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Powder laying is a necessary procedure during powder bed additive manufacturing (PBAM), and the quality of powder bed has an important effect on the performance of products. Because the powder particle motion state during the powder laying process of biomass composites is difficult to observe, and the influence of the powder laying process parameters on the quality of the powder bed is still unclear, a simulation study of the biomass composite powder laying process during powder bed additive manufacturing was conducted using the discrete element method. A discrete element model of walnut shell/Co-PES composite powder was established using the multi-sphere unit method, and the powder-spreading process was numerically simulated using two different powder spreading methods (rollers/scrapers). The results showed that the quality of powder bed formed by roller laying was better than that formed by scrapers with the same powder laying speed and powder laying thickness. For both of the two different spreading methods, the uniformity and density of the powder bed decreased as spreading speed increased, although the spreading speed had a more important influence on scraper spreading compared to roller spreading. As powder laying thickness increased, the powder bed formed by the two different powder laying methods became more uniform and denser. When the powder laying thickness was less than 110μm, the particles were easily blocked at the powder laying gap and are pushed out of the forming platform, forming many voids, and decreasing the powder bed’s quality. When the powder thickness was greater than 140 μm, the uniformity and density of the powder bed increased gradually, the number of voids decreased, and the quality of the powder bed improved.

The objectives of the work were to measure the degree of satisfaction of women in the postpartum period and to determine the stability of the immediate postpartum care satisfaction scale (PASS).The motherhood of the reference health center of commune V served as a study framework. The study was descriptive for evaluative purposes in postpartum women. It covered the period from 11 July 2014 to 14 January 2015. Two interview questionnaires (SSOPPI1) and (SF12 and SSOPPI2) were used for data collection. The data analysis was done on the software EPI-info version 3.5.3.The study involved a total of 145 women in SSOPPI1 and SSOPPI2. The average age was 25.6 years ± 5.5 years. The level of satisfaction for the two phases of the study (SSOPPI1 and SSOPPI2) was a function of level of study, occupation, mode of initiation of labor, route of delivery, status of newborn at birth. Satisfaction was 98.6% in SSOPPI1 and was 98,5% in SSOPPI2 with a statistically insignificant difference (p = 0.67).The degree of overall satisfaction was a function of a number of factors. This satisfaction remained stable during both phases of the study.Les objectifs du travail étaient de mesurer le degré de satisfaction des femmes dans le post-partum et de déterminer la stabilité de l'échelle de mesure de la satisfaction des soins post-partum immédiat(SSOPPI).La maternité du centre de santé de référence de la commune V a servi de cadre d'étude. L'étude était descriptive à visée évaluative portant sur les femmes en post-partum. Elle a couvert la période allant du 11juillet 2014 au 14 janvier 2015. Deux questionnaires d'entrevue (SSOPPI1) et (SF12 et SSOPPI2) ont été utilisés pour la collecte des données. L'analyse des données a été faite sur le logiciel EPI-info version 3.5.3.L'étude a porté sur un total de 145 femmes en SSOPPI1 et SSOPPI2. L'âge moyen était de 25, 6ans±5,5ans. Le degré de satisfaction pour les deux phases de l'étude (SSOPPI1 et SSOPPI2) était fonction du niveau d'étude, la profession, le mode de déclenchement du travail, la voie d'accouchement, l'état du nouveau-né à la naissance. La satisfaction était de 98,6% en SSOPPI1 et de 98,5% en SSOPPI2 avec une différence statistiquement non significative (p=0,67).Le degré de satisfaction globale était fonction d'un certain nombre de facteurs. Cette satisfaction est restée stable pendant les deux phases de l'étude.

The aim of this work was to compare the prognosis of induced pregnancies and spontaneous pregnancies received in the service.We performed a retrospective study of Ca / Witnesses (1 case for 2 controls) with age and parity matching. This study was conducted at the maternity ward of the Reference Health Center of Commune V District Bamako (CSREF CV) over a period of 10 years from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2016 for all patients meeting our criteria of 'inclusion. We called cases, induced pregnancies, and witnessed spontaneous pregnancies. The data was entered and analyzed on the Epi-Info software version 6.04 according to the formula applicable to the Case / Witness study.We included in this study, (due to a case for two controls), 1611 induced pregnancies (cases), and 3222 spontaneous pregnancies (controls). The average age was 35.4 years (25 years-43 years) with an average parity of 2.7 (1-5). Hypertensive disorders, preterm birth, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), caesarean section, poor perinatal prognosis were found with a statistically significant difference (OR1) in patients with induced pregnancies.Induced singleton pregnancy is a high-risk pregnancy.L'objectif de ce travail était de comparer le pronostic des grossesses induites et des grossesses spontanées reçues dans le service.Nous avons réalisé une étude rétrospective Ca/Témoins (1 Cas pour 2 Témoins) avec appariement de l'âge et la parité. Cette étude s'est déroulée la maternité du Centre de Santé de Référence de la Commune V du District de Bamako(CSREF CV) sur une période de 10ans allant du 1Nous avons inclus dans cette étude, (en raison d'un Cas pour deux Témoins), 1611 grossesses induites (Cas), et 3222 grossesses spontanées (Témoins). L'âge moyen était de 35,4 ans (25 ans-43ans) avec une parité moyenne de 2,7 (1-5). Les troubles hypertensifs, l'accouchement prématurité, le retard de croissance intra-utérin(RCIU), la césarienne, le mauvais pronostic périnatal ont été retrouvés avec une différence statistiquement significative (OR1) chez les patientes avec grossesses induites.La grossesse singleton induite est une grossesse à haut risque.

Bilharzia is the world's second parasitic endemic and its genito-urinary lesions are well described. Ectopic pregnancies on tubal obstruction by bilharzia eggs are reported in African populations. Through a case of clinical observation we report an exceptional case of tubal erythema tubal bilharziasis in a French woman of origin but particularly affectionate by the African woman Africa south of the sahara. where she carries out humanitarian activities in countries in conflits (Democratic Republic Of Congo, Ivory Coast, and Mali).La bilharziose est la seconde endémie parasitaire mondiale et ses atteintes génito-urinaires sont bien décrites. Les grossesses ectopiques sur salpingite bilharziennes ont rapportées dans les populations Africaines. Nous vous rapportons un cas exceptionnel. de grossesse extra-utérine sur bilharziose tubaire chez une française d'origine mais particulièrement affectionnée par l'Afrique au sud du saharienne où elle mène des activités humanitaires dans les pays Africains en conflits armées (République Démocratique Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, et Mali).

