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A calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT) is a rare benign epithelial odontogenic tumor. Histologically, CEOTs are commonly composed of polygonal epithelial cells, eosinophilic amyloid deposits, and calcifications. The non-calcifying/Langerhans cell-rich variant, one of the three variants of CEOTs according to the 2022 World Health Organization classification of head and neck tumors, is rare with few cases reported to date. We present an additional case of a non-calcifying/Langerhans cell-rich CEOT. A 76-year-old woman was referred to our department for painless swelling of the mandibular incisor. Computed tomography showed a 33 × 10 × 18 mm well-defined bone resorption lesion without distention, radiopaque spots, or unerupted teeth in the mandible. Tissue biopsy showed that the tumor was composed of atypical cells with oval nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm and many amorphous eosinophilic amyloid-like deposits, which led to the diagnosis of CEOT. Marginal mandibulectomy was performed under general anesthesia from the right mandibular first premolar to the left mandibular canine. The tumor was composed of small nests and strands of odontogenic epithelial cells and many amorphous eosinophilic amyloid-like deposits; however, there was no area of calcification in any tissue section. Immunohistochemical examination showed that the tumor epithelial cells were positive for S-100 protein. Based on these histopathological and immunohistochemical findings, the tumor was diagnosed as a non-calcifying/Langerhans cell-rich CEOT. No local recurrence was detected over the 4 years of follow up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background To improve the characteristics of primary thyroid schwannomas (PTS) and to provide reference basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods PubMed was searched for case reports of PTS up to December 2022 using the search terms “Thyroid nerve sheath tumor” or “Thyroid schwannoma” or “Thyroid Neurilemmoma”, respectively. 34 cases were screened. Results PTS can occur at any age, nodules averaged 3.9 cm. The most common symptoms were voice change and dysphagia. Fine needle aspiration cytology showing spindle-shaped cells should be considered for schwannoma. Most cases underwent thyroid lobectomy or nodule removal with a good prognosis. Tissue types with both Antoni A and Antoni B features are common. Positive immunohistochemical staining for S-100 protein, CD34 and waveform proteins helped confirm the diagnosis. Conclusions Positive immunohistochemistry for S-100 and wave proteins helps confirm the diagnosis. Preoperative diagnosis is challenging, but pathology and immunohistochemical staining are the gold standard for diagnosis. The first choice of treatment is surgical resection of the nodules, the prognosis is good.

A primary benign hepatic schwannoma is an extremely rare disease with a good prognosis. A 55-year-old man with chronic hepatitis B was referred to our hospital because of jaundice, weight loss, and a hepatic lesion found during an ultrasound examination.Magnetic resonance image revealed a 55 × 120 mm solid mass lesion in the segment V and VIII of the liver. The mass extended directly to the segmental biliary ducts and common hepatic duct, causing obstruction of the biliary duct and upstream dilatation, particularly in the left liver lobe. Following the insertion of a percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage, a biopsy was performed under ultrasound guidance.Histological examination confirmed a benign schwannoma, identified by characteristic pathological findings and positive immunoreactions with S-100 protein, but negative for c-kit, CD117, or CD34.The patient's tumor was removed and upon examination, it was discovered to be a mass filled with pinkish-yellow fluid, measuring 12 × 5 × 5 cm. This is the first known case of a benign schwannoma in the liver parenchyma of a patient with chronic hepatitis B. Furthermore, most previous cases of benign liver schwannomas have reported a smaller size than this case, which is slightly larger.

