Search

Black gram (Vigna mungo) is a principal pulse crop worldwide. The research aimed to screen the genetic diversity among 10 black gram genotypes using biometrical tools, such as, genotypic and phenotypic correlation, path coefficient analysis, and heritability and genetic gain. The highest genotypic and phenotypic variability resulted from pods per plant, plant height, primary branches, and seeds per pod. The study recorded very low estimated heritability for all the studied traits. The correlation coefficient indicated that seed yield per plant showed a positive and significant correlation with pods per plant and pod length, indicating that further use of these characteristics can improve the black gram yield. Path coefficient analysis revealed a positive and direct effect on seed yield per plant with plant height, days to 50% flowering, primary branches, branch length, pod per plant, and seeds per pod. These traits proved relevant for the direct selection criteria and future breeding programs. The investigation results can be very helpful in selecting the black gram's suitable genotypes with appropriate yield for cultivation in rainfed conditions of Poonch Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan.

The Asian Neuropsychological Association (ANA) is a recently established cultural identity-based organization with the mission to ensure accessibility and provision of culturally sensitive neuropsychological services for individuals of Asian descent. One of ANA's programmatic goals has been to foster a pipeline of neuropsychologists through mentoring and networking. In this paper, we aim to understand the historical context as well as unique considerations that are relevant for mentoring in the Asian American community.A search of the existing literature in psychology and allied fields such as counseling and sociology was conducted to identify and formulate suggestions for mentoring culturally diverse communities, with a specific focus on Asian Americans. Firsthand narrative descriptions of effective examples of mentoring experiences in the context of shared values are discussed.This paper reviews the historical context and establishes an initial contextual foundation for increasing knowledge about best practices that can be used to establish effective mentoring relationships for Asian Americans. Six key considerations were identified: model minority myth, acculturation and enculturation, ethno-racial status and gender, the context of communication, quantity and quality of mentorship, and unique values specific to the Asian American community. Our findings identify the value of cultural identity-based organizations in creating communities that can support the professional development of future neuropsychologists at various career stages. Overall, findings have implications for maintaining the relevance of the field of neuropsychology in adequately serving an increasingly culturally diverse national and international population.

The cost of measuring wind speed (WS) increases significantly with mast heights. Therefore, it is required to have a method to estimate WS at hub height without the need to use measuring masts. This paper examines using the Regularized Extreme Learning Machine (RELM) to extrapolate WS at higher altitudes based on measurements at lower heights. The RELM uses measured WS at heights 10-40 m to estimate WS at 50 m. The estimation results of 50 m are further used along with the measured WS at 10-40 to estimate WS at 60 m. This procedure continues until the estimation of 180 m. The RELM's performance is compared with the regression tree (RegTree) method and the standard 1/7 Power Law. The proposed algorithm provides an economical method to find wind speed at hub height and, consequently, the potential wind energy that can be generated from turbines installed at hub height based on measurements taken at much lower heights. Moreover, these methods' extrapolated values are compared with the actual measured values using the LiDAR system. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) between extrapolated and measured WS at the height of 180 m using measurements at the height of 10-40 m using RELM, RegTree, 1/7 Power Law, and Power Law with adaptive coefficients is 13.36%, 16.76%, 33.50%, and 15.73%, respectively.

We study the effects of magnetic fields of non-linear electrodynamics in chameleonic Brans-Dicke theory under the existence of anisotropic spherical fluid. In particular, we explore dissipative and non-dissipative self-gravitating systems in the quasi-homologous regime with the minimal complexity constraint. As a result, under the aforementioned circumstances, several analytic solutions are found. Furthermore, by analyzing the dynamics of a dissipative fluid, it is demonstrated that a void covering the center can satisfy the Darmois criteria. The temperature of the self gravitating systems is also investigated., 26 pages, version accepted for publication in General Relativity and Gravitation

