Search

Purpose. Russian and foreign linguists studied the influence of Turkic languages on the grammatical and lexical composition of Mongolic languages. Material from monuments and modern living languages of Siberia shed light on the role of the early Turkic and Mongolic language in the development of the modern linguistic landscape of the region, specifying its place in the Altai linguistic family from a cultural perspective. Horse is a sacred animal for all Turkic and Mongolic speaking nomads that take an important place in their economy and culture, with all its characteristics being featured in the lexicon of the languages under comparison. Researchers also examined a wide range of Mongolian words reflecting various sex- and age-specific terms for livestock and its color as well as keeping and pasturing practices, pasture characteristics, livestock economy, etc. The lexicon characterizing horse movement in Turkic and Mongolic languages has not been the subject of comparative analysis in modern Turkic studies. Thus, the paper describes and analyzes the lexico-semantic group of words that represent the terms for the pattern of natural movement of horse in Turkic and Mongolic languages.Results. To achieve the research objectives we used the synchronous descriptive, comparative, contrastive-typological, and where possible comparative-historical methods. The study defined the structure and semantics of linguistic units, revealing considerably more similarities than differences in the plane of expression in both Turkic languages of Siberia and Mongolic layers of vocabulary.Conclusion. Yakut demonstrates both the Turkic and Mongolic layers, which is characteristic of all languages under comparison. Also, there are later borrowings from Buryat, e.g. the verbs denoting ‘amble’.

Objective. To study the use of combined therapy of poststroke depression using antidepressants and an antioxidant. Materials and methods. The dynamics of the clinical status of poststroke depression and parameters of oxidative stress were studied in 60 patients with poststroke depression before and after threemonth courses of treatment with fluvoxamine 100 mg/day and Cytoflavin 10 mg/day by i.v. infusion diluted in 200 ml of 5% glucose solution (or physiological saline in patients with diabetes mellitus) in the mornings for 10 days with subsequent transfer to the tableted form (two tablets in the morning and two in the evening for 90 days). Results. The data obtained here on the comparative efficacy of the treatment of poststroke depression with fluvoxamine monotherapy and with the combination of fluvoxamine and Cytoflavin confirmed the high efficacy of combined treatment, such that this should be regarded as an option in developing novel treatment regimes for poststroke depression and that the need to prescribe antidepressants and antioxidants must be determined on the basis of individual assessment of the severity of depressive disorder and measures of oxidative stress in terms of the activity of endogenous antioxidants in each individual poststroke patient.

Here, we present the results of comprehensive (archaeological and palaeoecological) studies undertaken in 2014–2018 in the basin of the Upper Kama River in the north of Perm Region, eastern part of the East European Plain. The main objects for the research were archaeological sites, primarily their chronological attribution and localization specifics. In total, 100 sites belonging to a wide chronological range from the Mesolithic to the Late Middle Ages were identified in the study area. The palaeochannel method was used to identify the association of the archaeological sites to certain landscapes within the river valley. As a result, five morphologically diverse sectors have been identified. For the reconstruction of natural landscapes and plant communities, palynological and plant macrofossil methods were used. Radiocarbon analysis was used to date these events. The initial human habitation of the Upper Kama region took place in the early Holocene, after the formation of the 2nd and 1st river terraces. The Mesolithic sites have been dated to this period. They were located either on the second river terrace, or on the bedrock valley side. In the Middle Holocene, along with the spread of broad-leaved species in forests, 6th–5th floodplain generations were formed, and the river was characterized by high water content. The Neolithic sites located on the Kama river terraces belong to this period. In the end of the Middle Holocene, the maximum distribution of spruce forests began. This was the time of existence of the Garin Chalcolithic Culture settlements. They were located either on the 4th–5th floodplain generations, or on the bedrock valley side. In the end of the Subboreal and first half of the Subatlantic periods, a key role in the forest stand was played by pine, forming southern taiga light coniferous forests. The water content of the Kama decreased. The sites of the Early Iron Age, located on low terraces or in the floodplain, are dated to this time. In the second half of the Subatlantic period of the Holocene, forests acquired modern mid-taiga appearane, which coincided with the arrival of the medieval population. Medieval hillforts were located on the bedrock valley sides, and the settlements were associated with river terraces, shores of oxbow lakes and floodplains of small rivers.