Background: To improve the characteristics of primary thyroid schwannomas (PTS) and to provide reference basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods: PubMed was searched for case reports of PTS up to December 2022 using the search terms "Thyroid nerve sheath tumor" or "Thyroid schwannoma" or "Thyroid Neurilemmoma", respectively. 34 cases were screened. Results: PTS can occur at any age, nodules averaged 3.9 cm. The most common symptoms were voice change and dysphagia. Fine needle aspiration cytology showing spindle-shaped cells should be considered for schwannoma. Most cases underwent thyroid lobectomy or nodule removal with a good prognosis. Tissue types with both Antoni A and Antoni B features are common. Positive immunohistochemical staining for S-100 protein, CD34 and waveform proteins helped confirm the diagnosis. Conclusions: Positive immunohistochemistry for S-100 and wave proteins helps confirm the diagnosis. Preoperative diagnosis is challenging, but pathology and immunohistochemical staining are the gold standard for diagnosis. The first choice of treatment is surgical resection of the nodules, the prognosis is good. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurilemmoma, also known as Schwannoma, is a benign, slow-growing, encapsulated neoplasm that arises from Schwann cells of the peripheral nerve sheath. Although it is extremely rare, it affects the head and neck region in roughly 25-45% of all cases. Intraorally, the tongue is the most common site and is rarely involves vestibular mucosa. Here, we report a rare case of Schwannoma of vestibular mucosa in a 13-year-old girl and contribute a review to the current literature. Clinically, based on age, site, and appearance, a diagnosis of a benign tumour such as lipoma, fibroma, neurofibroma, and benign lesions of salivary glands was made. An excisional biopsy showed solely Antoni type A tissue with central acellular eosinophilic Verocay bodies surrounded by spindle-shaped neurilemma cells arranged compactly with wavy, twisted nuclei arranged in a palisaded manner. The patient was recurrence-free after 6 months. Hence, this case is of interest due to its rarity in terms of age, site, and histopathology (Antoni type A neurilemmoma) for a presumed initial diagnosis. Here, we also hypothesize regarding the type of growth pattern in the earlier diagnosed cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective – to study the dynamics of the level of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100 protein in blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid in children with various features of viral encephalitis course and outcome and to define their role in diagnostics and prognosis.Material and methods. 48 children aged from 1 month to 15 years were examined. Analysis of the level of NSE and S-100 protein was performed by the method of hardphase immune-enzyme analysis.Results. A reliable increase of the level of S-100 protein in blood serum was identified in comparison with the control group in both acute and reconvalescence periods. During acute period higher values of NSE in blood serum were found in children with herpesvirus encephalitis of various etiologies in comparison with varicella zoster encephalitis, and during reconvalescence period – higher values of S-100 protein. In case of the most severe course of the disease the level of NSE in cerebrospinal fluid was reliably higher in comparison with patients in severe condition. Children with convulsive syndrome demonstrated higher concentration of NSE in cerebrospinal fluid than patients without convulsions. In case of formation of stable neurologic deficiency during the disease outcome there was identified an increase of NSE concentration in blood serum in comparison with the recovered patients. It was also identified that if the values of NSE were >7.0 ng/ml, it was possible to predict unfavourable outcome of viral encephalitis with sensitivity of 61.54% and specificity of 71.43%. The highest values of neuron-specific proteins in blood serum were found in the dead patient with herpes encephalitis.Conclusion. Analysis of NSE and S-100 protein in pediatric viral encephalitis is characterized by diagnostic and prognostic significance, demonstrates their role in pathogenesis and can be used for therapy correction.

Secretory Carcinoma (SC) or Mammary Analogue Secretory Carcinoma (MASC) is a recently described tumour of the salivary gland that shares morphological and genetic characteristics with secretory carcinoma of the breast. Due to their complex and heterogeneous presentations, majority of these tumors were previously histologically diagnosed as acinic cell carcinoma or mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Here, we present a case of secretory carcinoma of the parotid gland in a 29-year-old female and discuss the cytological, histological and immunohistochemical characteristics that can be used to diagnose the condition and distinguish it from its histologic mimics.

The aim of the study was to assess regional cerebral oxygenation (rScO₂) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with COVID-19.Material and methods. The cross-sectional study was conducted. Twenty-eight patients with severe COVID-19 who were admitted in the intensive care unit were enrolled. Regional cerebral oxygenation was assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy, laboratory markers of cerebral damage, clinical and laboratory characteristics.Results. Median age of patients was 65 years, of whom 50% were men. Three (11%) patients had severeARDS, 8 (29%) patients had moderate ARDS, and 17 (60%) patients had mild ARDS. Mechanical ventilation was performed in 20 (71%) patients, vasopressors were used in 14 (50%) patients. The median levels of cerebral saturation were normal and did not differ between the left (rScO₂l) and right (rScO₂r) hemispheres (68 (58–75) and 69 (59–76), respectively). The level of S-100 protein was increased (0.133 (0.061–0.318) µg/l) in contrast to the normal level of neuron-specific enolase (12.5 (8.0–16.5) µg/l). A correlation was found only between rScO₂ and hemoglobin level (rho=0.437, P=0.02) and between rScO₂ and lymphocyte count (rho=–0.449, P=0.016). An increase in S-100 negatively correlated with a decrease in Glasgow Coma Scale score (rho=–0.478, P=0.028).Conclusion. Near-infrared spectroscopy did not reveal a decrease in rScO₂ among patients with ARDS associated with COVID-19. The S-100 protein is a useful marker for the assessment of impaired consciousness. Further study of the causes of cerebral dysfunction in patients with severe COVID-19 and methods for its early identification is warranted.