In recent days, cheapest alternative carbon source for fermentation purpose is desirable to minimize production cost. Xylanases have become attractive enzymes as their potential in bio-bleaching of pulp and paper industry. The objective of the present study was to identify the potential ability on the xylanase production by locally isolated Bacillus pumilus BS131 by using waste fiber sludge and wheat bran media under submerged fermentation. Culture growth conditions were optimized to obtain significant amount of xylanase. Maximum xylanase production was recorded after 72 hours of incubation at 30 °C and 7 pH with 4.0% substrate concentration. In the nutshell, the production of xylanase using inexpensive waste fiber sludge and wheat-bran as an alternative in place of expensive xylan substrate was more cost effective and environment friendly. Resumo Nos últimos dias, a fonte alternativa de carbono mais barata para fins de fermentação é desejável para minimizar o custo de produção. As xilanases têm se tornado enzimas atraentes como seu potencial no biobranqueamento da indústria de papel e celulose. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar a capacidade potencial na produção de xilanase por Bacillus pumilus BS131 isolado localmente usando lodo de fibra residual e farelo de trigo em meio de fermentação submersa. As condições de crescimento da cultura foram otimizadas para obter uma quantidade significativa de xilanase. A produção máxima de xilanase foi registrada após 72 horas de incubação a 30 °C e pH 7 com concentração de substrato de 4,0%. Resumindo, a produção de xilanase usando lodo de fibra residual de baixo custo e farelo de trigo como uma alternativa no lugar do substrato de xilano caro foi mais econômica e ecológica.

There are differences in probe pattern missing in rifampicin resistance determining region of rpoB gene among primary and acquired resistant TB cases. This study aimed to observe the Xpert® MTB RIF Assay presenting probe missing in Hotspot RRDR of rpoB Gene among primary and acquired drug-resistant cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in a tertiary care setting of Lahore. This comparative cross-sectional work was undertaken at The University of Lahore in cooperation with the Department of Pulmonology and HRI-NIH TB Research Centre KEMULahore. Confirmed TB patients being sent for Xpert® MTB RIF Assay were the target population in this study. Based on previous TB treatment history, patients were divided into primary and acquired drug-resistant TB cases. Samples were subjected to Xpert® MTB RIF Assay, and any probes missing, i.e., probes A, B, C, D or E, were observed. Data from a total of 170 cases were finalized for analysis consisting of 84(49.4%) acquired TB cases and 86(50.6%)primary TB cases. A total of 90(52.9%) male and 80(47.1%) females were enrolled. The mean age of patients was 35.45±16.11 years. The proportion of missing probe E (78.2%) remained at the topmost, followed by none of the probes missing at 8.3%, probe A at 5.3%, probe C at 3.5%, probe B at 2.9% and probe D at 1.8%. There are variations in frequencies of probe missing in RDRR regions of rpoB genes among rifampicin-resistant cases of primary andacquired TB. A high frequency of no missing probes among primary resistant was found.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had far-reaching impacts on many aspects of life, including sexual behaviours and preferences. In this longitudinal study, the authors used attachment theory to investigate changes in an individual’s sexual desire for their partner as well as changes in their sexual desire for someone other than their primary romantic partner (extradyadic desire) over the first wave of the pandemic in Canada. Based on past research that has shown that avoidant individuals tend to avoid intimacy, the authors reasoned that increased contact with their romantic partner due to physical distancing guidelines and lockdown rules would contribute to avoidant individuals’ experiencing less sexual desire for their partner and greater extradyadic desire over time. In contrast, individuals high on attachment anxiety tend to seek proximity, especially during times of stress. The authors predicted that individuals’ sexual desire for their partner would increase and their extradyadic desire would decrease. They tested these hypotheses using a cohabiting, dyadic sample ( N = 308 individuals); study participants were contacted at 1-month intervals for three successive months and asked to complete an online survey. Our hypotheses were partially supported. As predicted, individuals high on attachment avoidance experienced higher levels of extradyadic desire, and individuals high on attachment anxiety reported lower extradyadic desire over time. Contrary to predictions, however, neither attachment pattern was associated with changes in sexual desire for the partner. The authors examine the theoretical implications of these findings, highlighting the need for a more fine-grained assessment of stress and the interaction between stress and attachment orientations in future research.

The current study was conducted to estimate the serological prevalence and risk factors associated with the transmission of avian influenza subtype H9N2 among backyard poultry from different villages of semi-arid climate district Peshawar Pakistan between January to May 2019. In total, 240 blood samples of healthy backyard poultry older than two months were collected from 30 different villages of district Peshawar. A predesigned questionnaire was used to collect the data related to risk factors. Se-rum samples were tested through the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test further confirmed by the micro-neutralizing test (MN). Antibody body titer ≤ 8 considered negative for prevalence of H9N2. In order to classify risk factors, Chi-square and Logistic regression analyses were performed. Out of 240, 150 were found to be positive. The overall seroprevalence was 62.5%, mean antibody titer for avian influenza virus in all villages was 6.8 and (95%) confidence interval ranges from 35.33 to 51.70% re-spectively. The high prevalence of antibodies to avian influenza viruses in bird serum emphasizes that avian influenza plays an important role in the respiratory infections of backyard chickens in the area, and possibly throughout Pakistan. In order to avoid the introduction of H9N2, biosecurity initiatives, surveillance, monitoring systems, and to some extent, vaccinations are useful tools.