By structurally and practically analyzing the use of Nd: YAG laser for cutting black walnut veneer, this study considered practical and environmental concerns regarding the global warming protection measures. A numerical model of laser wood veneer cutting was based on the relation between process parameters and the material thickness. A pulsed Nd: YAG was used to cut black walnut veneer of 0.3 mm thickness under different machining conditions regarding laser power and cutting speed to study the cut kerf width. An analysis of variance was conducted to test the significance of machining parameters. The parameters studied were laser power, cutting speed, kerf width, cut surface, safety, and eco-friendliness. The results showed that the kerf width decreased significantly with increased cut speed and, inversely, by laser output power. An efficient cut with a narrow kerf, clean and smooth, with less burn, was possible at laser cutting speeds of 2.5, 5.0, and 5.5 mm/s with kerf widths of 0.544, 0.69, 0.62 mm, respectively. As multiple factors affect the micro-thin wood laser cutting process, finding the optimal process parameters is crucial for successful machining with no burn effect.

Introduction Le faible poids de naissance (FPN) est un indicateur important de la santé infantile en raison de son poids à la morbidité et mortalité infantiles. Objectif Etudier les facteurs de risque et les complications néonatales précoces de faible poids à la naissance. Méthode Nous avons mené une étude cas-témoins dans le district de santé de Douentza de janvier 2015 à décembre 2016, Pour chaque cas du couple mère- enfant, un contrôle du couple mère-enfant et de l'enfant de poids normal a été sélectionné. Les données ont été saisies sur EpiData 3.1 et analysées sur SPSS 20. Des régressions logistiques simples et multiples ont été utilisées et des cotes pour mesurer la force de l'association. Résultat La prévalence de l'insuffisance pondérale à la naissance (FPN) était de 9,2%. Dans l'analyse univariée, Plusieurs variables ont été associés à l'insuffisance pondérale à la naissance avec un OR≥2. Dans l'analyse multivariée, seules les variables comme la faible dose de SEP (p = 0,005) et de déficit en HU (p = 0,0001) étaient associées au FPN. Conclusion Une étude prospective s'avère nécessaire pour mieux élucider les autres facteurs de risque et les mécanismes par lesquels les différents facteurs sont liés.

Introduction : Le traitement antirétroviral vise une suppression profonde et durable de la réplication du VIH et la restauration de l'immunité. Au Mali, 89% de PVVIH étaient sous ARV en septembre 2018. L'Unité de Soins, d'Accompagnement et de Conseil (USAC) du district sanitaire de la commune IV avait 1962 patients sous ARV en fin 2018. L'objectif était d'analyser les indicateurs du traitement antirétroviral chez les PVVIH âgées de 18 ans et plus sous ARV dans le district sanitaire de la commune IV de Bamako en 2019. Matériel et méthodes : Nous avons fait une analyse des données rétrospectives de la cohorte de PVVIH sous ARV suivi de Novembre 2006 à Mai 2019. Trois cent quatre-vingt et huit (388) dossiers ont été sélectionnés par échantillonnage aléatoire simple. Résultats : L'âge médian de nos enquêtés était de 38 ans. Nous avons trouvé une durée médiane de suivi de 5,4 ans. Le pourcentage de patients avec CD4 normal est passé de 14 à 51,4%. Celui des patients avec charge virale indétectable est passé de 7 à 86,7%. La valeur médiane de CD4 a plus que doublé (223 à 508 cellules/ mm3) et celle de la charge virale a diminué d'environ 99% (88079, 5 à 0 copies/ml). Le poids médian des patients a augmenté de 7 kilogrammes au cours du traitement. Conclusion : La prise en charge des PVVIH avec l'antirétroviral est satisfaisante à l'USAC du district sanitaire de la commune IV.

Introduction : L'objectif était de déterminer la fréquence, les aspects cliniques et thérapeutiques des infections du site opératoire (ISO) chez les césariennes itératives (utérus cicatriciels) versus césariennes systématiques (utérus sains). Matériel et méthode : Etude rétrospective et comparative du 1er janvier 2013 au 31 décembre 2017. Tous les cas de césariennes itératives et systématiques avec infections du site opératoire ont été inclus. L'analyse des données a été effectuée sur le logiciel SPSS. Le khi2 avec un seuil significatif de p < 0,05 a été utilisé. Résultats : Au total sur 10281 césariennes, 4318 étaient itératives et 5923 systématiques. Les infections du site opératoire ont été retrouvées chez 540(5,25%) dont 180 itératives et 360 systématiques (p=0,0000). L'âge moyen était de 26 ans. Conformément aux politiques, normes et procédures en vigueur au Mali, toutes les patientes césarisées ont été soumises à une antibioprophylaxie systématique à base d'Amoxicilline. La suppuration superficielle a été retrouvée chez 115(64%) utérus cicatriciels contre 192(53,33%) utérus sains (p=0,019). 170(94,44%) utérus cicatriciels et 304(84,44%) utérus sains étaient de la classe II de risque d'Altemeier avec p=0,000. 170(94,44%) utérus cicatriciels et 304(84,44%) utérus sains avaient le score zéro de NNISS. Staphylocoques sp et Escherichia coli ont été isolés respectivement dans 31,44%(77) et 16,94%(53). L'antibiothérapie était adaptée à l'antibiogramme. La durée moyenne d'hospitalisation était de 17,5 jours. Aucun décès maternel n'a été enregistré liés aux ISO. Conclusion : les ISO post césariennes restent élevées en commune V de Bamako.