Secretory breast carcinoma represents a rare subtype within basal-like tumours of the breast, having an excellent prognosis, in stark contrast with other basal-like tumours. These tumours are typically ER, PR and HER-2 negative, and S-100 positive. Recurrences are far and few, and treatment is predominantly surgical. We report here a unique case of S-100 marker-negative secretory breast carcinoma in an adult female with a clinical presentation and histo-morphological features otherwise typical of secretory breast carcinomas. This case was managed with radical surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. Secretory breast carcinomas are unique among basal-like tumours in having an excellent prognosis. They may however be part of a larger spectrum of secretory carcinomas across several glandular organs, with the recently discovered ETV6-NTRK3 fusion gene as a common, recurring mutation. The significance of absence of S-100 staining is not yet clear; however, it may portend a worse prognosis, warranting more aggressive therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we describe the immunohistochemical characterisation of the thymus, the main lymphoid organ, in sturgeon. The wide range cytokeratin, vimentin, S-100 protein, LCA (CD45) and CD3 were selected as the immunohistochemical markers to map the thymus in juvenile sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus). The epithelial cells and Hassall's corpuscles were labelled with a wide range cytokeratin. The fibroblasts and connective tissue within the thin fibrous capsule on the thymic surface expressed vimentin positivity. The stromal reticular cells were S-100 protein positive. The Leukocyte Common Antigen LCA (CD45) was negative on the thymic lymphocytes. The CD3 was negative on the thymic lymphocytes with cross-reactivity on the non-targeted structures. In conclusion, the commercially available antibodies against the wide range cytokeratin, vimentin and S-100 protein can be used to differentiate components of the sturgeon thymus, while the LCA (CD45) and CD3 application failed. We suggest that further studies are needed to generate fish specific antibodies.

Background: Folliculo-stellate cells were first identified with electron microscopy as a non-hormone secreting accessory cells, star-shaped and follicleforming cells. They represent about 4-20% of pituitary cells from the anterior pituitary lobe. The folliculo-stellate cells control several anterior pituitary activities. However, they do not produce hormones, but they produce growth factors, cytokines, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), IL-6, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), IL-1β and TNF-α. Regardless of a long period of pituitary research and many morphological, cytophysiological studies, it has been reported that a precise understanding of the major functions of folliculo-stellate in the pituitary gland remains unknown. Consequently, there are still many unsolved issues. Conclusions: This article intends to review the characteristics of folliculo-stellate cells and their uncertain functions in the adenohypophysis, such as their importance as stem cells, in the process of maturation and aging. New researches about the origin and differentiation of folliculo-stellate cells may provide many relevant answers about physiopathology of the pituitary gland and the pathogenesis of pituitary tumors, as well as their influence on the quality of life. Immunohistochemical profile studies of folliculo-stellate cells in pituitary gland, can be useful in elucidation of morphological features and may have a predictive role for the early identification of pituitary microadenomas, prognosis of pituitary tumors and treatment.

Myxoid neurothekeomas are rare benign soft-tissue tumors that are considered to be of the nerve sheath origin. They usually occur in young most commonly on the upper extremities, head, and neck, with a predilection for the female population. Based on histomorphological appearance and immunohistochemical findings, there are three variants of neurothekeoma myxoid, cellular, and mixed type. The myxoid type is characterized by a greater degree of myxomatous changes, less cellularity with well-circumscribed spindle cells in the myxoid matrix, and stain positively for S-100. This has to be differentiated from several myxoid soft-tissue tumors. We present a rare case of myxoid neurothekeoma occurring in elderly females in the toe of the lower extremity.

