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Introduction: Perioperative gastric aspiration poses risks such as aspiration pneumonia, prolonged hospital stays, and increased mortality. Fasting guidelines may not adequately address the needs of diabetic patients due to the delayed gastric emptying often observed in this population. Aim: To assess residual gastric volume in diabetic patients who fasted overnight versus those who ingested water preoperatively using ultrasound. Materials and Methods: A randomised clinical trial enrolled 50 diabetic patients undergoing elective surgery. Patients were randomised into two groups: fasting overnight or receiving water preoperatively. Gastric ultrasound was used to measure antral dimensions and calculate gastric volume. The parameters studied included residual gastric volume in diabetic patients in the Right Lateral Decubitus (RLD) position, antral Cross-Sectional Area (CSA) in the semi-sitting position among diabetic patients, and antral CSA in the RLD position among diabetic patients. Statistical analysis involved descriptive statistics for continuous variables and Chi-square tests for categorical variables, with significance set at p-value

The Indian Association for Radiation Protection (IARP) Young Professionals Group (YPG) is a national initiative aimed at fostering collaboration and communication among young researchers in radiation protection (RP) and related fields. Established in March 2023, following the Asian and Oceanic Congress for Radiation Protection (AOCRP6), IARP YPG addresses the need for a cohesive network to enhance professional growth and knowledge sharing among emerging professionals in India. IARP YPG's objectives include keeping members informed about recent developments in RP, conducting study sessions, facilitating interdisciplinary discussions etc. The group also emphasizes improving communication skills through group discussions and presentations. Since its inception, IARP YPG has organized key events, including three lecture series. To support ongoing collaboration, IARP YPG has established a Microsoft Teams platform with various channels for discussions, assignments, and sharing research. This platform enables interactive engagement, allowing members to connect and support each other's professional development. In summary, IARP YPG aims to enhance the professional growth of young RP researchers in India, promoting continuous learning, collaboration, and innovation in the field of radiation protection.

ABSTRACT The dilution of commercial broiler feed with copra meal (CM), palm kernel meal (PKM) and cassava leaf meal (CLM) and enzyme supplementation was investigated. Two hundred and eighty 7-day old Cobb 500 broilers were fed commercial feed alone or diluted with the test ingredients with and without enzyme. There were no interaction effects (p>0.05) on feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG). Poorer (p0.05) by enzyme supplementation. There was no interaction effect on final body weight (FBW). Diet dilution depressed FBW (p0.05) this weight depression. Abdominal fat was lighter (p0.05) on the weight of gut segments and E. coli count. Heavier (p

Background: Closed suction drains can reduce the complications associated with neck dissection (ND) by facilitating the removal of bodily fluids from the operated site. A lower drain output helps in faster wound healing, thereby leading to early drain removal and better recovery. Topical application of tranexamic acid (TXA) to the raw area created by surgery has been shown to be beneficial in reducing the bleeding in cardiac, orthopedic, and endoscopic nasal surgeries. Objectives: This study aimed at assessing whether the topical application of TXA after ND reduced the drain output, time to drain removal, and postoperative complications in patients undergoing surgery for head and neck cancers. Materials and Methods: The present study was performed in a tertiary care teaching hospital in north India between August 2014 and December 2017. One hundred patients with head and neck cancer who underwent ND were randomized into two groups. Group 1 received 20 ml of 25 mg/ml topical TXA per neck after hemostasis, and Group 2 underwent routine neck closure. Primary end points included the daily drain output until postoperative day 5 and the day of drain removal. Age, lymph node yield, operative time, type of reconstruction, and postoperative complications till 30 days postoperatively were also recorded. Results: The demographic and clinicopathological profiles were comparable between the two groups. Output from the neck drains was significantly lower in the TXA group compared to the standard closure group (208.29 ± 84.18 ml vs. 344.56 ± 110.93 ml; respectively, P < 0.0001). In addition, drain removal in the tranexamic acid group was done earlier than in the standard closure group (6.11 ± 1.20 days vs. 7.56 ± 1.42 days, respectively,P < 0.0001). Postoperative complications and requirement of secondary procedures were comparable between the two groups. Conclusions: Topical TXA effectively reduces the postoperative drain output after ND in patients with head and neck cancer. It facilitates the early removal of the drain and helps in better recovery without any significant difference in the rate of postoperative complications.