Graphical Abstract The paper presents the results of a standard and complex treatment method using the peptide drug thymus thymalin in patients with COVID-19. One of the mechanisms of the immunomodulatory effect of thymalin is considered to be the ability of this peptide drug to influence the differentiation of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). It was found that, as a result of standard treatment, patients in the control group showed a decrease in the concentration of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, C-reactive protein, D-dimer. The addition of thymalin to standard therapy accelerated the decline in both these indicators and the indicators of the T cell system. This has helped reduce the risk of blood clots in COVID-19 patients. The revealed properties of the thymus peptide preparation are the rationale for its inclusion in the complex treatment of coronavirus infection. Peptideswith potential biological activity against SARS-CoV-2 virus [29]. Note: Nitrogen atoms are shown in blue, oxygen atoms - in red, carbon atoms – in gray, hydrogen atoms – in white, and phosphorus atoms – in yellow

The paper is devoted to the Middle and Upper Pleistocene stratigraphy of the Vychegda River basin, located in the far northeast of Europe, in the Timan–Pechora–Vychegda subzone of the Middle–Late Pleistocene glaciations. The available litho-/chrono-/biostratigraphy data were have been obtained from more than 20 natural outcrops along the valley of Vychegda and its tributaries, which were studied lithostratigraphically. Also radiocarbon, OSL, IR-OSL and 230Th/U dating was performed, together with pollen and palaeocarpological analyses. The oldest glacial deposits are related to the Pechora horizon (MIS 8), and the oldest numerically dated relate to the Rodionovo horizon (Schoningen, MIS 7), embracing the chronostratigraphic archive of the last ~250 ka. The Vychegda horizon (Drenthe + Warthe, MIS 6) includes surficial tills, glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine sediments dated back to 186–111 ka. This ice sheet produced the ice-dammed lake which overflowed into the Kama-Volga and Caspian basin. The Last Interglacial–Glacial cycle is associated with the Sula horizon (Eemian + Lower Weichselian, MIS 5), and the Nenetsky superhorizon with the Laya (Middle Weichselian, MIS 4), Byzovaya (Middle Weichselian, MIS 3) and Polar (Upper Weichselian, MIS 2) horizons, reflecting alluvial and aeolian sedimentary environments. The chronostratigraphic record of the Byzovaya (67–27 ka) and Polar (27–1 1.7 ka) horizons is well supported with 14C, OSL, IR-OSL and 230Th/U-dates and biostratigraphic data. Unlike the predecessors' descriptions no glaciolacustrine deposits had been identified for these horizons. The Holocene floodplain, aeolian and peat bog deposits dated from 11.7 ka are widespread over the Vychegda catchment area.