Abstract Background Neurofibromas (NF) are benign tumors of the peripheral nerves that are composed of Schwann cells, perineural-like cells and fibroblasts. The differential diagnosis for a solitary intraneural variant of neurofibroma arising in the floor of the mouth is broad and includes a submandibular gland neoplasm and adenopathy, among others. The intraoral approach is the best choice for a medium-sized lesion. Case presentation We report a rare case of a solitary neurofibroma of the floor of the mouth in a 31-year-old male. The patient consulted the dental emergency department for acute pain of the left mandible. Systematic clinical examination revealed the presence of a mass in the left mouth floor. The panoramic x-ray was not conclusive and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a well-defined soft tissue lesion with homogenous isosignal intensity on the T1-weighted image, high intensity signal on the T2-weighted image and heterogeneous enhancement following contrast-enhancement on the T1-weighted Fast Sat image. The surgical excision of the soft-tissue neoplasm was accomplished by an intraoral approach. The specimen was sent for histopathologic analysis and Immunohistochemical studies which confirmed the diagnosis of a myxoid predominant intraneural solitary neurofibroma. Conclusion The diagnosis of neurofibroma was confirmed by histopathological evaluation and immunohistochemical studies which also excluded other entities in the histopathologic differential diagnosis including schwannoma and a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor among other. Localized (solitary) neurofibromas most often occur as sporadic lesions, however; diagnosis of a solitary neurofibroma prompts clinical evaluation to exclude the remote possibility of neurofibromatosis. The purpose of this case report is to raise awareness of the uncommon presentation of neurofibroma and to document the successful management of such a lesion using an intraoral approach.

Schwannoma is a slow-growing, encapsulated benign tumor of the neuroectodermal origin arising from the perineural Schwann cells. This study aims to elucidate the clinicoradiographical and histopathological features of orofacial schwannomas through a case series of seven cases. The patients' aged ranged from 13 to 45 years, with a male predilection in the ratio of 5:2. One intraosseous case presented as a radiolucent lesion. All the cases exhibited Antoni A and Antoni B type of microscopic patterns in varying amounts. One case of ancient schwannoma showed degenerative features. The tumor cells showed diffuse positive immunohistochemical reaction for S-100 protein. Our study suggests that intraosseous schwannoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the intraosseous jaw lesions. Histopathologically, it is important to recognize the findings of ancient schwannoma and to avoid misdiagnosing it as a malignant lesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ancient schwannoma is a variant of schwannoma and rarely occurs in the spine. Here, we report 2 cases of ancient schwannoma of the spine. The first case was a 71-year-old man who presented with a-month history of gait disturbance. Imaging suggested extradural tumor or hematoma of the thoracic spine, for which symptoms resolved following en-bloc resection. The second case was a 58-year-old man who presented with difficulty walking due to cervical extradural tumor. Piecemeal resection of the tumor led to gradual improvement of his symptom.

Purpose: Biliary atresia (BA) is a disease that manifests as jaundice after birth and leads to progressive destruction of the ductal system in the liver. The aim of this study was to investigate histopathological changes and immunohistochemically examine the expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), synaptophysin, and S-100 protein in the gallbladder of BA patients. Methods: The study included a BA group of 29 patients and a control group of 41 children with cholecystectomy. Gallbladder tissue removed during surgery was obtained and examined immunohistochemically and histopathologically. Tissue samples of both groups were immunohistochemically assessed in terms of GDNF, S-100 protein, and synaptophysin expression. Expression was classified as present or absent. Inflammatory activity assessment with hematoxylin and eosin staining and fibrosis assessment with Masson's trichrome staining were performed for tissue sample sections of both groups. Results: Ganglion cells were not present in gallbladder tissue samples of the BA group. Immunohistochemically, GDNF, synaptophysin, and S-100 expression was not detected in the BA group. Histopathological examination revealed more frequent fibrosis and slightly higher inflammatory activity in the BA than in the control group. Conclusion: We speculate that GDNF expression will no longer continue in this region, when the damage caused by inflammation of the extrahepatic bile ducts reaches a critical threshold. The study's findings may represent a missing link in the chain of events forming the etiology of BA and may be helpful in its diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 52-year-old male complained of a painless, firm, and slow-growing mass in his right breast outer portion. The chest CT revealed a 3.3 cm-sized oval shaped, microlobulated, mild enhancing mass. Ultrasound showed a microlobulated marginated heterogeneous hypoechoic mass with internal vascularity and calcifications in the mass. On the ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy, the mass was confirmed as a benign granular cell tumor (GCT). The patient transferred to another hospital and underwent surgical removal of the lesion. GCT of the breast is uncommon and mostly benign neoplasm to originate from Schwann cell. Clinical and radiologic features of GCTs, including CT and ultrasound images, mimic malignancy and make diagnosis of GCT more difficult. The CT images of GCTs are much rarely reported. Physicians and radiologists must be aware of radiologic characteristics of this rare benign tumor for male breast, to avoid misdiagnosis this tumor for breast malignancy and overtreat.