Background: There has been a paradigm shift in the way we understand, classify, diagnose, and treat breast cancer in the last two decades, mainly due to breakthrough in the knowledge and understanding the biology of the disease. The panel of St. Gallen meeting proposed to classify tumors based on intrinsic subtypes based on the immune-histochemical pattern for therapeutic purposes. Each subtype is unique in incidence, biological behavior, survival outcome, and response to therapy. Aim: To analyze the relevance of intrinsic molecular subtypes of breast cancer with clinico-pathological features with regard to patient characteristics, disease biology, management, and outcome at 2 years follow-up. Materials and Methods: St. Gallen International Expert Consensus Recommendation 2011 was used for this study. Clinico-pathological features (age, stage of disease, histological type and grade, tumor size, lymph node status, and lympho-vascular invasion) were analyzed among the subgroups. Results: In our study, we had 64 (34.4%) luminal A, 37 (19.9%) luminal B HER2 negative, 6 (3.2%) luminal B HER2 positive, 33 (17.7%) HER2 enriched, and 46 (24.7%) triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). The disease free survival and overall survival at 2 years of follow-up was 92.2% and 100% in luminal A, 89.2% and 100% in luminal B HER2 negative, 83.3% in luminal B HER2 positive, 78.8% and 90.9% in HER2 enriched, and 71.8% and 80.4% in TNBC subgroups, respectively. Conclusion: Intrinsic subtyping with immunohistochemistry corresponds well with clinico-pathological features and outcomes. This helps in prognosticating the outcome and administration of appropriate adjuvant therapy.

The induced radioactivity concentrations of 41Ar, 13N, and 15O in air in 30 MeV proton accelerator vaults has been estimated using Fluka Monte Carlo simulations and National Council on Radiation Protection (NCRP) 144 based analytical methods. The results obtained by these methods are compared and discussed. It is found that analytical calculations using NCRP 144 guidelines underestimate the 41Ar concentrations about three times while 15O concentrations are overestimated about ten times when compared to Monte Carlo estimates. However, the 13N concentrations estimated by both the methods are found to be in good agreement. It is seen that the analytical calculations ignore the significantly large contribution of 41Ar formation by the neutrons above thermal energy. The overestimation of 15O is caused by the large cross-section value assigned in the analytical calculations.

Background: After total thyroidectomy, hypocalcaemia can be transient or permanent. Most of the patients are being prescribed long term calcium supplementation despite preserving parathyroid glands. We have tried to study the various calcium homeostatic factors to predict the long term calcium levels in differentiated thyroid carcinoma following total thyroidectomy. Method: Study was conducted in a tertiary care centre and a total number of 28 patients of differentiated thyroid carcinoma were retrospectively analysed who underwent surgery from 2013 - 2015. Post surgery patients were given thyroxine and calcium supplementation with regular monitoring of thyroid function test and serum calcium. Serum Parathormone(PTH) levels were recorded after minimum of one year of completion of surgery. Results: Out of 28 patients, 26 patients have serum parathormone within normal range (15-65 pg/ml). Only two patients have low serum PTH values (

Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, is a vector-borne bacterial infection that is transmitted through the bite of an infected tick. If not treated with antibiotics during the early stages of infection, disseminated infection can spread to the central nervous system (CNS). In non-human primates (NHPs) it has been demonstrated that the leptomeninges are among the tissues colonized by B. burgdorferi spirochetes. Although the NHP model parallels aspects of human borreliosis, a small rodent model would be ideal to study the trafficking of spirochetes and immune cells into the CNS. Here we show that during early and late disseminated infection, B. burgdorferi infects the meninges of intradermally infected mice, and is associated with concurrent increases in meningeal T cells. We found that the dura mater was consistently culture positive for spirochetes in transcardially perfused mice, independent of the strain of B. burgdorferi used. Within the dura mater, spirochetes were preferentially located in vascular regions, but were also present in perivascular, and extravascular regions, as late as 75 days post-infection. At the same end-point, we observed significant increases in the number of CD3+ T cells within the pia and dura mater, as compared to controls. Flow cytometric analysis of leukocytes isolated from the dura mater revealed that CD3+ cell populations were comprised of both CD4 and CD8 T cells. Overall, our data demonstrate that similarly to infection in peripheral tissues, spirochetes adhere to the dura mater during disseminated infection, and are associated with increases in the number of meningeal T cells. Collectively, our results demonstrate that there are aspects of B. burgdorferi meningeal infection that can be modelled in laboratory mice, suggesting that mice may be useful for elucidating mechanisms of meningeal pathogenesis by B. burgdorferi.

Understanding the clinico-radiological paradox is important in the search for more sensitive and specific surrogates of relapses and disability progression (such that they can be used to inform treatment choices in individual people with multiple sclerosis) and to gain a better understanding of the pathophysiological basis of disability in multiple sclerosis (to identify and assess key therapeutic targets). In this brief review, we will consider themes and issues underlying the clinico-radiological paradox and recent advances in its resolution.

This clinical article describes three different case reports of maxillary and mandibular second molars with the unusual anatomy of single root with a single canal and their endodontic management. An unusual case of bilateralism is observed in the first two cases in the form of single-rooted second mandibular molars in both the quadrant of the same patient. The presence of maxillary second molar with single root and single canal in the third case is unusual.

To describe the changes in HIV services provided and the patient population utilizing voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) services at private testing laboratories in Chennai, India in 2001 and 2006.In 2001, a cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted to assess the services provided and client population of 1,031 private laboratories. A subset of labs (9%) that had been surveyed in 2001 were also studied in 2006.In 2001, significantly more high volume labs (>10 HIV tests per month) offered HIV diagnostic tests than low volume labs (