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he Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,324 new measurements from 878 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 120 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on High Energy Soft QCD and Diffraction and one on the Determination of CKM Angles from B Hadrons. The Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 98 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 22 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings. The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is available in print and as a web version optimized for use on phones as well as an Android app.

We surveyed 375 10th grade students on present behaviors regarding cigarette use and on attitudes concerning smoking cessation. Fourteen percent of students were daily smokers and 7% were occasional smokers. Of the daily smokers, 28% said their most important reason for continued smoking was because they were addicted, and 52% reported two or more prior cessation attempts. When asked the most important reasons for wanting to quit, 70% of occasional smokers and 43% of daily smokers listed health as the most important concern. Only daily smokers (22%) wanted to quit because they thought they were addicted. We conclude that daily smokers among adolescents have many characteristics of adult smokers and that intervention efforts among adolescent smokers may need to be tailored differently for such "adult pattern" smokers as compared to occasional smokers, particularly in regard to addressing the question of smoking as an addictive behavior.

1. Bile secretion was studied in anaesthetized rabbits from whom hepatic bile was collected by cannulation of the common bile duct. 2. The flow and composition of bile formed by rabbits anaesthetized with urethane differed significantly from that formed by rabbits anaesthetized with pentobarbitone sodium. 3. The I.P. injection of a hypertonic solution of sucrose (3 M) decreased bile flow and produced changes in the ionic composition of bile and of plasma. 4. The infusion of sodium taurodeoxycholate (1-5-20 mumole/min I.V.) gave higher rates of bile flow than did equimolar infusions of sodium taurocholate, and unlike taurocholate, increased the bicarbonate concentration of bile. 5. Acetazolamide (10-100 mg/kg) increased the concentration of bicarbonate both in bile and in plasma, and had little effect on bile flow. 6. The infusion of bromsulphthalein (5 mg/kg I.V.) decreased the excretion of bicarbonate into bile, and was associated with the formation of a hypotonic bile. 7. The implications of these results in relation to the mechanisms of bile secretion are discussed.

1. The I.V. injection of sodium salicylate (100 mg/kg) in the dog caused a rapid and maintained choleresis of the order of 300-600 percent of control levels. 2. The total amount of salicylate excreted in bile was only 1-2 percent of that injected. 3. The secretion of bile salt into bile was not increased by salicylate. 4. The choleresis caused by salicylate was associated iwth a decrease in the concentrations of sodium and of bile salt in bile, and with an increase in the concentration of chloride; the biliary concentration of bicarbonate was either temporarily increased or unchanged. 5. The choleresis could not be inhibited by the intra-portal injection of of ouabain (0-1 mg/kg). 6. The secretion of bromsulphthalein into bile was not potentiated by the choleresis. 7. The choleretic efficiency of sodium taurocholate was not increased in the presence of salicylate. 8. The injection of acetazolamide (20 mg/kg) in the presence of a salicylate choleresis, caused an increase in the osmolaity of bile and an increase in biliary sodium concentration, such that the composition of bile more nearly approached that of plasma. 9. The possible mechanisms underlying the choleretic effect of sodium salicylate are discussed.

1. The biliary effects of sodium taurodeoxycholate and sodium taurochloate were investigated in anaesthetized dogs and rats, and in the isolated perfused rat liver. 2. Both bile salts had similar qualitative and quantitative effects on the flow and composition of bile in the dog. 3. In the rat, the bile salts had similar effects on the ionic compoistion of bile, but differed in that bile flow was not always directly related to the rate of bile salt secretion in bile, in the experiments with sodium taurodeoxycholate. 4. Sodium taurodeoxycholate is hydroxylated form sodium taurocholate by the liver of the rat but not by that of the dog. 5.The biliary effects of sodium taurodexoycholate in the rat and in the dog are contrasted with its effects in the rabbit, and the differences between the three species are discussed.

The optimal catalyst profile for a consecutive reaction scheme (where the first reaction is promoted by a catalyst of one type, and the second by a catalyst of a different type) is determined by use of the Pontryagin maximum principle. Solutions are obtained for nonlinear reaction rate expressions. The optimal concentration profile can be obtained by relatively simple numerical computation and does not necessitate the solving of a two-point boundary-value problem.

A patient with persistent diarrhea was found to have biopsy-proved colitis with large numbers of the protozoan Blastocystis hominis present in stool. Extensive evaluation failed to reveal any other potential etiologic agent of acute colitis. Following treatment with a course of metronidazole, the patient became asymptomatic, B hominis was no longer present in stool, and results of a repeated biopsy were normal. These observations are consistent with the role of B hominis as a gastrointestinal pathogen.

Subdiabetogenic doses of alloxan injected into the hepatic portal vein of rats abolished glucagon-induced inhibition of feeding (glucagon satiety) both in daytime tests using a palatable food and in nighttime tests using their standard pelleted diet. In contrast, inhibition of food intake by cholecystokinin and epinephrine and stimulation of feeding by 2-deoxy-D-glucose were not impaired by alloxan. Alloxan-induced deficits in glucagon satiety did not appear to result from generalized hepatocellular necrosis, because satiety deficits outlasted histological signs of toxicity and because furosemide, which produced a similar degree of hepatotoxicity, did not impair glucagon satiety. In addition, alloxan's effects were not associated with impaired glycogen storage or mobilization. Recovery of glucagon satiety occurred in some animals but not until 3-6 mo after alloxan. The degree of recovery was inversely related to alloxan dose. Our results indicate that, when administered into the hepatic portal vein, alloxan may be a relatively specific toxin for cells involved in the mediation of glucagon satiety. The specificity of the deficit and the time course of recovery suggest that the alloxan-sensitive cells may be hepatic vagal neurons.