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The human society has been identified as more prone for diseases. Various drugs with different compounds are available to treat the diseases. However, the medical practitioner cannot be sure about the application of the drug and what would be exact drug should be feed to the patient. To hook this, a multi feature drug compound analysis model is presented in this paper. The method keeps track of medical records related to various patients and the details of drugs being provided to them. Using these treatment data set, the method applies machine learning techniques to generate and predict the success rate of different drugs. To perform this, the method first split the records based on the disease and for each of them the list of medicines and compounds given has been identified. Based on these data, a set of patterns are generated according to various compounds of drug provided. Further, the method estimates the success influence measure (SIM) for different drug components. Estimated success influence measure is used to generate the fuzzy rules. Based on the rule generated, the method performs success rate prediction for various drug compounds. The method produces noticeable growth in the success rate prediction.

This paper deals with a low cost solution to problem avoidance for a mobile machine using just a single Artifical Intelligennce. It allows the machine to navigate smoothly in an unknown environment, avoiding collisions, without having to stop in front of problems. The problem avoidance process is made up of three distinct stages - the mapping algorithm, the core problem avoidance algorithm, and the steering algorithm. The mapping algorithm takes the raw Artifical Intelligennce readings and processes them to create higher resolution maps from the wide-angle Artifical Intelligennce. The problem avoidance algorithm is based on the potential field theory which considers the machine to be a test charge that is repelled by all the problems around it, and which moves in the direction of the resultant of the forces acting on it. An algorithm which steers a mobile machine based on the differential drive system is also discussed.

The aim of this experimental investigation is to investigate the dynamic characteristics of journal bearing. The process involves lubrication using couple stress fluid. The theoretical study has been analyzed based on the dynamic Reynolds governing equation for various lengths to diameter ratios, ratio of eccentricity, damping coefficient and stiffness of the systems and the results have been reported. The work involves using Newton’s multivariate interpolation, the empirical relationship is derived at different ratio of eccentricity, L/D ratio as well as dynamic coefficients. It is observed that beyond 0.7 eccentricity ratio, small disturbances affect in a higher stability in the journal bearing system. The theoretical study results have been compared to experimental test kit result for various L/D ratios. The dynamic characteristics such as displacement, velocity and acceleration values have been noted from the test kit and the instability conditions of the system have been verified from the theoretical results.

In this article, the discussions reflect on medical AI research on maturity and influence that has been achieve. Artificial intelligence (AI) aims to imitate human cognitive functions. It is bringing a pattern transfer to healthcare, power-driven by growing accessibility of healthcare records and fast development of analytics methods. This article describes a technique for representing medical performance instructions and facilitating their beginning into the clinical routine. As this technique it be exploited in internet location, it can correspond to the foundation for distributing clinical instructions both connecting dissimilar institutions and between human and software, brokers are cooperating inside a clinical background. AI can be functional to a variety of healthcare records (structured and unstructured). AI methods contain machine learning for structured data, such as the usual support vector mechanism and neural network, and the modern deep learning, since natural language processing for unstructured data. Main disease areas that use AI tools include cancer, neurology and cardiology. This article presents a review in more information of AI applications in Cancer, in the three most important areas of premature detection and diagnosis, treatment, as well as result prediction and prognosis assessment.

Graphical abstract, Many countries in the world face the new challenge of having human coronavirus infection to manage commendably - the large affliction of human health. Together, each country has modern drugs and a variety of medicinal products developed from their traditional medical practitioners to treat a common cold. In this review, we describe potentially synergistic therapeutics of traditional and complementary medicine available for common cold which might be useful for prevention or for the adjuvant treatment of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Further, we provide a phylogenetic overview of SARSCoV-2 based on a complete genome sequence of common cold viruses. We suggest modern and traditional medicine and preventive strategies which might control the disease to offer more suitable and acceptable common cold management including coronavirus. A substantial proportion of medicinal products developed by traditional medicine against common cold as well as modern medicine mainly focus on symptoms suppression. The recombinant interferon alpha-2b and lactoferrin derived from modern medicine in combination with herbal based products from traditional medicine may support the prevention of novel coronavirus infections. An integrated approach against common cold viruses to establish efficacy and safety through modern and traditional medicine and regular physical exercise along with preventive dietary sources is proposed.