A macroscopic analysis of stomach contents is undertaken in the common vole, Microtus arvalis, obscurus chromosomal form in order to assess the patterns of non-herbivorous foraging activity of a herbivore distributed in different Eurasian biomes. The samples are collected in the Ural Mountains at midsummer (8 localities, 60° 38′ N to 51° 07′ N), and in winter (one locality, 56° 37′ N). Based on the frequency of occurrence and quantitative abundance in stomachs, photoassimilating parts of vascular plants are considered as the primary food category and inflorescences, roots, seeds, mycorrhizal fungi, arthropods, chitin fragments, colorless amorphous matter, and mosses are recognized as the secondary food categories. Although no alternatives to the primary food are found, some of the supplements substitute one another either geographically (fungi in the north versus mature seeds in the south) or by the vertical layers of habitats (seeds and arthropods in the herbaceous layer versus roots and fungi in the shallow layers of soil). Non-staple food consumption in different latitudinal zones at midsummer reflects spatiotemporal dynamics of food availability. From taiga to steppes of the Urals, the common vole is sporadically included in soil foraging but the consumption of mycorrhizal fungi (Glomerales) is only revealed within the zones of dark coniferous forests. The results suggest that the extents of inclusion of a herbivore in soil food webs might vary among ecosystems. In a paleoecological perspective, the analysis of stomach contents in a herbivorous micromammal might reveal fine-scale details of the habitats and provides insights into the stages of the growing season.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the taxonomic composition of the branchiopod crustaceans (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from the assemblage of animal and plant remains recovered from fossil mammoth hair found in the Allaikha River basin, Sakha Republic, Russian Federation. We studied the hair structure. AMS radiocarbon dating of both the hair itself and the remains demonstrated their different ages. We found different animal and plant remains in the hair taphocoenosis. The most diverse and numerous remains belong to branchiopod crustaceans: resting eggs and distal portions of the mandibles of Anostraca, distal portions of the mandibles of Notostraca, filtering limbs of some Anostraca or Daphniidae, ephippia of Daphnia (Daphnia) curvirostris, Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) atkinsoni, and D. (C.) magna. No representatives of D. (Ctenodaphnia) now occur in northeastern Eurasia, but our findings of numerous ephippia in the fossil hair of two mammoths, one from the Allaikha River and the other, studied previously, from the Bol’shaya Chukochya River basin (see Kirillova et al., 2016), show that Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) taxa occurred in the region at least in the past and were probably common and widely distributed there. The reasons for the extinction of Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) in northeastern Eurasia require additional special study. We also emphasize the need for further studies of the morphology of ephippia, resting eggs, and mandibles of recent Branchiopoda, which would be essential for adequate identification of Pleistocene remains.

This work reconstructs changes in the Holocene paleolandscape, plants, and climate conditions of the Upper Kama Region based on integrated analysis of data collected through paleochannel, palynological, paleocarpological, and radiocarbon methods. The selection of these methods is determined from the objective to reconstruct paleoenvironmental conditions of human settling in this region. Parallel use of archeological and natural science methods has proved to deliver good results, while comparison of the findings revealed spatial patterns in the distribution of archeological sites of different ages and allowed detailed reconstructions of the Holocene paleoenvironment.

INTRODUCTION. The knowledge of the conservative treatment modalities for chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is still based on low-grade evidence The purpose was to study the condition of the microcirculation and autoregulation in the perifocal CSDH zone for understanding the mechanism of CSDH development. METHODS. Cerebral microcirculation was evaluated in patients with the aid of brain perfusion computed tomography (PCT) within the first day. Perfusion parameters were assessed quantitatively in the cortex zone adjacent to the CSDH and in a similar zone of the contralateral hemisphere. The same PCT data were assessed quantitatively without and with the use of the perfusion calculation mode excluding large vessels voxels ‘Remote Vessels’ (RV), 1st and 2nd method, respectively. RESULTS. The 1st method of analysis of a similar zone in the contralateral hemisphere revealed a significant increase in CBV and CBF (p

This book chapter outlines the physiological and molecular mechanisms of metabolism of short peptides as well as its role in maintenance of homeostasis. Many of short peptides for oral use do not decompose in the gastrointestinal tract and absorb unchanged. Such peptides, which do not hydrolyze in a gastrointestinal tract, get to a blood plasma and then to various tissues and organs. Short peptides permeate through cytoplasmic membrane into the nucleus and nucleolus of a cell, where they able to bind to DNA an to regulate gene expression epigenetically. Interaction DNA-peptide probably is the earliest evolution form. It gives explanation of high biological activity and absolute safety of short peptides, and its’ successful use in form of substance endowed with significant physiological effect.