The literature review aimed to see the safety and efficacy of bronchial thermoplasty in patients with severe asthma. We searched the online database, PUBMED, using bronchial thermoplasty and asthma as the key words and including trials from 2007 to 2021. Our review found that bronchial thermoplasty reduces asthma-related hospitalizations, emergency room visits and asthma exacerbations with sustained benefits for 5–10 years. This came at the expense of increased asthma-related adverse events, most commonly during the 7 days immediately after the procedure. Adverse events from 6 weeks after procedure to up to 5 years were similar between the bronchial thermoplasty group and the medication-only group. Bronchial thermoplasty is a safe and efficacious treatment modality for patients with severe asthma.

Aim The recent shift from traditional surgical teaching to the incorporation of simulation training in plastic surgery has resulted in the development of a variety of simulation models and tools. We aim to identify all currently available simulators and tools for plastic surgery, assess their validity and establish their effectiveness. Method MEDLINE and Embase were searched for articles which validate simulation models in plastic surgery. Each study was screened in accordance with the Messick validity framework, and a rating was given for each section. In order to determine the effectiveness of each study, the McGaghie model of translational outcomes was used. Results On screening 2104 articles, 71 were identified to discuss validity and effectiveness. Only one study was found to achieve a high score in all validity parameters and no studies achieved an effectiveness level >2. Conclusions With the increasing amount of simulation training tools, there must be more validity studies conducted using updated validity frameworks. In addition, there should be an increased emphasis of the relationship between these simulators and patient outcomes/surgical technique in the operating theatre in order to determine translational outcomes. More training tools evaluating both technical and nontechnical surgical skills are recommended.

Increasingly, affirmative consent – direct, unambiguous and voluntary agreement to engage in sexual activity ( Craig & McKinley, 2015 ) – is the standard being adopted by educational institutions in North America ( Bennett, 2016 ). Yet, studies show that most individuals continue to communicate consent through nonresistance ( Jozkowski et al., 2014a ). Given this discrepancy, it is critical to understand what factors prevent individuals from engaging in affirmative consent. Furthermore, a better understanding of the perceived rewards of consent communication could incentivize the adoption of affirmative consent. To understand the range of perceived barriers and rewards, we conducted an online, qualitative study where 231 participants answered two open-ended questions. We used inductive content analysis to categorize participants’ perceptions of sexual consent barriers and rewards into four general content areas: (1) Communication Quality, (2) Relational and Emotional Experiences, (3) Sexual Quality and (4) Safety and Coercion. These perceived rewards and barriers were examined through the lens of the Information-Motivation-Behavioural Skills Model. Participants viewed consent communication not only as a means of ensuring safety but also as away to enhance relational and sexual quality. However, they also perceived barriers in all three of these domains as well as barriers to ensuring that sexual consent communication is fluid and easily understood. These findings provide important avenues for future research investigating how individuals reconcile perceived rewards and costs of affirmative consent communication. We also suggest ways to enhance sexual education by discussing potential rewards and validating the normative nature of fears and anxieties around affirmative consent.

We used a mixed-method design to examine the attributions women in mixed-gender/sex relationships make for their partner's perceived pornography use and whether such attributions covary with women's relationship and sexual satisfaction. A final sample of 199 women completed measures of relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, and their perceptions of partner's pornography use. Participants also completed three open-ended questions assessing their attributions of their partner's perceived pornography use. Qualitative analyses revealed 11 themes in women's attributions of their partner's perceived pornography use; some of the themes reflected on women themselves (e.g., being open-minded and accepting), whereas other themes reflected on the partner (e.g., partner is sexually bored) or the relationship (e.g., strong and trusting relationship). Furthermore, the women made positive, negative, and neutral attributions. Quantitative analyses showed that positive attributions were significantly more frequent than neutral or negative attributions and the latter two categories did not differ significantly from each other. Also, greater frequency of positive and neutral attributions and lower frequency of negative attributions were associated with higher relationship satisfaction and sexual satisfaction. Our results suggest that women make a range of attributions about their partner's pornography use and that this variation relates meaningfully to indices of relationship functioning.