Owing to the day-to- day developments in modern environment and food nature, the humans are affected by various types of diseases like Covid-19. The disease recovering stage needs prolonged treatment, which demands various drugs based on the patient nature of health condition. The main problem is not only the drug recommendation, but also the drug compound molecules which are not relational to curing diseases which lead to side effects. So, we need knowledge analyzing factor based on relational feature selection approach to make the best recommendation. To improve the performance of drug recommendation based on machine learning approach, we intent a Spectral Deep Feature Classification based Compound Analyse Model (SDFC-CAM)for analyzing success rate of drug recommendation. The features are processed with Mutual Spectral Scaling Feature Selection (MS2FS) filter which are inputs to Inter-segment sigmoid activation Adaptive Recurrent Neural Network (InS2ARNN) to make recommended classes. The system initially pre-processes all the patients' nature and its recommended drug molecule compounds as collective dataset. The feature selection was carried out to generate relational patterns using the distance vector features correlated to mutual molecules weights. The features are selected from the success rate influence measure generated by candidate selection model (CSM). The estimated rate of features weights ruled to create activation function are called intra class activation function. Further, the activation fixes the logical rules to make prediction fed to the feature weights into neural classifier. The RNN predicts the results, which are trained based on logical rule iterated in neural classifier. The classifier makes successive predictions which are grown up to make right recommendation of compound molecules to reduce the risk of the side effects.

The purpose of the present study is to provide the dynamic characteristics of Journal bearings lubricated with couple stress fluids. Based upon the dynamic Reynolds governing equation for the different L/D ratio, Eccentricity ratio, the stiffness and damping coefficient of the system are evaluated. At Eccentricity ratio after 0.7, the small disturbances results affect in a higher stability in the journal bearing system. Using the classical Newton's multivariate Interpolation the empirical relation has derived for eccentricity ratio L/D ratio and the dynamic coefficient for finding the experimental stability characteristics.

Background In the present study, novel 2,4-disubstitued oxazoles were synthesised, characterised and screened for their biological activities. Methods Various substituted benzoic acids were refluxed with phenylacyl bromide in presence of triethylamine, to yield the respective phenylacyl esters, which on further refluxation with acetamide gave 2,4-disubstituted oxazole. The synthesised compounds were analysed by spectral studies to confirm their structure. Then, they were studied for their in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH and nitric oxide radical scavenging methods. In addition, the in vitro anticancer activity was determined by MTT assay using HepG2 and HeLa cell lines. Results Totally, fifteen novel 2,4-disubstituted oxazole derivatives were synthesised, characterised and screened for their biological activities. Among the compounds tested, OXD-10, having 4-nitro-3-hydroxy phenyl substitution at the second position showed 50% free radical scavenging at 461.28 μg/ml by nitric oxide radical scavenging method. Other compounds were not found to have antioxidant activity by both methods. In vitro anticancer activity was performed on two different cancerous cell lines and compounds OXD-6 and OXD-15 showed promising activity on HepG2 cell line and their IC50 value was calculated as 16.89 and 16.65 μM respectively. Whereas, compound OXD-13 exhibited significant growth inhibition on HeLa cells and the IC50 value was 56.52 μM. Conclusion The above results concluded that, the compounds containing 2-nitro phenyl and 4-acetyloxyphenyl substituents at the second position in the oxazole scaffold played an important role in determining their anticancer potential and the 4-nitro-3-hydroxy phenyl group at second position in the scaffold could impart a major role in their radical scavenging property.

Good optical quality bulk single crystal of triaqua glycine sulfato zinc (II) has been grown by unidirectional crystal growth method. The crystal of 76 mm length and 12 mm diameter has been obtained at an average growth rate of 3.5 mm/day. The grown crystal was identified by single crystal X-ray analysis and the functional groups present in the crystal lattice were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis. The crystalline perfection of the grown crystal was determined through high resolution X-ray analysis. The transmission spectral analysis shows more than 80% of transmission in the entire visible region which exhibits the good optical quality of the grown crystal and the second harmonic generation efficiency was identified by Kurtz powder test. The mechanical strength of the grown crystal was studied and the results are discussed in detail.