To study the use of combination therapy for post-stroke depression using antidepressants and antioxidants.The dynamics of the clinical status of post-stroke depression and parameters of oxidative stress were evaluated in 60 patients with post-stroke depression before and after a 3-month treatment with fluvoxamine in a daily dose of 100 mg per day and cytoflavin in a dose of 10 ml/day (200 ml of 5% glucose solution or physiological saline in patients with diabetes mellitus) intravenously in the morning for 10 days followed by transfer to tablet form (2 tabs in the morning and 2 tabs in the evening for 90 days).The results on the comparative effectiveness of the treatment of post-stroke depression with fluvoxamine monotherapy and the combination of fluvoxamine and cytoflavin confirmed the great effectiveness of the combination therapy, which should be taken into account when developing new treatment regimens for post-stroke depression, and the need for prescribing antidepressants and antioxidant drugs should be determined based on an individual assessment of the severity of depressive disorder and parameters of oxidative stress: endogenous antioxidant activities in each individual patient with ischemic stroke.Изучение применения комбинированной терапии постинсультной депрессии с использованием антидепрессантов и антиоксидантов.Оценивали динамику клинического статуса постинсультной депрессии и параметры окислительного стресса у 60 больных с постинсультной депрессией до и после 3-месячного курса лечения препаратами Флувоксамин 100 мг/сут и Цитофлавин 10 мл/сут утром внутривенно капельно с разведением в 200 мл 5% раствора глюкозы (или физиологического раствора у больных сахарным диабетом) в течение 10 дней с последующим переводом на таблетированную форму (по 2 таблетки утром и 2 таблетки вечером в течение 90 дней).Полученные данные о сравнительной эффективности лечения постинсультной депрессии монотерапией Флувоксамином и комбинацией Флувоксамина и Цитофлавина подтвердили большую эффективность сочетанной терапии, что следует учитывать при разработке новых схем лечения постинсультной депрессии, а необходимость назначения антидепрессантов и антиоксидантных препаратов должна определяться на основе индивидуальной оценки выраженности депрессивного расстройства и параметров окислительного стресса: активности эндогенных антиоксидантов у каждого конкретного больного, перенесшего ишемический инсульт.

Recent revision of the eastern boundary of the last glaciation of Eurasia opened new perspectives in the search of the paleopedological records in the north of Eastern Europe and Western Siberia. We studied paleosol-sedimentary sequences in the Upper Volga and Middle Ob basins as a regional paleoecological record for the Late Pleistocene thermochrons. Two key sections Cheremoshnik and Belaya Gora containing MIS3 and MIS5 paleosol units and additional section Koskovo 2 with polycyclic MIS3 paleosol were investigated. Their timescale are based on C14 and U/Th datings as well as on stratigraphic and paleobotanical correlations. Macro-, meso- and micromorphological observations together with fossil insects and plant macrofossil were used as paleoenvironment proxy. MIS3 paleosols show abundant redoximorphic and cryogenic features that allow interpreting them as gleyic Cryosols. Sub-fossil insects and plant macrofossil reflect the cold climate conditions. Three incipient Ah horizons in Koskovo 2 pedocomplex point to multiple phases of pedogenesis, correlative to the MIS3 paleosol levels in different sections of the Eurasian loess belt and to the major interstadials of the Middle Pleniglacial of the NW Europe MIS5 paleosols are also characterized by gleyzation and peat accumulation, in this case we suppose geomorphological control on hydromorphic pedogenesis; however paleosol in Belaya Gora has clear signs of polygenesis including the phase of clay illuviation. Insect and plant remains from the lower paleosol level of the Belaya Gora section show the transition from cold (terminal phase of MIS6) to warm first, and then to a moderately cold climate (within MIS5). The obtained results contribute to understanding of soil and landscape zonality in the largest plains of Eurasia mostly during the warm phases of Late Pleistocene.

