The above results limelight that Pr-V2O5/rGO as the multifunctional catalyst for promising detection of hazardous metal ions and effective environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized via green solution combustion method using Ocimum sanctum Linn (Tulsi) leaves extract as a reducing agent. The as-formed and calcined (500∘C for 3[Formula: see text]h) CeO2 NPs were characterized with different techniques. The Bragg reflections clearly indicate that the formation of cubic fluorite structure with crystallite size was found to be 10[Formula: see text]nm. The surface morphology of as-formed and calcined sample is made up of large number of irregular shaped NPs. However, agglomeration of the NPs is more in calcined sample. The estimated direct energy band gap from Tauc’s relation was found to be 2.92[Formula: see text]eV and 2.87[Formula: see text]eV for the as-formed and calcined sample, respectively. Photoluminescence spectra, CIE and CCT values clearly indicate that the present nanophosphor might find an application in display technology. Antifungal and anticancer studies show that CeO2 NPs are noncytotoxic against fungus and cancerous cells. Whereas, electrochemical studies show that the synthesized CeO2 NPs show redox peaks and pseudo capacitance and hence it finds importance in supercapacitor applications.

Obesity is one of the major contributors to the excess mortality seen in people with severe mental illness (SMI) and in low- and middle-income countries people with SMI may be at an even greater risk. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of obesity and overweight in people with SMI and investigate the association of obesity and overweight with sociodemographic variables, other physical comorbidities, and health-risk behaviours. This was a multi-country cross-sectional survey study where data were collected from 3989 adults with SMI from three specialist mental health institutions in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was estimated using Asian BMI thresholds. Multinomial regression models were then used to explore associations between overweight and obesity with various potential determinants. There was a high prevalence of overweight (17·3 %) and obesity (46·2 %). The relative risk of having obesity (compared to normal weight) was double in women (RRR = 2·04) compared with men. Participants who met the WHO recommendations for fruit and vegetable intake had 2·53 (95 % CI: 1·65–3·88) times greater risk of having obesity compared to those not meeting them. Also, the relative risk of having obesity in people with hypertension is 69 % higher than in people without hypertension (RRR = 1·69). In conclusion, obesity is highly prevalent in SMI and associated with chronic disease. The complex relationship between diet and risk of obesity was also highlighted. People with SMI and obesity could benefit from screening for non-communicable diseases, better nutritional education, and context-appropriate lifestyle interventions.

Abstract The dynamic synergy of genes and pathways in muscles in relation to age affects the muscle characteristics. Investigating the temporal changes in gene expression will help illustrate the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle development. Here we report the gene expression changes in skeletal muscles through successive age groups in Bandur, a meat type sheep of India. RNA sequencing data was generated from the longissimus thoracis muscles from four age groups, ranging from lamb to adult. Analysis of 20 highest expressed genes common across the groups revealed muscle protein, phosphorylation, acetylation, metal binding and transport as significant functions. Maximum differentiation was observed after 2.5–3 years on transition from lambs to adult. Transcriptional regulation by the TFAP2 transcription factors, IL-6 signaling and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways were enriched in younger animals. The gene-protein network demarcated key interactive genes involved in muscle development and proliferation that can be used as candidates for future research on improvement of muscle characteristics.

For the first time, by using pudeena leaves extract as a reducing agent the BaO-Fe2O3-NiO nanocomposite was synthesized via green solution combustion method and is calcinated at 500o and is characterized by using different tech- niques. The Bragg reflections corresponding to tetragonal BaO, cubic NiO and Fe2O3 clearly indicates the formation of the sample with 44 nm crystallite size. The surface morphology is highly agglomerated in nature along with hallows ad pores. EDAX spectra again confirms the presence of Ba, Ni, Fe and O atoms. The direct energy band gap was found to be 2.71 eV. The gamma ray interaction with NCs gives the particular absorption edge at particular energy. The mass attenuation coefficient is calculated which is the essential parameter required in the field of radiation dosimetry and radiation physics. Anticancer properties were studied against cisplatin and MCF7 cells.

For the first time, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and barium ferrite (BFO) nanocomposites were synthesized by using an eco-friendly green combustion method (sugar and Leucas aspera (Thumbe) leaves extract as reducing agent). Synthesized rGO/BFO nanocomposite was characterized by different characterization techniques. The PXRD pattern clearly confirms the formation of the nanocomposite, where the peaks corresponding to both rGO and orthorhombic phase of BFO co-exist. In addition to these, very few peaks corresponding to Fe2O3 exist. Surface morphology clearly indicates the anchoring of BFO NPs on the rGO sheet. The energy band gap determined by Wood and Tauc's relation was found to be 2.2 eV. Optical parameters such as Extinction coefficient, Refractive Index, Absorption coefficient, and Transmission are determined from the transmission spectrum. Photocatalytic studies were carried out for the degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) dye and were monitored by UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy. Further, radiation shielding properties and Cytotoxic effects are discussed in detail.

This contemporary work explores the theoretical analysis of energy transfer performance of distinct nanoparticles (silver, copper, aluminium oxide and titanium oxide) adjacent to a moving surface under the influence of a porous medium which is driven by the buoyancy force. A mathematical model is presented which is converted to similarity equations by employing similarity transformation. The condensed nonlinear equations were approximated by the iterative method called RKF 45th-order. The flow and energy transference characteristics are explained through graphs and tabulated values. The notable findings are: silver- water is an appropriate nanofluid for enhancing the thermal conductivity of the base fluid. Titanium oxide – water shows a lower fluid flow movement due to porosity.

In recent era, synthesis of nanoparticles through green method has gained more attention as it is an environmentally friendly approach. Bio-synthesis of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) through single step and environmental benign microwave irradiation technique, using hemicellulose as reducing agent is reported. As synthesized PdNPs were characterized by various techniques such as FTIR, UV–Visible spectroscopy, XRD, SEM and TEM to confirm the formation of PdNPs for studying its biological activity. From UV–Visible spectra, it is observed that a SPR (Surface Plasmon Resonance) band at 280–300 ​nm clearly shows the formation of Pd nanoparticles. This was supported by FTIR as the wavenumbers observed at 473,524 and 616 ​cm−1corresponds to the metal stretching and bending frequencies. The phase formation and crystallinity of the PdNPs was studied using XRD. The observed (hkl) values (100), (111), (200) and (220) planes corresponds to the face centered cubic (fcc) structure of Pd (JCPDS No: 05–0681). Also, a well-defined and sharp reflections shows that, PdNPs are crystalline nature. The morphology of the PdNPs was studied through FESEM indicatesthe obtained particles are spherical in shape and seems to be agglomerated. The particle size of the PdNPs was measured through HRTEM and the average size was found to 10 ​nm. Further, PdNPs are used in the biological activity, it shows good antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria's E. coli, Salmonella typhi, S. aureusand B. Subtilis B. shows maximum inhibition 21.40 ​mm. In addition, cytotoxic effects on MDA- MB 231, HepG2 and HeLa cells (survivability of cells is found MDA-MB 231 ​= ​30%, HepG2 ​= ​50% and HeLa ​= ​60%) were examined by series of assay. Overall, the present studies reveals that PdNPs are showing effective antibacterial activity and low cytotoxic.