Resume Introduction La prescription de medicaments chez la femme enceinte est une problematique frequente en Afrique. Le but de cette etude est de decrire la prescription medicamenteuse chez les femmes enceintes au deuxieme niveau de la pyramide sanitaire au Mali. Materiels et methodes Nous avons mene une etude des prescriptions medicamenteuses par l’observation sur 200 femmes enceintes au centre de sante de reference de Koutiala entre le 1er juillet 2015 et le 29 fevrier 2016 en utilisant un questionnaire. Resultats Les patientes etaient de niveau d’instruction et de profession divers avec 7 % de niveau d’instruction superieur. L’âge des gestantes se situait majoritairement entre 15 et 24 ans (54,5 %). Les multi-gestes etaient les plus presentes soit 56,5 %. Les multipares ont ete les plus nombreuses avec 38 %. Les pathologies non gyneco-obstetriques etaient importantes (46 %). La consultation prenatale a ete le motif de consultation le plus frequent (54,5 %). Les ordonnances de qualite non conforme ont ete les plus representees (84,5 %). Les medicaments antianemiques/vitamines etaient les plus prescrits (30 %), suivis des antipaludeens (20,4 %). Plus de 85,5 % des medicaments prescrits l’etaient en nom de specialite. Les ordonnances dont le prix variait entre 1,500 a 3,000 FCFA (2,30 a 4,60 euros), etaient le plus representees soit (39 % des ordonnances), suivies de celles de plus de 3,100 FCFA (4,75 euros) (33,5 %). Les ordonnances comportant en moyenne 3 a 6 medicaments representaient 51,5 % des cas. Les medicaments potentiellement dangereux en cas de grossesse concernaient 18 cas. Une petite moitie des prescriptions (38,5 %) n’etait pas redigee par des medecins. Discussion Le respect des exigences deontologiques de la bonne prescription chez la femme enceinte assurerait une securite a la femme et au futur nourrisson, surtout au Mali ou il existe des agents non autorises dans la prescription medicale. Conclusion Cette etude montre que les femmes prennent differents types de medicaments pendant leur grossesse. La qualite tres moyenne de ces prescriptions necessite une evolution de la reglementation avec formation des infirmieres obstetriciennes au Mali.

Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) is known to reduce the risk of developing active TB in about 59% in children aged ⩽15 years. We assessed adherence, completion and adverse events among children who were household contacts of a newly diagnosed adult with smear-positive TB in Bamako, Mali.Children aged15 years living in the same house with an adult smear-positive index case were enrolled in the study in the Bamako Region after consent was obtained from the parent or legal guardian. Adherence was assessed based on the number of tablets consumed during 6 months.A total of 260 children aged15 years were identified as household contacts of 207 adult patients with smear-positive TB during the study period. Among all child contacts, 130/260 (50.0%) were aged 0-4 years and were eligible for IPT; 128/130 (98.5%) were started on IPT and 83/128 (64.8%) completed with good adherence at the end of the 6 months, and without any significant adverse events.We successfully implemented IPT with good acceptance, but low completion rate. The Mali National TB Program and partners should expand this strategy to reach more children in Bamako and the whole country and create greater awareness in the population.Le traitement préventif par isoniazide (IPT) réduit le risque de développer une TB active chez environ 59% des enfants ⩽15 ans. Nous avons évalué l’observance, l’achèvement du traitement et les évènements indésirables chez des enfants qui étaient contacts domestiques d’un adulte ayant récemment reçu un diagnostic de TB à microscopie positive à Bamako, Mali.Les enfants âgés15 ans vivant sous le même toit qu’un cas index adulte de TB à microscopie positive ont été inclus dans l’étude dans la région de Bamako, après obtention du consentement des parents ou du tuteur légal. L’observance a été évaluée en fonction du nombre de comprimés consommés au cours d’une période de 6 mois.Au total, 260 enfants âgés15 ans ont été identifiés comme contacts domestiques de 207 patients adultes atteints de TB à microscopie positive pendant la période d’étude. Parmi tous les contacts pédiatriques, 130/260 (50,0%) étaient âgés de 0–4 ans et étaient éligibles à l’IPT ; 128/130 (98,5%) ont été mis sous IPT et 83/128 (64,8%) ont achevé leur traitement avec une bonne observance à la fin de la période de 6 mois, sans évènement indésirable significatif.Nous avons mis en place l’ITP avec succès. L’acceptation était bonne mais le taux d’achèvement du traitement était faible. Le programme national de lutte contre la TB du Mali et ses partenaires devraient élargir cette stratégie afin d’inclure davantage d’enfants de Bamako et du pays, et d’accroître la sensibilisation de la population.

Résumé - Au Mali, comme ailleurs en Afrique, la sélection variétale est à la base du succès de la culture cotonnière. Le coton du Mali est presqu’entièrement exporté ; les fibres issues des variétés cultivées doivent répondre aux exigences du marché en termes de caractéristiques technologiques des fibres, facteurs clés du fonctionnement de la filature. Cette étude comparative a été réalisée sur trois nouvelles variétés de cotonniers A, B et C, issues d’un point d'expérimentation. L'objectif de l'étude est d’identifier les variétés ayant les meilleures performances variétales et industrielles pour la vulgarisation en production commerciale par les sociétés cotonnières. 1 échantillon représentatif de 100g de coton fibre, 20 échantillons de 5 m de rubans de carde, d’étirage et de 10 m de mèches, 30 échantillons de 100 m de fil et 40 échantillons de 500 mm de fil ont été respectivement prélevés par balle de chaque variété et à différentes étapes du processus de transformation par variété. Ces échantillons ont été testés sur des appareils de mesure dans les conditions requises au laboratoire de métrologie textile du CERFITEX, Ségou - Mali.L’analyse de variance (ANOVA) des données relatives aux fibres, rubans, mèches et fils et la comparaison de leurs principales caractéristiques de qualité à celle de la production mondiale avec l’application des USTER STATISTICS 2018 ont montré que les variétés de cotonnier A et B sont nettement meilleures que celle de C. Les performances variétales et industrielles de A et B, meilleures que celles de C sont recommandées à la vulgarisation Mots clés : Coton, caractéristiques technologiques, qualité, fibres, fils. [Comparative Study Of The Products Resulting From The Transformation Into Spinning Of The Fibers Of Three New Varieties Of Cotton]Abstract - In Mali, as elsewhere in Africa, varietal selection is the basis of the success of cotton growing. Cotton from Mali is almost entirely exported; fibers from cultivated varieties must meet market requirements in terms of the technological characteristics of fibers, key factors in the operation of the spinning mill. This comparative study was carried out on three new varieties of cotton A, B and C, from an experimental point. The objective of the study is to identify the varieties with the best varietal and industrial performance for popularization in commercial production by cotton companies. 1 representative sample of 100g of cotton fiber, 20 samples of 5m of carding and drawing slivers and 10m of rovings, 30 samples of 100m of yarn and 40 samples of 500mm of yarn were respectively taken per bale of each variety and at different stages of the transformation process by variety. These samples were tested on measuring devices under the required conditions at the CERFITEX textile metrology laboratory, Ségou - Mali.The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of fiber, sliver, roving and yarn data and the comparison of their main quality characteristics to that of world production with the application of USTER STATISTICS 2018 showed that cotton varieties A and B are clearly better than those of C. The varietal and industrial performances of A and B, better than that of C are recommended for popularisation Keywords : Cotton, technological characteristics, quality, fibres, yarns.

