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Tumors in the hand are relatively uncommon but 95% are benign. Tumors occurring in the hand, forearm and arm often have unique growth patterns and potential for metastasis that may be different from those seen elsewhere in the body. Secondary metastatic tumors in the hand are very rare (0.1%). Diagnosis is mainly clinical, but X-ray, USG and MRI help as a diagnostic aid. The aim of the study was to early diagnosis, see the pattern and proper management of the hand tumor and ensure good hand function. This prospective study was done from January 2004 to July 2019. We found 220 hand tumors in the hand unit, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka Bangladesh. Among 220 patients, male were 114(51.81%) and female were 106 (48.19%). Out of 220 patients we found 190(86.36%) benign tumor and tumor like lesions and 30(13.64%) was malignant hand tumors. Out of 190 benign lesions, benign tumor was 158(83.15%) and 32(16.85%) was tumor like lesions. Among 158 benign tumor, bone tumors were 40(25.31%) and soft tissue tumours were 138(74.69%). Out of soft tissue tumor, peripheral nerve tumor was 20(12.66%). Enchondroma and Giant cell tumors are the most common among the benign bone tumors, on the other hand giant cell tumors of tendon sheath, Glomus tumor, haemangioma, neurofibroma, schwanoma are the common soft tissue tumors. Compound palmar ganglion, fibromatosis and tuberculosis of phalanx are the most common tumor like lesions. Synovial sarcoma 10(33.33%), osteosarcoma 03(10%), chondrosarcoma 03(10%), ewings sarcoma 02(6.66%), fibrosarcoma 04 (13.33%), Malignant fibrous histocytoma 01(3.33%), soft tissue sarcoma 01(3.33%), Merkel cell tumor 01(3.33%), pleomorphic Rabdomyosarcoma 01(3.33%), malignant melanoma 01(3.33%), clear cell sarcoma of tendon and aponeurosis 01(3.33%), undifferentiated carcinoma 01(3.33%) and extra skeletal chondro sarcoma 01(3.33%) were the malignant tumors. Most of the benign lesions recovered fully after excision except neurofibroma and malignant tumors were treated with excision (including amputation) and chemo-radiotherapy successfully, but 4 patients were refereed to higher center due to recurrence and deteriation of hand function and one patient died due to metastasis. Malignant hand tumor management is very difficult even after amputation with multidisciplinary approach. Hand tumor is uncommon and malignant tumors are rare but any abnormal lump or bump in the hand or wrist is considered as tumor. Early detection and intervention are essential for better prognosis and survival for malignant tumors of hands and upper limbs.

Avascular necrosis (AVN) of femoral head is an increasingly common cause of musculoskeletal disability. Most of the cases caused by steroid induced and traumatic but idiopathic cause are not also uncommon. Almost all the patients presented with pain at the hip, limping gait, restricted movement and difficulty in waking and squatting and becomes disabled. Core decompression and muscle pedicle bone graft at stage IIA, IIB and III provides painless and mobile life. Core decompression supplemented with bone graft to enhance mechanical support and augment healing. We have started a prospective study for the treatment of AVN of Femoral head at stage IIA, IIB and III by core decompression and Tensor fascia lata muscle pedicle bone graft in the department of Orthopaedic surgery Bangabandhu Seikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2009 to December 2019. Aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of core decompression and tensor fascia lata muscle pedicle bone graft in the treatment of AVN of femoral head at stage IIA, IIB and III. A total 48 patients and 65 hips were operated. Out of 48 patients, male was 30(62.50%) and female was 18(37.5%). Male-Female ratio was 1.66:1. Age of the patients ranging from 20 years to 50 years, mean age 36±4.65 years. According to aetiology corticosteroid induced was 47/65 (72.31%), idiopathic was 8(12.31%), post traumatic was 4(6.15%), ITP was 2(3.08%), ALL was 2(3.08%), and alcohol induced was 2(3.08%) of femoral head involvement. According to Ficat and Arlet's staging, stage IIA hip involvement was 28/65(43.08%), stage IIB was 32(49.23%) and stage III was 5(07.69%). All patients were treated with core decompression along with tensor fascia lata (TFL) muscle pedicle bone graft. All patients were followed clinically and radiologically at regular interval. Follow up period was 6 months to 10 years. Harris hip score (HHS) was used for evaluation of clinical outcome. Among the 65 hips, 24(36.92%) was excellent outcome (HHS90), 30(46.15%) was good outcome (HHS: 80-90), 7(10.78%) was fair outcome (HHS: 70-79) and 4(6.15%) was poor outcome. For valid statistical analysis excellent and good results were grouped as satisfactory that was 54(83.07%) and fair and poor results were grouped as unsatisfactory that was11(16.93%), p value is0.001 that is significant. It has been concluded that core decompression and TFL muscle pedicle bone graft is a pain relieving, head preserving procedure and improve hip function for the management of AVN of femoral head in stage IIA, IIB and III.

Hilsa, Tenualosa ilisha, is a popular fish in northern Bay of Bengal and Hooghly-Bhagirathi river system in India. Despite the high commercial and cultural importance of the species in the region, data on its catch status and fishing effort are highly fragmentary and, sometimes, not reliable as these have not been systematically gathered. By adopting ‘Stratified Multistage Random Sampling’ method, mostly followed for marine fish catch estimation, with modifications to suit the nature of inland fish landings and migratory habit of the species, the annual catch of hilsa in Hooghly-Bhagirathi river system and associated coastal waters in northern Bay of Bengal was estimated for four consecutive years, from 2013 to 2016, as 16,318 t, 45,615 t 12,192 t and 48,922 t, respectively. The catch thus estimated was validated by comparing it with the daily catch data collected by enumerators for three months each during fishing seasons in the first two years from two locations. The catch, seasonality, CPUE and the fishing gear and crafts used were recorded. Comparison of the estimated catch of hilsa with the earlier reported catches indicated that the commercial fisheries of the fish in the Hooghly-Bhagirathi river system have seriously declined, highlighting the compelling need for conservation of the species and managing its fishery.