Retinitis pigmentosa is a hereditary degenerative retina disease, often severe and affecting the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor layer. For the older age group, the disease is increased by the addition of age-related degenerative processes in the retina. Due to the diversity of development factors and forms of retinitis pigmentosa, there is no uniform concept for treating a disease. Applying gene therapy and the optogenetic method is currently impossible because they are at the stage of experimental studies. For patients with terminal stage of retinitis pigmentosa, the implantation of a bionic eye is possible - a device with the ability to restore residual vision. The main treatment method is therapeutic. There were a lot of experimental and clinical studies of various drugs, the efficiency of which varies. Peptide bioregulators are actively used, they support the structural and functional homeostasis of cell populations and have a retinoprotective effect. It is also particularly important to improve the somatic condition of the patient through the use of peptide drugs in the complex.Пигментный ретинит — наследственное дегенеративное заболевание сетчатки, зачастую протекающее в тяжелой форме и поражающее пигментный эпителий сетчатки и слой фоторецепторов. Для старшей возрастной группы заболевание усугубляется присоединением возрастных дегенеративных процессов в сетчатке. Из-за многообразия факторов развития и форм пигментного ретинита не существует единой концепции лечения заболевания. Использование генной терапии и оптогенетического метода на данный момент невозможно, поскольку они находятся на стадии экспериментальных исследований. Для пациентов с терминальной стадией пигментного ретинита возможна имплантация бионического глаза — устройства с возможностью восстановления остаточного зрения. Основным методом лечения остается терапевтический. Было проведено множество экспериментальных и клинических исследований различных препаратов, эффективность которых разнится. Активно применяются пептидные биорегуляторы, поддерживающие структурный и функциональный гомеостаз клеточных популяций и обладающие ретинопротекторным свойством. Особенно важным представляется возможность также улучшить соматическое состояние пациента за счет применения пептидных препаратов в комплексе.

Gerontocosmetology is the rapid developing knowledge area that has a very large applied meaning. Herewith a lot of information about skin aging and geroprotectors for skin rejuvenation hasn't a scientific background. Thus, understanding the fundamental mechanisms of skin aging becomes the actual task of molecular gerontology. Skin fibroblasts are the polyfunctional cell population that synthesize a number of biologically active substances and participate in maintaining of extracellular matrix homeostasis, skin hydratation and endocrine and immune function. In the review genetic (accumulation of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA mistakes) and epigenetic factors of skin fibroblasts aging are described. Role of AP-1, NF-κB, c-jun, CCN1, TGF-β, TNF-α, MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9 and glycation in skin fibroblasts aging are discussed. There are some data about decreasing of skin fibroblasts ability to migration and synthesis of paxillins and aquaporin-3 (AQP3) during aging. Role of hormonal regulation in skin fibroblasts aging are described. Geroprotective action of melatonin to skin fibroblasts are showed. Reviewed molecular-cellular aspects of skin fibroblasts aging can be take into consideration for scientific background of using of cosmetic products for retarding of skin aging rate.Геронтокосметология является быстро развивающейся областью знаний, имеющей большое практическое значение. При этом большинство информации о старении кожи и геропротекторных средствах для ее восстановления не имеет научного обоснования. В связи с этим понимание фундаментальных механизмов старения кожи становится актуальной задачей молекулярной геронтологии. Фибробласты кожи являются полифункциональной популяцией клеток, синтезирующих ряд биологически активных веществ и участвующих в поддержании гомеостаза внутриклеточного матрикса, гидратации кожи, реализации ее эндокринной и иммунной функций. В обзоре описаны генетические (накопление ошибок в ядерной и митохондриальной ДНК) и эпигенетические факторы старения фибробластов кожи. Приведена роль молекул AP-1, NF-κB, c-jun, CCN1, TGF-β, TNF-α, MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-8, MMP-9 и реакции гликирования в старении фибробластов кожи. Представлены данные о связи снижения способности фибробластов кожи к миграции и синтеза в них белков семейства паксиллинов и аквапорина-3 (AQP3) при старении. Показана роль гормональной регуляции в старении фибробластов кожи и геропротекторное действие мелатонина в отношении этой субпопуляции клеток. Приведенные в обзоре молекулярно-клеточные аспекты старения фибробластов кожи могут быть учтены при научном обосновании применения косметологических средств для замедления темпов старения кожи.