IntroductionMalaria has been the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for several decades in Mali, with an increase from 2017 to 2020 (2,884,837 confirmed cases and 1,454 deaths). On the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO) and in the interests of efficient use of resources, Mali has begun a process of stratifying the health districts to target malaria control strategies.MethodMalaria, entomological and environmental data were collected through the local health information system (LHIS), the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS 2018), research institutions and MALI-METEO services. The WHO has recommended stratification at the district level consisted of assigning each district to one of 4 classes according to criteria based on incidence adjusted for attendance rate. Variables associated with monthly malaria incidence at the district level were identified using a general additive non-linear regression model.ResultsFrom 2017 to 2019, the median incidence across 75 health districts of Mali was 129.34 cases per 1,000 person-year (IQR=86.48). The results showed different periods of high malaria transmission in health districts level and durations varying from 2 to 6 months, showing a double peak for some health districts, which were located in the flooded areas. environmental variables such as rainfall, vegetation index (NDVI), maximum temperature and relative humidity were significantly associated at malaria incidence with a lag of around one month. A strata defines a geographical area with similar epidemiological, environmental and socio-economic factors. Stratification resulted in 12 health districts of very low transmission, 19 low transmission, 20 moderate transmission and 24 in high transmission areas. The number of rounds of season malaria chemoprevention will be based on the number of months in the high transmission period.ConclusionThis first stratification in Mali will allow targeting malaria control strategies. This approach will be dynamic and revised yearly in order to integrate information from the national epidemiological surveillance.

Background Ivermectin-based onchocerciasis elimination, reported in 2009–2012, for Bakoye and Falémé, Mali, supported policy-shifting from morbidity control to elimination of transmission (EOT). These foci are coendemic with lymphatic filariasis (LF). In 2007–2016 mass ivermectin plus albendazole administration was implemented. We report Ov16 (onchocerciasis) and Wb123 (LF) seroprevalence after 24–25 years of treatment to determine if onchocerciasis EOT and LF elimination as a public health problem (EPHP) have been achieved. Methods The SD Bioline Onchocerciasis/LF Ig[immunoglobulin]G4 biplex rapid diagnostic test (RDT) was used in 2186 children aged 3–10 years in 13 villages (plus 2 hamlets) in Bakoye and in 2270 children in 15 villages (plus 1 hamlet) in Falémé. In Bakoye, all-age serosurveys were conducted in 3 historically hyperendemic villages (1867 individuals aged 3 -78 years). Results In Bakoye, IgG4 seropositivity was 0.27% (95% confidence interval [CI] = .13%–.60%) for both Ov16 and Wb123 antigens. In Falémé, Ov16 and Wb123 seroprevalence was 0.04% (95% CI = .01%–.25%) and 0.09% (95% CI = .02%–.32%), respectively. Ov16-seropositive children were from historically meso/hyperendemic villages. Ov16 positivity was, Ov16–Wb123 (onchocerciasis– lymphatic filariasis [LF]) seroprevalence was measured in children aged ≤10 years to determine if onchocerciasis and elimination was achieved in 2 coendemic foci (Bakoye and Falémé) in Mali under long-term ivermectin treatment, which stopped in 2016. These goals seem to have been achieved.

Background Implementation and upscale of effective malaria vector control strategies necessitates understanding the multi-factorial aspects of transmission patterns. The primary aims of this study are to determine the vector composition, biting rates, trophic preference, and the overall importance of distinguishing outdoor versus indoor malaria transmission through a study at two communities in rural Mali. Methods Mosquito collection was carried out between July 2012 and June 2016 at two rural Mali communities (Dangassa and Koïla Bamanan) using pyrethrum spray-catch and human landing catch approaches at both indoor and outdoor locations. Species of Anopheles gambiae complex were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Enzyme-Linked -Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) were used to determine the origin of mosquito blood meals and presence of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite infections. Results A total of 11,237 An. gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) were collected during the study period (5239 and 5998 from the Dangassa and Koïla Bamanan sites, respectively). Of the 679 identified by PCR in Dangassa, Anopheles coluzzii was the predominant species with 91.4% of the catch followed by An. gambiae (8.0%) and Anopheles arabiensis (0.6%). At the same time in Koïla Bamanan, of the 623 An. gambiae s.l., An. coluzzii accounted for 99% of the catch, An. arabiensis 0.8% and An. gambiae 0.2%. Human Blood Index (HBI) measures were significantly higher in Dangassa (79.4%; 95% Bayesian credible interval (BCI) [77.4, 81.4]) than in Koïla Bamanan (15.9%; 95% BCI [14.7, 17.1]). The human biting rates were higher during the second half of the night at both sites. In Dangassa, the sporozoite rate was comparable between outdoor and indoor mosquito collections. For outdoor collections, the sporozoite positive rate was 3.6% (95% BCI [2.1–4.3]) and indoor collections were 3.1% (95% BCI [2.4–5.0]). In Koïla Bamanan, the sporozoite rate was higher indoors at 4.3% (95% BCI [2.7–6.3]) compared with outdoors at 2.4% (95% BCI [1.1–4.2]). In Dangassa, corrected entomological inoculation rates (cEIRs) using HBI were 13.74 [95% BCI 9.21–19.14] infective bites/person/month (ib/p/m) at indoor, and 18.66 [95% BCI 12.55–25.81] ib/p/m at outdoor. For Koïla Bamanan, cEIRs were 1.57 [95% BCI 2.34–2.72] ib/p/m and 0.94 [95% BCI 0.43–1.64] ib/p/m for indoor and outdoor, respectively. EIRs were significantly higher at the Dangassa site than the Koïla Bamanan site. Conclusion The findings in this work may indicate the occurrence of active, outdoor residual malaria transmission is comparable to indoor transmission in some geographic settings. The high outdoor transmission patterns observed here highlight the need for additional strategies to combat outdoor malaria transmission to complement traditional indoor preventive approaches such as long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) which typically focus on resting mosquitoes.