Juvenile fishing of the migratory hilsa shad, Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton, 1822), is rampant in the coastal waters of northern Bay of Bengal and associated Hooghly-Bhagirathi river system. The average annual economic loss due to this was estimated at `497.84 million (around US$ 7.8 million) necessitating urgent need for managing it to maximise benefits from the fishery as it forms a major fishery resource in the region. Factors leading to juvenile fishing and the possible solutions to control the resultant biological and economic loss are discussed.

Octopuses are marine benthic stenohaline organisms that exhibit a short range of migration within marine habitats and avoid brackish or freshwater environments. The present document is the first record of 'pouched octopus', Cistopus platinoidus Sreeja et al. 2015, from a tropical estuarine system. We collected 15 specimens of C. platinoidus from the set bag nets operated in Narmada estuary, located 40 km away from the river mouth with an in-situ salinity of 17.63. This report is a new finding of an octopus species from a brackish water ecosystem outside its normal inhabitance range to the best of our knowledge.

The anadromous shad, Tenualosa ilisha is a fish of high economic importance in countries flanking the Bay of Bengal (BoB). Its fishery in the northern BoB bordering India and the associated Bhagirathi–Hooghly river system has been declining. Scientific explanations on the existing fishery management recommendations, especially the length at first maturity ( L m50 ), minimum legal size (MLS), minimum mesh size for fishing nets and stock status were limited, raising serious concerns on the sustainability of its fisheries. Through the examination of its reproductive cycle, using histological maturity identifiers, the L m50 of males and females were redefined at 265 mm TL/ 1.0 year age and 305 mm TL/ 1.2 year age, respectively. The size-based fecundity, sex ratio and abundance revealed that females of 281–360 mm TL/ 1.0–1.6 year of age have maximum reproductive potential. In the catch, 45%–65% of males and females were below L m50 . The temporal progression of mean length in the catch (MLC) and female length at maturity showed declining trend. Application of length-based indicators (LBI) and stock assessment models showed the fishery in near full exploitation, less optimal and undergoing multi-generation, indiscriminate, size-selective overfishing. The spawning stock biomass (SSB) has declined to 26.8% of the virgin SSB, while the yearly spawning potential ratio (SPR) ranged from 0.04 to 0.29, which is lower than the SPR threshold (0.3) suggested for sustaining a fishery. The species is both growth and recruitment overfished. Though the mean annual catch is marginally lower than the estimated maximum sustainable yield (MSY) of 32,953 t, any increase in fishing effort would further impact the SSB. Based on the results, a MLS of 360 mm TL, minimum mesh size of 110 mm for fishing gear and a precautionary annual catch limit of 30,000 t suggested for management, and the potential impact of implementing these on fishers’ catches discussed.

We investigate the cosmological dynamics of homogeneous and anisotropic Bianchi I geometries in exp(λR) gravity. We find the exact solutions and study the behavior and stability of these solutions for both vacuum and matter cases. It is found that stable solutions exist corresponding to accelerated expansion at late times, which can describe the inflation era of the universe. Solutions also exist corresponding to decelerated expansion, which can describe structure formation of the universe.

In recent years InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes (LEDs) have become a great attraction in solid state lighting due to their energy efficiency. However, these LEDs having multiple quantum well (MQW) suffer from efficiency droop. The exact cause for this droop is still not well known. But the studies show device structure and material composition play important roles in its suppression. In this simulation study the effect of inserting an AlGaN/GaN superlattice(SL) structure prior to the active region on the performance of a conventional LED have been studied through simulation. The results show that the proposed structure results in a more uniform electron concentration distribution at high injection current compared to the conventional structure. This gives rise to a better contribution to the radiative emission from different quantum wells and the internal quantum efficiency for the proposed LED structure is found to have a droop of 40% instead of 54% for the conventional LED structure.

Early onset of hyperglycemia is common among low birth weight neonates. Increased risk for death and major morbidities has been observed among hyperglycemic low birth weight infants. This prospective observational study was done to find out hyperglycemia as a predictor of increased morbidity and mortality in the low birth weight sick newborn and was conducted among the hospitalized newborn of Special Care Baby Unit (SCABU), BIRDEM hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2009 to December 2009. A total of 198 LBW neonates were included in this study. One third (30.8%) LBW neonates were found hyperglycemic. The mean gestational age was 33.2±3.6 weeks and mean birth weight was 1535.8±780gm in the hyperglycemic neonates. In this study, highest prevalence of hyperglycemia was observed in birth weight1000gm (38.46%) and in gestational age ≤28 weeks (46.15%). Apnoea, confirmed sepsis and suspected sepsis, confirmed necrotizing enterocollitis (NEC) and neonatal jaundice showed statistically significant association with hyperglycemia than that of non hyperglycemic group. Mortality of neonates in hyperglycemic group was higher (31.15%) than that of non hyperglycemic neonates (10.22%) and the difference in mortality between two groups were found statistically significant (p0.002). From this study it can be concluded that hyperglycemia in early neonatal period is related to increased morbidity and mortality in low birth weight newborn.