Abstract Background Benign esophageal tumors are relatively rare, and a neurofibroma in the esophagus is extremely rare. Dysphagia is the most common clinical manifestation in patients with esophageal neurofibroma, and no cases of giant esophageal neurofibroma with severe tracheal stenosis have been reported. Case presentation A 73-year-old woman presented with shortness of breath, and computed tomography scan exhibited a giant mediastinal tumor causing severe tracheal stenosis. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a giant submucosal lesion without mucosal changes located 18–23 cm from the incisor teeth. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography image revealed an upper mediastinal homogeneous mass and left supraclavicular lymph node with increased FDG accumulation. We performed endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy; however, a definitive diagnosis could not be determined. During further investigation, her shortness of breath suddenly worsened and she suffered from wheezing. Because of risk of smothering, we decided to perform quasi-urgent lifesaving surgery. Under the preparation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) when tracheal intubation fails, bronchial blocker was inserted over the tracheal stenosis and the left-lung ventilation was performed via intubation alone. Under general anesthesia, the patient was placed in the left lateral position and we performed right thoracotomy. The tumor strongly adhered to the trachea; however, the trachea or recurrent laryngeal nerves were not damaged in the surgery. Following esophagectomy, we performed gastric conduit reconstruction through the posterior mediastinum, and hand-sewn anastomosis was performed in the left neck. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for S-100 but negative for c-KIT, CD34, α-SMA, and desmin; these morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics were consistent with the diagnosis of neurofibroma. Conclusions It is often difficult to diagnose esophageal neurofibroma preoperatively. The preparation of ECMO could be considered in patients with severe airway obstruction for safe tracheal intubation. This is the first case of life-threatening giant esophageal neurofibroma with severe tracheal stenosis.