Background :The effect of the p.Arg72Pro variant of the P53 gene on the risk of developmentof breast cancer remains variable in populations. However, the use of strategiessuchas pooling age-matched controls with disease cases may provide a solid meta-analysis. Our goal was to perform a meta-analysis in order to assessthe association of p.Arg72Provariant of P53 gene with breast cancer risk. Methods : Databases such as PubMed, Genetics Medical Literature, Harvard University Library, Web of Science and Genesis Library were used to search articles. Age-matched case-control studies on breast cancer that have evaluated the genotype frequencies of the p.Arg72Pro of P53 gene were selected. The fixed and random effects (Mantel-Haenszel) were calculated using pooled odds ratio of 95% CI to determine the risk of disease. Inconsistency was calculated to determine heterogeneity among the studies. The publication bias was estimated using the funnel plot. Results : Twenty-one publications with cases age-matched controls including7841disease cases and 8876controls were evaluated in this meta-analysis. Overall, our results suggested that p.Arg72ProP53 was associated with a risk for breast cancer for the dominant model (OR= 1.09, 95% CI = 1.02-1.16; P= 0.01) and the additive model (OR= 1.09, 95% CI = 1.01-1.17; P= 0.03), but not in the recessive model (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.97-1.16; P= 0.19). According to the ethnic group, allele Pro has been associated with breast cancer risk in Europeans for the dominant and additive models. Conclusions : This meta-analysis found a significant association between p.Arg72Pro in the P53 gene and the risk of breast cancer. Individuals carrying at least one Pro allele of the P53 gene are more likely to have breast cancer with dominant and additive models than individualsharboringthe Arg allele.

Achieving elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) as a public health problem requires a minimum of five effective rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) and demonstrating low prevalence in subsequent assessments. The first assessments recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) are sentinel and spot-check sites—referred to as pre-transmission assessment surveys (pre-TAS)—in each implementation unit after MDA. If pre-TAS shows that prevalence in each site has been lowered to less than 1% microfilaremia or less than 2% antigenemia, the implementation unit conducts a TAS to determine whether MDA can be stopped. Failure to pass pre-TAS means that further rounds of MDA are required. This study aims to understand factors influencing pre-TAS results using existing programmatic data from 554 implementation units, of which 74 (13%) failed, in 13 countries. Secondary data analysis was completed using existing data from Bangladesh, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Haiti, Indonesia, Mali, Nepal, Niger, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Uganda. Additional covariate data were obtained from spatial raster data sets. Bivariate analysis and multilinear regression were performed to establish potential relationships between variables and the pre-TAS result. Higher baseline prevalence and lower elevation were significant in the regression model. Variables statistically significantly associated with failure (p-value ≤0.05) in the bivariate analyses included baseline prevalence at or above 5% or 10%, use of Filariasis Test Strips (FTS), primary vector of Culex, treatment with diethylcarbamazine-albendazole, higher elevation, higher population density, higher enhanced vegetation index (EVI), higher annual rainfall, and 6 or more rounds of MDA. This paper reports for the first time factors associated with pre-TAS results from a multi-country analysis. This information can help countries more effectively forecast program activities, such as the potential need for more rounds of MDA, and prioritize resources to ensure adequate coverage of all persons in areas at highest risk of failing pre-TAS., Author summary Achieving elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) as a public health problem requires a minimum of five rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) and being able to demonstrate low prevalence in several subsequent assessments. LF elimination programs implement sentinel and spot-check site assessments, called pre-TAS, to determine whether districts are eligible to implement more rigorous population-based surveys to determine whether MDA can be stopped or if further rounds are required. Reasons for failing pre-TAS are not well understood and have not previously been examined with data compiled from multiple countries. For this analysis, we analyzed data from routine USAID and WHO reports from Bangladesh, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Haiti, Indonesia, Mali, Nepal, Niger, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Uganda. In a model that included multiple variables, high baseline prevalence and lower elevation were significant. In models comparing only one variable to the outcome, the following were statistically significantly associated with failure: higher baseline prevalence at or above 5% or 10%, use of the FTS, primary vector of Culex, treatment with diethylcarbamazine-albendazole, lower elevation, higher population density, higher Enhanced Vegetation Index, higher annual rainfall, and six or more rounds of mass drug administration. These results can help national programs plan MDA more effectively, e.g., by focusing resources on areas with higher baseline prevalence and/or lower elevation.

Although Wuchereria bancrofti (Wb), the causative agent of lymphatic filariasis, is endemic throughout Mali, the prevalence of Wb microfilaremia (Mf) can vary widely between villages despite similar prevalence of infection as assessed by circulating antigen. To examine this variation, cross-sectional data obtained during screening prior to an interventional study in two neighboring villages in Mali were analyzed. The overall prevalence of Wb, as assessed by Wb CAg(circulating antigen), was 50.3% among 373 participants, aged 14-65. Wuchereria bancrofti Mf-positive and negative individuals appeared randomly distributed across the two villages (Moran's I spatial statistic = -0.01, Z score = 0.1, P>0.05). Among the 187 subjects positive for Wb CAg, 117 (62.5%) had detectable Mansonella perstans microfilaremia (Mp Mf) and 64 (34.2%) had detectable Wb microfilaremia. The prevalence of Mp microfilaremia was 73.4% in the Wb Mf-positive group (as compared to 56.9% in the Wb Mf-negative group; p=0.01), and median Wb Mf load was increased in co-infected subjects (267Mf/ml vs 100 Mf/ml; p

Background In most health systems, Community Health Workers (CHWs) identify and screen for severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in the community. This study aimed to investigate the potential of integrating SAM identification and treatment delivered by CHWs, in order to improve the coverage of SAM treatment services. Methods This multicentre, randomised intervention study was conducted in Kita, Southwest Mali between February 2015 and February 2016. Treatment for uncomplicated SAM was provided in health facilities in the control area, and by Community Health Workers and health facilities in the intervention area. Clinical outcomes (cure, death and defaulter ratios), treatment coverage and quality of care were examined in both the control and intervention group. Results Six hundred ninety nine children were admitted to the intervention group and 235 children to the control group. The intervention group reported cure ratios of 94.2% compared to 88.6% in the control group (risk ratio 1.07 [95% CI 1.01; 1.13]). Defaulter ratios were twice as high in the control group compared to the intervention group (10.8% vs 4.5%; RR 0.42 [95% CI 0.25; 0.71]). Differences in mortality ratios were not statistically significant (0.9% in the intervention group compared to 0.8% in the control group). Coverage rates in December 2015 were 86.7% in intervention group compared to 41.6% in the control (p