Single crystals of the semi-organic non-linear optical material zinc tris (thiourea) sulphate (ZTS) were grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The crystals were characterized for crystalline perfection and optical homogeneity using high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) and optical interferometric techniques. The FWHM of 6 arc sec in HRXRD rocking curve shows the good crystalline quality. Transmittance of ∼75% shows that the crystal is free from volume defects. Conoscopy was used to assess the optical quality and investigate the optical indicatrix of the grown crystal. Birefringence values of the crystal along the three principal crystallographic axes were measured using birefringence interferometry. Mach–Zehnder interferograms exhibit good refractive-index homogeneity of the grown crystal.

Influence of forced convection on the growth rate of KDP crystal grown by unidirectional method has been investigated. The results were compared with the crystal grown under free convection conditions. To the best of our knowledge the effect of forced convection on unidirectional growth has been reported for the first time. An apparatus was designed and developed for growth of crystals by cooling under forced convection conditions. The growth rate achieved under forced convection was double to that under free convection conditions. Transmittance in the visible region for the crystals grown under the two types of convection regimes was ∼90%. Birefringence and Mach-Zehnder interferometry shows good refractive index homogeneity of the grown crystals.

Bulk single crystals of trisglycine zinc chloride have been grown from aqueous solution by slow cooling technique. Single crystal and powder XRD analyses confirmed orthorhombic crystal structure with non-centrosymmetric space group Pbn21. High resolution X-ray diffraction results have established that the quality of the grown crystal is quite good for device fabrication. The crystal was characterized by FTIR and NMR spectral analyses. Optical absorption studies show that the material has very low absorption in the wavelength range 240–2000 nm. The analysis of absorption coefficient in the absorption region reveals a direct band gap of 4.21 eV. The crystal possesses remarkable thermal stability up to 229 °C. Photoconductivity studies of the grown crystal revealed the positive photoconducting nature. The grown crystal exhibited considerable hardness anisotropy with Vicker’s hardness tester. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss were calculated by varying frequencies at different temperatures.

Single crystals of nonlinear optical l -histidine hydrochloride monohydrate (LHC) were grown in an aqueous solution by the unidirectional crystal growth method within a period of 45 days along (1 0 1) plane. The grown crystals were subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to confirm their orthorhombic structure having space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 . Values of several physical parameters were determined for the grown crystal. Optical transmission studies revealed very low absorption and band gap energy was calculated for the LHC crystals. Further, some optical constant were also determined for the grown crystals. Anisotropy in Vicker's microhardness led to the assessment of fracture toughness, brittleness index and yield strength for the synthesized crystals. Nonlinear optical studies were carried out for the grown crystal and second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency was found to be three times that of KDP crystals.

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals grown along the type-II phase-matching direction were investigated for crystalline and optical perfection. High-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) technique was used for investigating crystalline perfection. UV–VIS transmission, Mach–Zehnder interferometry, birefringence interferometry and conoscopy were performed for optical characterization. HRXRD results show that the grown crystals have good structural perfection. A uniform transmittance of 92% was observed in the visible region of the spectrum. Straight and parallel fringes were observed in Mach–Zehnder interferometric studies. A symmetrical fringe pattern was obtained in conoscopy images. These interferometric results suggest that the optical homogeneity of the grown crystal was good and not influenced by the growth technique.

A good optical quality and large size (75 mm) organic single crystal of benzoylglycine has been grown using the unidirectional crystal growth method and characterized for mechanical, dielectric, an...

Sodium acid phthalate (SAP), an efficient semi-organic crystal having dimensions 17×8×2 mm3 has been grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique at room temperature within the period of 2 weeks. The lattice parameters of the grown crystals were determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The presence of functional groups was estimated qualitatively by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The band gap energy was determined using optical absorption studies. The TG/DTA analysis reveals that the SAP crystal is thermally stable up to 141.6 °C. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss was studied as a function of frequency and the corresponding activation energy (Ea) has been calculated for the grown crystal. Scanning electron microscope studies enunciate the ferroelectric domain patterns of the SAP crystal. Ferroelectric property of the grown crystal was confirmed by hysteresis loop studies.