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) induces colibacillosis, an acute and systemic disease, resulting in substantial economic losses in the poultry sector. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern associated with frequent virulence gene distribution in APEC O78:K80 that may cause pathological alterations in chickens. The antibiogram profile showed high resistance to erythromycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, ampicillin, and co-trimoxazole, followed by intermediate resistance to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, nitrofurantoin, and doxycycline hydrochloride, and sensitive to amikacin, streptomycin, gentamicin, and colistin. Virulence gene distribution identifies eight (irp-2, iutA, ompT, iss, iucD, astA, hlyF, iroN) genes through a conventional polymerase chain reaction. APEC O78:K80 caused significantly high liver enzyme concentrations, serum interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in experimental birds. Also, infected birds have hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperglobulinemia. Necropsy examination revealed fibrinous perihepatitis and pericarditis, congested lungs, intestinal ecchymotic hemorrhages and necrotizing granulomatosis of the spleen. Histopathological examination depicted hepatocellular degeneration, myocardial necrosis, interstitial nephritis, intestinal hemorrhages and lymphopenia in the spleen. This study is the first evidence to assess the antibiotic resistance profile linked with virulence genes and clinicopathological potential of APEC O78:K80 in chickens in Pakistan, which could be a useful and rapid approach to prevent and control the disease by developing the control strategies. Resumo A Escherichia coli patogênica aviária (APEC) induz a colibacilose, uma doença aguda e sistêmica, resultando em perdas econômicas substanciais no setor avícola. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar o padrão de resistência a antibióticos associado à frequente distribuição de genes de virulência em APEC O78:K80 que podem causar alterações patológicas em galinhas. O perfil do antibiograma mostrou alta resistência à eritromicina, cloranfenicol, tetraciclina, ampicilina e cotrimoxazol; resistência intermediária à ciprofloxacina, levofloxacina, enrofloxacina, norfloxacina, nitrofurantoína e cloridrato de doxiciclina; e sensível à amicacina, estreptomicina, gentamicina e colistina . A distribuição de genes de virulência identificou oito genes (irp-2, iutA, ompT, iss, iucD, astA, hlyF e iroN) por meio de uma reação em cadeia da polimerase convencional. A APEC O78:K80 causou concentrações significativamente altas de enzimas hepáticas, níveis séricos de interleucina-6 e fator de necrose tumoral alfa em aves experimentais. Além disso, aves infectadas apresentaram hipoproteinemia, hipoalbuminemia e hiperglobulinemia. O exame de necropsia revelou peri-hepatite e pericardite fibrinosa, pulmões congestos, hemorragias equimóticas do intestino e granulomatose necrosante do baço. O exame histopatológico mostrou degeneração hepatocelular, necrose miocárdica, nefrite intersticial, hemorragias intestinais e linfopenia no baço. Este estudo é a primeira evidência para avaliar o perfil de resistência a antibióticos associado a genes de virulência e potencial clínico-patológico de APEC O78:K80 em galinhas no Paquistão, o que pode ser uma abordagem útil e rápida para prevenir e controlar a doença por meio do desenvolvimento de estratégias de controle.