Introduction Depuis 2012, la chimioprevention du paludisme saisonnier (CPS) a ete adopte au Mali chez les enfants âges de moins de 5 ans avec une reduction significative de l’incidence du paludisme dans cette population. Recemment, un changement du fardeau du paludisme a ete observe chez les grands enfants dans certaines zones d’endemie palustre suite a l’implementation de la CPS chez les petits enfants. Cette etude a ete conduite pour determiner l’effet et l’acceptabilite de la CPS chez les grands enfants en collaboration avec le programme national de lutte conte le paludisme afin d’evaluer la faisabilite d’inclure cette tranche d’âge dans le programme routine de moins de cinq ans. Methodes Dangassa est une zone d’endemie palustre situe a 80 km au sud de Bamako (capitale) et a 4 km le long du fleuve Niger. La transmission du paludisme se fait durant toute l’annee mais est intense 5-6 mois. Une etude non-randomisee a ete effectuee, incluant 350 enfants âges de 5 a 14 ans (175 dans le bras d’intervention versus 175 pour le controle). Les enfants dans le bras d’intervention ont recu cinq tours d’administration de la Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine + Amodiaquine a l’intervalle d’un mois du juillet au novembre 2019. Les donnees ont ete collectees sur le taux de couverture de la CPS, de l’utilisation de moustiquaire et le paludisme chaque mois chez tous les enfants des deux bras de juillet au decembre 2019. Les regressions logistique et de Cox ont ete utilisees estimer le taux de reduction du paludisme avec un seuil de signification fixe a 5 %. Resultats La CPS a ete largement accepte par la communaute avec 96,5 % d’avis favorable. En juillet (base), les parametres mesures etaient similaires entre les deux bras excepte l’anemie. En decembre (un mois apres le dernier tour), une reduction de l’infection palustre (OR = 0,22 95 %CI [0,11-0,42]), de l’anemie (OR = 0,14 95 %CI [0,07-0,28]) a ete observee dans le bras d’intervention apres ajustement sur l’âge et l’utilisation de moustiquaire. Chez les enfants ayant une parasitemie negative en juillet, une diminution significative de l’incidence de l’infection palustre a ete observee dans le bras d’intervention. En comparant le delai d’apparition de la premiere infection, 75 % de enfants dans le bras controle etaient deja infectes par le Plasmodium contre 40 % dans le bras d’intervention (Log-rank test p = 0,001) ( Fig. 1 ). Conclusion La CPS est largement acceptee par la communaute, une reduction significative de l’infection palustre a ete observee chez les enfants dans le bras d’intervention.

Background Lymphedema is a public health problem in countries with lymphatic filariasis (LF) including Mali. We studied the epidemiology and clinical presentation of lymphedema in three previously LF-endemic health districts of Mali after at least five consecutive rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) with albendazole and ivermectin. Methods From 2016 to 2018, we used passive and active case finding methods to identify lymphedema cases in three health districts with high pre-MDA LF prevalence: Kolondieba (66%), Bougouni (44%) and Kolokani (34%). Results Three hundred and thirty nine cases of lymphedema were identified, 235 (69.32%) through active case finding. Their median age was 56 years (range 2–90) and 286 (84.36%) were women. Lymphedema was reported in 226 (78.5%) people aged 41 years and older compared to 73 (21.5%) people below the age of 41 years (Chi2 = 17.28, df = 5, p = 0.004). One hundred and seventy five cases of lymphedema were found in Kolondieba (66 per 100,000 people), 116 in Bougouni (19 per 100,000) and 48 in Kolokani (16 per 100,000). Stage III lymphedema was observed in 131 (38.64%), stage II in 108 (31.86%), stage IV in 46 (13.57%), stage I in 23 (6.78%), stage V in 21 (6.19%) and stage VI in ten (2.95%). In the three study districts, lymphedema affected the legs in 281 (82.89%), the arms in 42 (12.39%) and both in 16 (4.72%) (Chi2 = 13.63, p = 0.008). Conclusion Health districts in Mali with the highest pre-MDA LF prevalences had the highest prevalence of lymphedema. Efforts to actively identify lymphedema cases should be scaled up in previous LF-endemic areas, and should be supplemented by a morbidity management and disability prevention plan at the peripheral health system level.

Background Mali has become increasingly interested in the evaluation of transmission of both Wuchereria bancrofti and Onchocerca volvulus as prevalences of both infections move toward their respective elimination targets. The SD Bioline Onchocerciasis/LF IgG4 Rapid Test was used in 2 evaluation units (EU) to assess its performance as an integrated surveillance tool for elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) and onchocerciasis. Methodology/Principal findings A cross sectional survey with SD Bioline Onchocerciasis/LF IgG4 Rapid Test was piggy-backed onto a transmission assessment survey (TAS) (using the immunochromatographic card test (ICT) Binax Filariasis Now test for filarial adult circulating antigen (CFA) detection) for LF in Mali among 6–7 year old children in 2016 as part of the TAS in two EUs namely Kadiolo-Kolondieba in the region of Sikasso and Bafoulabe -Kita-Oussoubidiagna-Yelimane in the region of Kayes. In the EU of Kadiolo- Kolondieba, of the 1,625 children tested, the overall prevalence of W. bancrofti CFA was 0.62% (10/1,625) [CI = 0.31–1.09]; while that of IgG4 to Wb123 was 0.19% (3/1,600) [CI = 0.04–0.50]. The number of positives tested with the two tests were statistically comparable (p = 0.09). In the EU of Bafoulabe-Kita-Oussoubidiagna-Yelimane, an overall prevalence of W. bancrofti CFA was 0% (0/1,700) and that of Wb123 IgG4 antibody was 0.06% (1/1,700), with no statistically significant difference between the two rates (p = 0.99). In the EU of Kadiolo- Kolondieba, the prevalence of Ov16-specific IgG4 was 0.19% (3/1,600) [CI = 0.04–0.50]. All 3 positives were in the previously O. volvulus-hyperendemic district of Kolondieba. In the EU of Bafoulabe-Kita-Oussoubidiagna-Yelimane, an overall prevalence of Ov16-specific IgG4 was 0.18% (3/1,700) [CI = 0.04–0.47]. These 3 Ov16 IgG4 positives were from previously O.volvulus-mesoendemic district of Kita. Conclusions/Significance The SD Bioline Onchocerciasis/LF IgG4 Rapid test appears to be a good tool for integrated exposure measures of LF and onchocerciasis in co-endemic areas., Author summary After years of mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis, many co-endemic countries need to demonstrate the interruption of transmission of these parasitic infections. This interruption of transmission is the key to stopping mass drug administration. One of the major challenges facing national programs is a reliable point of care diagnostic tool capable of detecting recent infection in children. To this end, the SD Bioline Onchocerciasis / LF IgG4 Rapid Test was used to evaluate the transmission interruption of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis in previously endemic regions of Mali. This rapid diagnostic tool demonstrated good performance in 6 of districts in 2 “so-called’ evaluation units. There was very good overlap of the serological results obtained by the rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and previous endemicity profile of the different study districts for the two infections. We would argue that this RDT could be a single integrated approach for assessing transmission in areas where lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis are/were co-endemic.