Single crystals of ferroelectric succinic acid (SA) with very high degree of transparency were grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the crystal belongs to monoclinic system with the space group P21/c. Some physical parameters have been determined for grown crystal. The optical absorption study reveals the transparency of the crystal in the entire visible region and the cut off wave length was found to be 240 nm. The optical band gap is found to be 3.75 eV. The dependence of extinction coefficient (k) and refractive index (n) on the wavelength have also been reported. The presence of functional groups was determined qualitatively by using Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) from which force constant has been calculated. The dielectric constant was also studied as a function of frequency at room temperature and electrical conductivity has been calculated from the Cole-Cole plot. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Solubility, metastable zonewidth and induction period have been estimated for the growth of sodium paranitrophenolate dihydrate (NPNa) single crystal. The interfacial energy has been calculated using experimentally determined induction period values. Nucleation parameters such as Gibbs free energy, critical energy barrier, radius, number of molecules in the critical nucleus and growth rate have been calculated. The evaluated interfacial tension values are found to be well agreed with the theoretical value derived from the solubility data. Bulk single crystals of NPNa have been grown with an aid of methanol as a solvent by slow evaporation technique.

Single crystals of amino acid doped (L–citrulline, L-ascorbic acid) triglycine sulphate were grown by slow evaporation technique. The lattice parameters and crystalline quality were confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction studies. The presence of functional groups in the grown crystals was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrum analysis. The dielectric studies were carried out to identify the phase transition temperature and the dielectric constant was found to be less for both the doped crystals than pure triglycine sulphate crystal. Micro hardness studies were carried out using Vickers pyramidal indentation technique at room temperature showed a decrease in hardness due to doping. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

L-Aspartate [C4H7NO4], also called as 2-aminobutanedoioic acid, an organic amino acid was crystallized with the aid of sodium metasilicate gel. Diffusion of the supersaturated solutions in porous gel network by solubility reduction method in silica gel was carried out in our laboratory. The crystals were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy reveals the presence of functional groups in the crystals. Optical absorbance of the crystals was studied by UV – Visible spectroscopy and the thermal properties were studied by thermo gravimetric analysis. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Optical absorption in photonic crystals of potassium acid phthalate has been measured at room temperature, from which the band gap has been determined and the optical band gap was calculated by using absorption spectrum. The analysis of absorption coefficient in the absorption region reveals a direct band gap of 3.70 eV. Further this study includes the theoretical calculations to determine the optical constant of the material and a technique for photonic band gap tuning which is minimally required to develop the optoelectronic device. It was confirmed that potassium acid phthalate crystal has maximum transparency in the entire visible region and hence it exhibits industrial application oriented properties. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Good quality single crystals of Ni2+, Co2+ ions doped Bisthiourea Cadmium Chloride (BTCC) are some of the excellent and efficient non-linear optical materials grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation method. The lattice parameters of the grown crystals are determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. UV spectral analyses on these samples reveal the improved transparency of the doped crystals ascertaining the inclusion of metal ion in the lattice. FTIR spectral analysis carried out on the materials confirm the presence of functional groups. Dielectric measurements reveal that the dielectric constant of pure and doped crystals decreases with increase of frequency. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Bulk single crystals of l -alanine formate of 10 mm diameter and 50 mm length have been grown with an aid of modified Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy (SR) uniaxial crystal growth method within a period of ten days. The optical properties of the grown crystal were calculated from UV transmission spectral analysis. The second harmonic generation efficiency of the grown crystal was confirmed by Kurtz powder test. In order to determine the mechanical strength of the crystal, Vicker’s microhardness test was carried along the growth plane (0 0 1). Dielectric studies reveal that both dielectric constant and dielectric loss decreases with increase in frequency. Photoconductivity study confirms the negative photoconducting nature of the crystal.