Vanillin is the major component which is responsible for flavor and aroma of vanilla extract and is produced by 3 ways: natural extraction from vanilla plant, chemical synthesis and from microbial transformation. Current research was aimed to study bacterial production of vanillin from native natural sources including sewage and soil from industrial areas. The main objective was vanillin bio-production by isolating bacteria from these native sources. Also to adapt methodologies to improve vanillin production by optimized fermentation media and growth conditions. 47 soil and 13 sewage samples were collected from different industrial regions of Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad and Kasur. 67.7% bacterial isolates produced vanillin and 32.3% were non-producers. From these 279 producers, 4 bacterial isolates selected as significant producers were; A3, A4, A7 and A10. These isolates were identified by ribotyping as A3 Pseudomonas fluorescence (KF408302), A4 Enterococcus faecium (KT356807), A7 Alcaligenes faecalis (MW422815) and A10 Bacillus subtilis (KT962919). Vanillin producers were further tested for improved production of vanillin and were grown in different fermentation media under optimized growth conditions for enhanced production of vanillin. The fermentation media (FM) were; clove oil based, rice bran waste (residues oil) based, wheat bran based and modified isoeugenol based. In FM5, FM21, FM22, FM23, FM24, FM30, FM31, FM32, FM34, FM35, FM36, and FM37, the selected 4 bacterial strains produced significant amounts of vanillin. A10 B. subtilis produced maximum amount of vanillin. This strain produced 17.3 g/L vanillin in FM36. Cost of this fermentation medium 36 was 131.5 rupees/L. This fermentation medium was modified isoeugenol based medium with 1% of isoeugenol and 2.5 g/L soybean meal. ech gene was amplified in A3 P. fluorescence using ech specific primers. As vanillin use as flavor has increased tremendously, the bioproduction of vanillin must be focused. Resumo A vanilina é o principal componente responsável pelo sabor e aroma do extrato de baunilha e é produzida de três formas: extração natural da planta da baunilha, síntese química e transformação microbiana. A pesquisa atual teve como objetivo estudar a produção bacteriana de vanilina a partir de fontes naturais nativas, incluindo esgoto e solo de áreas industriais. O objetivo principal era a bioprodução de vanilina por meio do isolamento de bactérias dessas fontes nativas. Também para adaptar metodologias para melhorar a produção de vanilina por meio de fermentação otimizada e condições de crescimento. Foram coletadas 47 amostras de solo e 13 de esgoto de diferentes regiões industriais de Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad e Kasur; 67,7% dos isolados bacterianos produziram vanilina e 32,3% eram não produtores. Desses 279 produtores, 4 isolados bacterianos selecionados como produtores significativos foram: A3, A4, A7 e A10. Esses isolados foram identificados por ribotipagem como fluorescência A3 Pseudomonas (KF408302), A4 Enterococcus faecium (KT356807), A7 Alcaligenes faecalis (MW422815) e A10 Bacillus subtilis (KT962919). Os produtores de vanilina foram posteriormente testados para produção aprimorada de vanilina e foram cultivados em diferentes meios de fermentação sob condições de crescimento otimizadas para produção aprimorada de vanilina. Os meios de fermentação (FM) foram: à base de óleo de cravo, à base de resíduos de farelo de arroz (resíduos de óleo), à base de farelo de trigo e à base de isoeugenol modificado. Em FM5, FM21, FM22, FM23, FM24, FM30, FM31, FM32, FM34, FM35, FM36 e FM37, as 4 cepas bacterianas selecionadas produziram quantidades significativas de vanilina. A10 B. subtilis produziu quantidade máxima de vanilina. Essa cepa produziu 17,3 g / L de vanilina em FM36. O custo desse meio de fermentação 36 foi de 131,5 rúpias / L. Esse meio de fermentação foi um meio à base de isoeugenol modificado com 1% de isoeugenol e 2,5 g / L de farelo de soja. O gene ech foi amplificado em A3 P. fluorescence usando primers específicos para ech. Como o uso da vanilina como sabor aumentou tremendamente, a bioprodução da vanilina deve ser focada.

Vat dyes are main sources for polluting the wastewater of textile and other industrial effluents. For removal of these dyes specific strategies and techniques are important. An enzyme known as peroxides has the capacity to absorb these dyes from an aqueous solution and also to decolorize the textile effluents. The current study aimed, biodetoxification and decolorization of vat dyes, in which three vat dyes, vat dye green 9, vat dye yellow 2, vat dye black 27, were investigated using peroxides enzymes from different vegetables sources at different condition. Decolorization efficiency of dyes was studied with the addition of ammonium sulphate and hydrogen per oxide in aqueous solution. The decolorization effect of peroxides was observed at different stages at different conditions, like at the beginning, before the incubation and after the incubation in hot water bath and observed on different wavelength using UV-VIS6000 spectrophotometer. Best decolorization efficiency was observed by Vat dye Black 27, i.e., 0.750 nm at 600 nm wavelength then Vat dye Green 9 showed least efficiency which has been increased by 50% and the most decrease in decolorization observed in vat dye green 9 after incubation 0.031 nm at 480 wave length. Current study suggests that the peroxides from the vegetables sources have the ability of decolorization and biodetoxification of vat dyes from textile dye effluent and other industrial wastewater and therefore, this enzymatic approach can be used for the removal and biodetoxification of vat dyes from the wastewater as this method is environmental friendly and can be performed on low cost and in short time.