The objective of this work was to monitor the susceptibility of malaria vectors to insecticides in nine sentinel sites of the National Malaria Control Program in Mali. The study was performed during the rainy seasons of 2010 and 2011. WHO bioassays were conducted using F0 and/or F1 from wild collected females. The insecticides used were lambda-cyhalothrin 0.05%, DDT 4%, permethrin 0.75%, deltamethrin 0.05%, bendiocarb 0.1% and fenitrothion 1.0%. Results showed suspicion of resistance to pyrethroids and organochlorine in An. gambiae s.l. at almost all the sites except Yanfolila where the vector was susceptible to lambda-cyhalothrin (98.0%) [CI 95%, 98-99.8] and to DDT (100%). An. gambiae s.l. was susceptible to bendiocarb in five of the sites (Gao, Bougouni, Djenne, Yanfolila, Tombouctou) while there was a suspicion of resistance at the other sites (Kati, Niono, Bandiagara, Kita). Fenitrothion remains efficient except in the rice area of Niono, where there was a suspicion of resistance with a mortality rate of 92% [IC 95% 88.3-94.8]. Thus, it could be used as an alternative insecticide for IRS in Mali. These results show resistance to pyrethroids, the main insecticide family used in public health (and to some extent in agriculture). This could compromise the malaria vector control efforts in Mali where pyrethroids are used for both in bed nets and in IRS.

The optimization of the processing method for poly-(propylene) (PP)/plant fibre composites compounding is a key point in the development of semi-structural parts, especially for automotive applications. The aim of this original and innovating work is to study, at different scales, the impact of extrusion equipment and fibre length on the composite's mechanical performances. Firstly, we studied the flax fibre morphology after compounding and injection as well as their individualization in injected specimens. Secondly, we focused on the effects they had on tensile properties. The impact of the processing tool was observed on fibre morphology and division; as well as the use of a BUSS system instead of a twin-screw extruder, which enhances the fibre individualization, however, the number of kneading areas should be reduced in order to preserve the reinforcement aspect ratio. We highlight the fact that the composite's mechanical performances are highly impacted by the fibre division and cell wall stiffness, as demonstrated by in-situ nanoindentation tests. Finally, the use of longer fibres is not a priority for the improvement of mechanical performances; it induces a more difficult fibre division and an increase in the compound viscosity, which could endanger the moulding process of the final part. Keywords: Injection moulding, Flax fibre, Poly-(propylene), Microstructure, Mechanical properties, Nanoindentation

We report two observations of congenital hypothyroidism diagnosed in 2011 in the university hospital of Gabriel Toure in Bamako. The first occurred in a male infant of 40 days, admitted for respiratory distress and anterior compressive cervical swelling. Although his neonatal period occurred without any medical particularity, family medical history revealed the presence of unexplored goiter in three paternal uncles. Neurological examination was normal with the presence of constipation. A cervical-thoracic scan showed a homogeneous and symmetric hypertrophy of thyroid lobes with a compression of the trachea. The dosage of thyroid hormones confirmed hypothyroidism (FT4 = 1.6 pmol/l, TSH = 60 µUI/ml). After one month of treatment using Levothyroxine, 10 mg/kg, there was a drastic improvement of respiratory distress, a regression of goiter and normalization of thyroid hormones. At six months of life he had no goiter and psychomotor development was normal. The second case occurred in a male infant of 2 years, from an area of endemic goiter. Puffiness of the face without lower limb edema, constipation, and delayed independent walking were the reasons for consultation. On examination, we noted the absence of goiter, large anterior fontanel with facial dysmorphism (lunar facies, hypertelorism, flat nose, macroglossia) and infiltration of the skin more marked in the face with cold extremities. He required support to sit. The thyroid function tests confirmed hypothyroidism (FT4 = 72 nmol/l, FT3 = 0.40 nmol/l, TSH60 µUI/l). Under levothyroxine, there was normalization of thyroid hormones after one month of treatment and disappearance of the skin infiltration. At six months of treatment he had acquired independent walking. Mental prognosis remains to be evaluated. These cases confirm the necessity of routine neonatal diagnosis of hypothyroidism.Nous rapportons deux observations d'hypothyroïdie congénitale diagnostiquées en 2011 au CHU Gabriel Touré de Bamako. Il s'agit d'un nourrisson de 40 jours, de sexe masculin admis dans le service pour une détresse respiratoire et une tuméfaction cervicale antérieure compressive. Son passé néonatal était sans particularités, il aurait trois oncles paternels ayant un goitre non exploré. Une constipation chronique était le seul signe fonctionnel tandis que l'examen neurologique était normal. Une tomodensitométrie cervico-thoracique montrait une hypertrophie homogène et symétrique des lobes thyroïdiens avec compression de la trachée. Le dosage des hormones thyroïdiennes confirmait l'hypothyroïdie (T4L = 1,6 pmol/l, TSH= 60 µUI/ml). Sous lévothyroxine à 10 µg /kg, on notait une disparition de la détresse respiratoire, une régression du goitre et la normalisation du taux des hormones thyroïdiennes à un mois de traitement. A six mois de vie, il n'avait pas de goitre et son développement psychomoteur était normal. Le second est un nourrisson de 2 ans, de sexe masculin, provenant d'une zone d'endémie goitreuse. Une bouffissure du visage sans œdème des membres inférieurs, une constipation, un retard de la marche autonome constituaient les motifs de consultation. A l'examen, on notait l'absence de goitre, une fontanelle antérieure large avec une dysmorphie faciale (facies lunaire, hypertélorisme, nez aplati, macroglossie) et une infiltration de la peau plus marquée au visage avec une froideur des extrémités. Il s'asseyait avec appui. Le dosage des hormones thyroïdiennes a confirmé l'hypothyroïdie (T4L = 72 nmol/l, T3L= 0,40 nmol/l, TSH60 µUI/l). Sous lévothyroxine, on notait la normalisation des hormones thyroïdiennes à un mois de traitement et la disparition de l'infiltration de la peau. A six mois de traitement il avait acquis la marche autonome. Le pronostic mental reste à être évalué. Ces observations confirment la nécessité du diagnostic néonatal de l'hypothyroïdie.