Optically transparent bulk single crystal of lithium para -nitrophenolate trihydrate has been grown along (1 1 0) plane using the uniaxial crystal growth method of Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy with a slight modification in the growth assembly. The crystal was grown with a growth rate of 7 mm per day up to a dimensions of 80 mm length and 12 mm diameter with in a period of 12 days having cylindrical morphology. The grown crystal was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The optical transparency of the crystal was observed by UV–Vis–NIR spectral analysis. The mechanical strength of the grown crystal was tested by Vickers microhardness test along the growth plane (1 1 0). Frequency dependent dielectric studies were carried out along the growth axis.

Good optical quality single crystals of zinc hydrogen phosphate (ZnHPO4) having dimensions up to 8×2×2 mm3 have been grown with the aid of sodium meta silicate gel. Single crystal XRD studies confirm that the crystal belongs to the orthorhombic system with space group P212121. The functional groups present in the crystals were confirmed using FTIR technique. Optical absorbance shows very low absorption in the entire visible region. Differential thermal and thermo gravimetric analysis confirmed that the crystal is stable up to 193°C. Photoconductivity study reveals positive photoconductivity in the presence of photo active centers formed by trap energy levels. The NLO activity of the crystal was confirmed by Kurtz powder technique. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

To report five myopic patients who presented with a variety of changes at the edge of posterior staphyloma. Retrospective, observational case series. The clinical and angiographic records of five patients who showed changes at the edge of posterior staphyloma were reviewed. One of these patients had been referred querying macular dystrophy. On fundus examination, three patients showed retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) changes at the edge of the staphyloma and two showed RPE atrophy with surrounding haemorrhages. Fluorescein angiography revealed areas of hyperfluorescence at the point of change of curvature of the staphyloma suggestive of RPE atrophy in all patients. In two patients, a choroidal neovascular membrane was seen. Indocyanine green angiogram carried out in one patient showed the presence of an occult choroidal neovascular membrane with preservation of the adjacent choriocapillaris. This case series illustrates the variety of changes that can occur at the edge of posterior staphylomas, which ranged from RPE disturbance to choroidal neovascular membrane formation. In one of the patients, these changes were mistaken for macular dystrophy. Our observations also support the hypothesis that chorioretinal changes occur at the edge of staphylomas and may predispose to choroidal neovasularisation.

To compare the performance of oral fundus fluorescein angiography with a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) with intravenous fundus fluorescein angiography (IVFFA) with a fundus camera in the assessment of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy. A total of 25 patients undergoing IVFFA to investigate their diabetic retinopathy were recruited. Participants returned 1 week later and an oral angiogram with the SLO was performed. Six facets of the oral and intravenous angiograms were scored and compared: visualization of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ); branch retinal identification; macular leakage; identification of microaneurysms in areas of macular leakage; peripheral nonperfusion, and leakage from neovascular complexes. Compared to IVFFA, the FAZ was unreliably visualized with oral angiography (Kappa 0.1, 95% CI 0–0.3). In contrast, macular leakage (Kappa 0.78, 95%, CI 0.72–0.83), identification of microaneurysms in areas of macular leakage (Kappa 0.78, 95%, CI 0.72–0.83), and neovascular complexes (Kappa 1.0) were reliably seen. Analysis of the visualization of peripheral nonperfusion was complicated by the finding that profuse dye leakage from neovascular complexes obscured the view of the peripheral retina. If the five angiograms in which this occurred were excluded, oral angiography identified 23 of the 24 eyes in which significant nonperfusion was found on IVFFA. Oral angiography with the SLO can provide high-quality angiograms that allow judgments to be made about the presence of treatable diabetic maculopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and peripheral nonperfusion. In the presence of coexisting macular oedema, it proved to be an unreliable technique with which to investigate foveal ischaemia.

Feature selection is the process of selecting the superlative feature from the preprocessed datasets. It is also useful in machine learning to improve the speed as well as to improve the classification accuracy. This paper deals with filter and wrapper approach to identify their pros and cons with respect to decision tree based classification algorithm. Filter and wrapper approach with a best first search method and genetic search method is used with a decision tree based random forest algorithm to compare the classification accuracy. Datasets are taken from the UCI machine learning repository to test the accuracy rate. The results obtained are compared with the existing algorithms and are discussed based on the classification accuracy.