In this study, we describe the immunohistochemical characterisation of the thymus, the main lymphoid organ, in sturgeon. The wide range cytokeratin, vimentin, S-100 protein, LCA (CD45) and CD3 were selected as the immunohistochemical markers to map the thymus in juvenile sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus). The epithelial cells and Hassall's corpuscles were labelled with a wide range cytokeratin. The fibroblasts and connective tissue within the thin fibrous capsule on the thymic surface expressed vimentin positivity. The stromal reticular cells were S-100 protein positive. The Leukocyte Common Antigen LCA (CD45) was negative on the thymic lymphocytes. The CD3 was negative on the thymic lymphocytes with cross-reactivity on the non-targeted structures. In conclusion, the commercially available antibodies against the wide range cytokeratin, vimentin and S-100 protein can be used to differentiate components of the sturgeon thymus, while the LCA (CD45) and CD3 application failed. We suggest that further studies are needed to generate fish specific antibodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a case of a 55-year-old female with past medical history of tobacco smoking, hypertension, and lupus who presented with a left lung nodule, found on computed tomographic scan of the chest during workup for a recently diagnosed squamous cell carcinoma in a cervical lymph node. Resection of the lung nodule showed a 2.3-cm well-defined pale-tan mass, and histologic examination showed a well-circumscribed lesion with papillary, solid, and gland-like architectural patterns, with eosinophilic secretions, areas of comedonecrosis, and increased mitotic activity. Immunohistochemical stains showed the lesion to be positive for cytokeratin 7, S100 protein, and focally positive for mammaglobin. Fluorescence in situ hybridization studies confirmed rearrangement of the ETV6 gene at 12p13.2. To date, our case is the second reported case of a primary mammary-analogue secretory carcinoma arising in the lung, and the first to show evidence of tumor necrosis: an unusual feature in an unusual location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chondroblastoma is a rare bone tumor, accounting for less than 2% of all bone tumors. Tumors arising in the temporal bone are extremely rare. A 66-year-old female was referred to the ENT department with hearing disturbance on the right side. Computed tomography showed a mass with a bony defect on the right squamous part of the temporal bone and glenoid fossa. T2-weighted magnetic imaging revealed a low signal mass in the right squamous part of the temporal bone. The pathological diagnosis from a biopsy specimen was chondroblastoma. Complete resection of the tumor and reconstructive surgery were performed by the surgical team, which included ENT, brain, oral maxillofacial, and plastic surgeons. Histopathological findings of the surgical specimen revealed that mononuclear cells and multinucleated giant cells proliferated with extensive hemosiderin deposition with a background of fibrous tissue and a cartilage-like myxoid matrix. Immunohistochemically, the nucleus and cytoplasm of mononuclear cells were positive for the anti-S-100 protein antibody. Therefore, the pathological diagnosis of chondroblastoma was confirmed. The patient has been followed up for 5 years and 7 months postoperatively without any severe clinical disturbance or sign of recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is also termed as spindle cell malignancy of the peripheral nerve Schwann cell. It is a rare and highly aggressive, soft-tissue sarcoma of ectomesenchymal origin that accounts for 10% of all sarcomas and only 10%–12% of all lesions occur in the head-and-neck region, thus making it a rare entity. It arises de novo or from the preexisting benign neurofibroma. The diagnosis of MPNST is one of the most elusive among the soft-tissue tumors because of its greater variability in overall presentation both clinically and histologically. This difficulty can be overcome by the use of immunohistochemistry. This article presents a rare case of MPNST of the oral cavity in a 40-year-old female patient with a brief review of the current literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) or von Recklinghausen's disease is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the development of multiple noncancerous (benign) tumors of nerves and skin (neurofibromas). Head-and-neck neurofibroma is generally located in the soft tissue. Here, we present a case of a 12-year-old girl with NF-1. The disease started in childhood with the appearance of multiple hyperpigmented skin macules. The girl presents generalized freckling and café au lait spots throughout the body and a diffused swelling measuring about 4 cm × 3 cm, extending from the right maxillary hard palate region to the midpalate. The diagnosis of NF-1 was made according to the presence of two or more diagnostic criteria of the National Institute of Health Consensus Development Conference. No recurrence was observed in a 15-month follow-up after extensive surgical ablation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Endobronchial granular cell tumors are uncommon in the pediatric population. Case report: A 9-year-old female presented with respiratory failure due to an endobronchial tumor. After debulking and diagnosis, she underwent thoracotomy with right upper lobe resection and bronchoplasty. Pathology demonstrated an endobronchial S-100 negative granular cell tumor, which to our knowledge, is the first such report in the literature. Conclusion: Endobronchial granular cell tumors may cause obstructive respiratory failure, are amenable to surgery, and may be S-100 negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Highlights • The schwannoma of the esophagus is a rare case report. • We present a review of the main characteristics of this disease. • Aspects covered epidemiological, clinical, surgical, histopathological and immunohistochemical. Abstract Introduction Schwannoma is a tumor of the peripheral nervous system originated in the Schwann cells of the neural sheath. Presentation of case A 43-years-old male complained of odynophagia, dysphagia and hemoptysis. The upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a smooth elevated lesion, 20 cm from the incisor teeth, occupying the entire lumen of the esophagus. The chest computed tomography (CT) scan showed a lesion of 7 cm and superior mediastinal, lower paraesophageal and cardiac enlarged lymph nodes. A posterolateral thoracotomy was performed with total esophagectomy without intraoperative complications. The anatomopathological analysis revealed fusocellular mesenchymal neoplasia of low malignancy potential. The immunohistochemical study showed positivity for S-100 protein and KI67 antibodies and absence of staining for CD117, CD34, ALK protein, SMA and Desmin. Thus, the morphological and immunohistochemical findings pointed to the diagnosis of esophageal Schwannoma. Discussion Although rare and indolent, Schwannoma occurs in the peripheral nervous system, being uncommon in the esophagus. Conclusion The immunohistochemical study is essential for the diagnosis, which is based on the positivity for S-100 protein and absence of staining for CD34 and CD117. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

el tumor de Abrikossoff es una neoplasia benigna infrecuente derivada de las células de schwann. es más frecuente en el sexo femenino entre la 4ta y 5ta década de la vida, siendo raros los casos congénitos y en niños. los estudios inmunohistoquimicos revelan la reacción positiva a la proteína s-100. se presenta el caso de recién nacida de 8 días, con aumento de volumen en la boca, reportado en ecosonograma antenatal. Al examen físico se evidencia tumoración en la encía de la arcada maxilar inferior de 3x 2 cm, renitente, no dolorosa, con queratosis en zonas expuestas. se realiza exceresis total de lesión, cuyo estudio histopatológico reporta tumor de células granulares con inmunohistoquímica positiva para la proteína s-100. Abrikossoff tumor is an uncommon benign neoplasm derived from schwann cells. It is more common in women between the 4th and 5th decade of life. congenital and pediatric cases are rare. Immunohistochemical studies are positive for the reaction to s-100 protein. We present an 8 day old female newborn with increased volume in the mouth described by prenatal ultrasound. clinical examination revealed the presence of a mass in the gum of the lower maxillary alveolar ridge, with a width of 3x 2 cm, painless, with keratosis in exposed areas. total excision of the lesion was performed, and the hystopathologic study reported a granular cell tumor with positive immunohystochemistry for s-100 protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. To evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic role of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100 protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with acute bacterial meningitis in the course of the disease. Materials and Methods. 54 cases of acute bacterial meningitis were analyzed, among them – 26 with pneumococcal and 28 with meningococcal etiology. Patients were divided into groups depending on the severity and etiology of disease. In addition to routine laboratory methods, we analyzed the CSF levels of S-100 protein and NSE at admission and after 10 – 12 days of treatment. 12 patients with acute respiratory infections and meningism were examined as a comparison group. Results. In all patients with acute bacterial meningitis CSF NSE and protein S-100 levels were significantly higher than in the control group (P