This study aims to evaluate the difficulties of the referral-for-referral system in the V municipality sanitary district of Bamako.A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out from 5th September to 5th November 2011 in the sanitary district of the V municipality in Bamako. Included in the study were patients referred or evacuated for obstetrical care in the health center during the period of study. Not included were the patients referred or evacuated from other sanitary districts and patients referred or evacuated or self-referred for no obstetrical reasons. Data was recorded on the Excel 8.0 software and analyzed on the software packages Epi info 3.5.3 and STATA.During the period of study we recorded 1824 deliveries among which 180 fit the inclusion criteria. During our study 92.2% of references were adequate; 78.3% were justified and 72.2% were opportune. Only the sanitary district of the V Municipality had paid its quotation due at the time of the study.Our study showed that inadequate logistics and the lack of involvement of communities hamper the proper functioning of the referral system.Cette étude a pour but d'évaluer les difficultés du système de référence contre-référence dans le district sanitaire de la Commune V de Bamako.C'est une étude transversale descriptive du 05 septembre au 05 novembre 2011dans le district sanitaire de la Commune V de Bamako. Ont été incluses les patientes référées ou évacuées pour des soins obstétricaux pendant la période d'étude. N'ont pas été inclues les patientes venant d'autres aires et structures de santé ou venues d'elles-mêmes. La saisie des données a été effectuée sur Excel 8.0 puis analysées sur les logiciels Epi info3.5.3 et STATA.Durant la période d'étude nous avons enregistré 1824 cas d'accouchements parmi lesquelles 180 répondaient aux critères d'inclusion. Au cours de notre étude 92,2% des références étaient adéquates ; 78,3 % étaient justifiées et 72,2 % étaient opportunes. Par ailleurs seul le centre de référence de la commune V avait payé sa quote-part pendant la période de l'étude.Notre étude a montré que l'insuffisance des moyens logistiques et la non implication des communautés handicapent le fonctionnement du système de référence dans la commune V du District de Bamako.

Une meilleure connaissance de la dynamique de la transmission du paludisme est un element essentiel a l’elaboration de toute strategie de lutte antivectorielle ciblee. L’objectif de cette etude etait de mieux comprendre la dynamique de la transmission le long du fleuve Niger en zone de savane soudanienne du Mali. A l’aide de passages transversaux mensuels, les larves ont ete recoltees par la technique standard du louche de l’OMS, et les adultes par capture de nuit sur appât humain et par capture de jour au pyrethre. La faune anophelienne vectrice etait composee d’An. gambiae s.l. (>99%) et d’An. funestus (

En 2011, les décès périnatals représentent 41% des décès avant cinq ans. Notre objectif principal était d"étudier les déterminants de la mortalité périnatale chez les femmes présentant des complications obstétricales au CSRéf (Centre de Santé de Référence) de Kéniéba, Kayes. Nous avons mené une étude transversale, descriptive et analytique du 1er janvier 2008 au 31 décembre 2011. La taille de l"échantillon était égale à 213 obtenu à partir d"Epi6. L"analyse statistique a été faite avec SPSS. Les mesures ont été comparées par des analyses croisées simples et la régression logistique. Les valeurs de X2, des rapports de côte (RC) et du p ont été utilisées pour interpréter les résultats. La fréquence de la mortalité périnatale était de 41,5%. L"analyse uni-variée a été attestée par la multi-variée dont les résultats sont les suivants : la classe de moins de 18 ans a un effet protecteur de 0,19 l"IC à 95% (0,065-0,57) par rapport à la classe d"âge>30,5 ans p=0,003. Les référées ou évacuées ont 4,42 fois plus de risque d"avoir des décès périnatals par rapport aux venues d"elles-mêmes, l"IC égal (1,6-8,75).Les hémorragies étaient à 3,55 fois de risque de décès périnatals, l"IC égal (1,09-12,7). Au terme de cette étude, il apparait que les décès périnatals (41,5%) constituent un problème de santé publique dans le district sanitaire de Kéniéba. Ainsi la classe de moins de 18 ans a un effet protecteur de 0,19 l"IC à 95% (0,065-0,57). Les référées ou évacuées ont un risque de 4,42 d"avoir des décès périnatals ainsi que l"hémorragie dont le risque est aussi de 3,55.

In recent decades, the weight of passenger vehicles has constantly increased. This leads to a rise in fuel consumption and higher CO2 emissions. On this basis, vehicle weight reduction is a privileged research axis to meet regulatory requirements on emissions by 2020. The current study is focused on the development of thermoplastic polymer used in the automotive sector. In fact, thermoplastic polymers allow innovative design and offer the advantage of being recycled for sustainable development purposes. Some lighter fillers were incorporated in this polymer by melt processing for weight saving benefits. We were interested mainly in hollow microspheres which are lower density than conventional mineral fillers (such as: talc, calcium carbonate, glass fibers etc ...). This study explores the impact of pilot-scale melt-processing on six (6) hollow microspheres embedded in high impact polypropylene commonly used for car bumpers. We found that two commercially available microspheres (grades iM30K and K37) withstand melt-processing successfully and reduce the polymer density.