Purpose To determine the efficacy of transvitreal biopsy in the diagnosis of suspected intraocular malignancy and simulating conditions. Methods We performed a retrospective study of the case notes from patients who underwent pars plana transvitreal biopsy from July 1986 to October 1999. We studied the relationship between lesion thickness as measured by A-scan ocular ultrasound and the incidence of a successful diagnostic biopsy. We assessed the diagnostic accuracy by comparing the biopsy result with the histological examination of any subsequently enucleation specimens and noted the incidence and severity of complications attributable to the biopsy. Results A total of 83 biopsies were performed for choroidal masses. There was insufficient material for cytological examination in 10 cases, and sufficient material in 73 cases (an overall diagnostic report rate was 88%). There was a strong correlation (p = 0.0004, Mann-Whitney U-test) between a diagnostic biopsy result and the thickness of the lesion on A-scan ultrasound: a biopsy was diagnostic in only 40% (4 of 10) of choroidal lesions less than 1.99 mm thick, whereas biopsies taken from lesions between 2.00 and 4.00 mm thick were diagnostic in 90% of cases (27 of 30). In thicker lesions of 4 mm or more the cell aspirate was sufficient to make a diagnosis in 98% (42 of 43). Following diagnostic biopsy 27 patients had their tumours resected, and the histology results following enucleation confirmed the cytological diagnosis of malignancy in 96% of these cases (26 of 27). Conclusion Transvitreal biopsy is a highly accurate diagnostic procedure with a low complication rate. It is a reliable diagnostic tool in suspicious choroidal lesions greater than 2 mm thick.

This article introduces a novel ensemble method named eAdaBoost (Effective Adaptive Boosting) is a meta classifier which is developed by enhancing the existing AdaBoost algorithm and to handle the time complexity and also to produce the best classification accuracy. The eAdaBoost reduces the error rate when compared with the existing methods and generates the best accuracy by reweighing each feature for further process. The comparison results of an extensive experimental evaluation of the proposed method are explained using the UCI machine learning repository datasets. The accuracy of the classifiers and statistical test comparisons are made with various boosting algorithms. The proposed eAdaBoost has been also implemented with different decision tree classifiers like C4.5, Decision Stump, NB Tree and Random Forest. The algorithm has been computed with various dataset, with different weight thresholds and the performance is analyzed. The proposed method produces better results using random forest and NB tree as base classifier than the decision stump and C4.5 classifiers for few datasets. The eAdaBoost gives better classification accuracy, and prediction accuracy, and execution time is also less when compared with other classifiers.

Nonlinear optical active single crystal of potassium boromalate monohydrate (KBM) crystal of 30 mm (1.4 in.) length has been grown with a growth rate of 1 mm per day in a period of 30 days from aqu...

Growth of bulk nonlinear optical (NLO) single crystals gained new significance with the advent of solid-state laser sources for opto-electronic applications. An optically transparent crystal of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) has been grown from aqueous solution along (001) plane with the aid of modified growth assembly of Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) Method. The evaporation rate was controlled and single crystals of 5 mm diameter and 60 mm length with a growth rate 5 mm per day have been grown successfully. The improved transparency of grown crystal was investigated using DRS UV transmittance spectral analysis and the presence of functional groups in the grown crystal is confirmed using FTIR analysis. (© 2007 WILEY -VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

A new semi-organic nonlinear optical sodium paranitrophenolate paranitrophenol dihydrate single crystal is grown successfully using methanol as solvent by slow evaporation technique to dimensions of 14 × 5 × 4 mm3 in a period of 7 days. The grown crystal is characterized by X-ray diffractometry and UV–Visible spectral analysis. X-ray diffraction data reveals that the crystal belongs to monoclinic system with space group C2. Optical absorption studies illustrate low absorption in the entire UV and Visible region. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of the crystal measured by Kurtz's powder technique infers that the crystal has NLO coefficient 5 times greater than that of KDP crystal. Remarkable mechanical strength with the work hardening coefficient less than 2 and thermal stability up to 120 °C of the grown crystal is reported.