Background Although much research has described individual sexual dysfunctions, few studies to date have examined the types of problems that couples consider most significant in their sexual relationships. Aim To clarify the types of relational sexual problems that are most common and most severe in the sexual lives of individuals in long-term romantic relationships. Methods A community sample of 117 mixed-sex couples completed this in-lab study. Members of each couple separately completed a demographics questionnaire and a measure of their relational sexual problems, the Sexual Problems Questionnaire (SPQ). Descriptive analyses (eg, examination of means, frequency counts) were conducted to determine the most common and severe sexual problems reported by participants. t-Tests were performed to examine gender differences in mean severity ratings for each SPQ item. Qualitative data were examined by conducting a frequency count on the SPQ items that participants reported to be most important in their sexual relationships. Results of all frequency counts were divided by the total sample size and are reported as percentages. Main Outcome Measures Participants reported on the severity of their sexual problems using the 25-item SPQ. Results Quantitative analyses revealed that the most common and problematic sexual problems endorsed by both sexes were frequency of sex, sexual initiation, and showing interest. A frequency count of participants’ qualitative reports also revealed that frequency of sex (women = 36%; men = 39%), sexual initiation (women = 33%; men = 32%), and showing interest (women and men = 25%) were the most important sexual issues for most individuals. Clinical Implication The most pressing relational sexual problems for couples in long-term romantic relationships are consistent between sexes and pertain to the domain of sexual desire. Strength & Limitations The current study used an expanded measure of sexual problems, which allowed participants to report on a broad range of issues in their sexual relationships. The direction of such relational sexual problems (eg, desiring more or less sexual frequency) was not explored. Conclusion The key problems in sexual relationships center on the theme of sexual desire, and men and women consider these issues to be problematic to a similar extent. Sutherland SE, Rehman US, Fallis EE. A Descriptive Analysis of Sexual Problems in Long-Term Heterosexual Relationships. J Sex Med 2019;16:701–710.

This study demonstrates that a drone flying above photovoltaic (PV) panels can clean the dust and enhance the panels’ efficiency. If operated regularly, the drone’s downward thrust generated during its cruise at a certain height above the panels can remove most of the accumulated dust. Sandstorms are frequent in Saudi Arabia, creating dust deposition on PV panels, which acts as a shield against solar radiation. As a result, the energy absorption from solar radiation is reduced and subsequently, the panels’ energy output is reduced. This experimental investigation was conducted at KFUPM University’s beach, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, to prove the effectiveness of drone-based cleaning of PV panels. Volumes of 20, 50, and 100 CC of dust were spread on the panel during different experiments. These experimental results showed that the back thrust of the drone could remove most of the dust and improve the solar panels’ energy output performance. For example, for 50 CC dust spread on the panel, the current increased from 1.34 A to 2.16 A (61.2% increase), relative to the pre- and post-drone flight for horizontal movement of the drone. Similarly, for vertical and diagonal movements, the current increased by 69.83% and 68.03%, respectively, for a dust spread of 20 CC. Furthermore, dust reductions of 74.64%, 57.0%, and 78.4% were realized during the horizontal, vertical, and diagonal paths, respectively, of the drone flight for 50 CC dust spread.

Aim This audit aims to assess if gallstone complications can be prevented by performing an emergency cholecystectomy in acutely presenting gallstone disease. Factors taken into consideration include number of presentations to hospital before surgery, secondary admissions of pancreatitis or cholangitis, subsequent requirements of ERCP as well as complication rates of elective and emergency surgery. Method Retrospective audit looking at 387 cholecystectomies carried out, within a year, at Walsall Manor Hospital. Results Approximately 20% of patients had an emergency cholecystectomy. A total of 192 patients had at least one admission, with 17% having a minimum second. Seven patients went on to develop gallstone pancreatitis subsequently, as well as eight requiring at least a minimum of one ERCP. The complication rate in elective surgery was higher at 4.1% compared to 2.7% in emergency cases. Long waiting times for surgery put patients at greater risk of complications. 96% (26/27) of elective cholecystectomy patients, who suffered an attack of pancreatitis, had to wait more than four weeks. Furthermore, 39% (47/119) of those who had a minimum of one admission had to wait more than 20 weeks. On the other hand, three-quarters of patients who were operated in emergency went home within 48 hours, with the figures being not too dissimilar from elective cases with a history of admission (76%). Conclusions Performing emergency cholecystectomies in the same admission or on a dedicated hot list would not only decrease the risk, but also the potential risk of developing gallstone complications.