Bu çalışma, erişkin erkek sıçanların intraorbital ve ekstraorbital lakrimal bezinde kalsiyum bağlayan wbS-100, S-100α ve S-100β proteinleri ile α-SMA’nın immuno-histokimyasal lokalizasyonlarını ortaya koymak amacıyla planlandı. Sıçanlardan anestezi altında lakrimal bezin ekstraorbital ve intraorbital kısımları çıkartıldıktan sonra rutin histolojik prosedürü takiben bloklanan doku örneklerinden alınan 4 μm kalınlığındaki kesitlere wbS-100, S-100α, S-100β ve α-SMA proteinlerini belirlemek için Streptavidin-biotin-peroksidaz immunohistokimyasal teknik uygulandı. Ekstraorbital lakrimal bezin asinus epiteli, akıtıcı kanal epiteli, miyoepitel ve endotel hücrelerinin hem sitoplazmasında hem de çekirdeğinde wbS-100, S-100α ve S-100β immunreaksiyonuna rastlandı. İntraorbital bezin bütün yapısal komponentlerinde S-100α immunreaksiyonu en yoğun derecede çekirdekte gözlenirken, S-100β immunreaksiyonu miyoepitel hücrelerinde negatifti. Aynı zamanda ekstraorbital bezin asinus epitel hücrelerinin lateral membranlarında wbS-100 immunreaksiyonu, intraorbital bezin asinus epiteli ve akıtıcı kanal epitel hücrelerinin lateral membranlarında ise wbS100 ve S-100β immunreaksiyonu belirlendi. Her iki bezin miyoepitel hücreleri ile kan damarlarının duvarında yer alan düz kas hücrelerinde α-SMA immunreaksiyonu saptandı. Sonuç olarak, intraorbital ve ekstraorbital lakrimal bezlerin bütün yapısal komponentlerinde wbS-100, S-100α ve S-100β proteinleri arasındaki immunohistokimyasal boyanma yoğunluğu açısından tespit edilen bu farklılıkların her iki lakrimal bez arasında salgı aktivitesi ile ilgili fonksiyonel farklılığın olduğu düşüncesini akla getirmektedir.

Background: Cerebrovascular accident is the most common and devastating disorders in old age group. The diagnosis of stroke remains a clinical one, with confirmatory evidence obtained through neuroimaging. Neurobiochemical markers have gained special importance in the determination of brain damage resulting from acute stroke. Aim: In this study, we aimed to evaluate serum S-100 protein in blood samples from patients with acute ischemic stroke and investigate the relationship of serum S-100 protein level with the involved territory and size of the lesion. Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted among 94 patients of acute ischemic stroke admitted to the Medicine Department within 48 h. Serum sample was collected within 48 h and was sent for measurement of serum S-100 protein level. Patients were classified according to involved territory as anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), posterior cerebral artery (PCA), and more than one territory and correlate it with S-100 protein level. All patients had cranial computerized tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging in the first 48 h. Neurological examination was done with National Institute of Health Stroke Scale in acute stage and Rankin scale at the time of discharge. Results: Serum S-100 protein levels were significantly higher and maximum in multiple territory involvements followed by MCA, PCA, and ACA infarct. Conclusions: As serum S-100 protein level correlates with the involved territory or infarct size, we can predict the involved territory with the level of S-100 protein.

An 18-year-old female presented with a swelling on the lower lip, which was insidious in onset and gradually progressive. The mass was completely excised under local anaesthesia. Complete histopathologic and immunohistochemical studies were conducted. The Antoni A areas were found along with typical verocay bodies composed of palisading nuclei and surrounding spaces filled with eosinophilic filaments. No necrosis was noted and there were no atypical mitotic figures. In the Antoni B region, a closely textured matrix with areas of edema, myxomatous changes, cystic degeneration and dilated vessels were noted. On the basis of the histopathologic and immunohistochemical staining with S-100 protein, a diagnosis of plexiform schwannoma was made and has been reported in this study. The post-operative view confirmed complete recovery after 6 weeks of surgery. This is a rare case with the tumour located in the lower lip, as very few cases have been reported in literature and it may be the first one reported from India.

Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is the most common form of non-Langerhans cell histiocytic lesion, characterized by benign, usually asymptomatic, self-healing yellowish brown papulonodular lesions of skin and other organs in the absence of metabolic disorder. The cells of origin of JXG are dermal dendrocytic cells. Histopathologically there is dermal infiltration of foamy or non-foamy histiocytes with or without giant cell. Immunohistochemistry shows CD68 positivity with CD1a and S-100 negativity of lesional cells although S-100-positive JXG have been reported. JXG may be associated with neurofibromatosis type one (NF 1) with increased risk of juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia and other hematological malignancies. Our case was S-100 immunoreactive multiple, cutaneous JXGs with NF 1 without any visceral involvement or malignant complication. We are presenting this case due to its rarity.

Schwannoma is a benign tumor arising from nerve-sheath Schwann cells. When it affects the mouth, the lips are rarely involved. A MEDLINE search in the English literature from 1969 to 2009 revealed only 17 documented cases of schwannomas of the lip. This report describes the unusual case of a 52-year-old man who developed a schwannoma of the lower lip. Histopathologic examination and immunohistochemical staining studies were performed. Although rare, schwannoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any nodule or mass in the oral mucosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 52-year-old male complained of a painless, firm, and slow-growing mass in his right breast outer portion. The chest CT revealed a 3.3 cm-sized oval shaped, microlobulated, mild enhancing mass. Ultrasound showed a microlobulated marginated heterogeneous hypoechoic mass with internal vascularity and calcifications in the mass. On the ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy, the mass was confirmed as a benign granular cell tumor (GCT). The patient transferred to another hospital and underwent surgical removal of the lesion. GCT of the breast is uncommon and mostly benign neoplasm to originate from Schwann cell. Clinical and radiologic features of GCTs, including CT and ultrasound images, mimic malignancy and make diagnosis of GCT more difficult. The CT images of GCTs are much rarely reported. Physicians and radiologists must be aware of radiologic characteristics of this rare benign tumor for male breast, to avoid misdiagnosis this tumor for breast malignancy and overtreat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed the contents of neurotrophic factors (BDNF and NGF) and the S-100 protein in the hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum of the rat brain during early postnatal ontogeny. We found that the BDNF content in the cortex is significantly lower than in the hippocampus and cerebellum, which may indicate a different degree of maturity of the studied structures during the first month of life. The maximum BDNF and NGF content in the control group of animals was observed on the 10th day of life and by the first month it decreased in the cerebellum and remained at this level (in the hippocampus and cortex), while the amount of S-100 protein gradually increased during the entire first month of life. It was found that prenatal hypoxia is followed by a significant decrease in the contents of BDNF and NGF and the S-100 protein in early ontogeny; the change in their levels is maintained with age in comparison with control values, which may be one of the causes for a delay in the development of the nervous system and body as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The anorectum is a rare anatomic location for primary melanoma. In many cases the disease is undetected or is misdiagnosed as a benign polyp or hemorrhoids until it reaches an advanced state. The prognosis is poor, due to delayed diagnosis and early distant metastasis. Involvement of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract is very rare in anorectal melanoma and has been described in only a few case reports.Case report: An 83-year-old man presented with a 24-hour history of confusion, slurred speech and gait difficulty of abrupt onset. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain revealed three hemorrhagic lesions of 18mm, 14mm and 11mm in their greatest dimension in the cerebral hemispheres, specifically the left and the right frontal regions and the left temporal lobe, which were considered to be metastases. Subsequently, upper GI endoscopy revealed multiple small nodules involving the stomach and the duodenum. A non-pigmented anorectal mass 2cm in diameter was found on colonoscopy.Results: Biopsy of the lesions in the stomach and duodenum revealed that they shared the same histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics as the anorectal tumor. The tumor cells were diffusely positive for S-100 protein, HMB-45, Melan-A and MITF-1 antigens. Based on these findings, the diagnosis was made of primary anorectal melanoma with secondary metastases in the upper GI tract.Conclusion: Primary anorectal melanoma is a rare aggressive malignancy with a tendency to metastasize early, due to its abundant vascular system, although metastasis to the stomach and duodenum is rare. The diagnosis of melanoma is based on the histological features and immunohistochemical stains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]