Проведен сравнительный анализ лексики, относящейся к группе молочных продуктов питания, традиционных для кочевых скотоводческих народов Центральной Азии – халха-монголов, бурят и ойратов, а также и калмыков. Материалом исследования послужили современные монгольские языки, а также материалы диалектологических экспедиций, проведенных Валентином Ивановичем Рассадиным с 1970-х годов по 2000-е годы на территории Республики Бурятия, Западной Монголии. Все монгольские народы продолжают традиционно разводить пять видов скота – лошади, коровы, овцы, козы и верблюды, от которых получают молоко, как исходный продукт для приготовления самых разнообразных молочных блюд путём сквашивания, перегонки, процеживания, отстаивания, кипячения, высушивания или разбавления чаем или водой. Удалось выяснить, что молочное скотоводство и способы приготовления многих молочных продуктов пришли ещё к древним прамонголам из глубины веков вместе с названиями от древних тюрок и сохраняются у современных монгольских народов до сих пор. Рассматривая термины молочных продуктов в монгольских языках, приводится перечень терминов, представленных и в старописьменном монгольском языке, поскольку наличие в нем слов, имеющих полную аналогию современным терминам, свидетельствует об их древности в монгольских языках. Кроме того, приведенный перечень слов ярко свидетельствует, что термины молочного хозяйства давно сложились в монгольских языках, по всей видимости, еще в общемонгольскую эпоху, когда организовывалось молочное хозяйство у монгольских племен. Дальнейшая разработка этого пласта лексики, особенно в плане ее этимологизации, позволит пролить свет на внешнее влияние, особенно тюркских языков, при котором складывались термины молочных продуктов, поскольку ряд монгольских терминов имеет аналогии в тюркских языках, таких как: тюрк. süt – молоко, ajran – кислое молоко, qurut – сушеные сырки, bїšlaq – сыр домашнего приготовления, irimek – творожистая накипь на стенках котла от кипячения кислого молока, araqї – водка.A comparative analysis of vocabulary related to the group of dairy food products traditional for the nomadic cattle-breeding peoples of Central Asia – the Khalkha-Mongols, Buryats and Oirats, as well as Kalmyks. The research modern Mongolian languages, as well as materials of dialectological expeditions conducted by Valentin Ivanovich Rassadin from the 1970s to the 2000s in the Republic of Buryatia, Western Mongolia. All Mongolian peoples traditionally continue to breed five types of cattle – horses, cows, sheep, goats and camels, from which milk is obtained as a starting product for the preparation of a wide variety of dairy dishes by fermentation, distillation, straining, settling, boiling, drying or diluting with tea or water. It was possible to find out that dairy cattle breeding and methods of preparing many dairy products came to the ancient from the depths of centuries, along with the names from the ancient Turks and are still preserved among the modern Mongolian peoples. Considering the terms of dairy products in Mongolian languages, a list of terms in Mongolian language, have a complete analogy to modern. Above list of words clearly testifies that the terms of dairy farming have long been established in the Mongolian languages, most likely, back in the Mongolian era, when dairy farming was among the Mongol tribes. Further development of this layer of vocabulary, especially in terms of its, will shed light on the external influence, especially the Turkic languages, in which the terms of dairy products were formed, since a number of Mongolian terms have analogies in the Turkic languages, such as: turk. süt – milk, ajran – sour milk, qurut – dried cheeses, bїšlaq – home-made cheese, irimek – curd scum on the walls of the boiler from boiling sour milk, araqї – vodka.

This work presents the history of study of the Neopleistocene Singil deposits, results of analysis the drilling data, and different points of view on the stratigraphy of reference sections of the Lower Volga Region. A large volume of drilling core data indicate that the Singil deposits lie between the Lower Khazar and Upper Khazar deposits, which contradicts a traditional point of view that they lie under the Khazar deposits. As an analysis of faunistical data shows a high level of similarity between the Singil and Khazar assemblages of mammals, it is proposed to consider the Singil mammal assemblage as an analog of the Khazar faunistical assemblage, probably its early phase. The main conclusion of our research is that the accumulation of the Singil deposits occurred at the terminal regressive stage of the Early Khazar basin.

The data on the role of hypoxia-inducible factor, HIF-1, in the development of immunopathology (infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases), cancer (of the lung, brain, female reproductive system, urinary bladder, and pancreas), diabetes mellitus, and Alzheimer’s disease are analyzed. The data on the genes involving cell differentiation, apoptosis, and proliferation, the expression of which is regulated by HIF-1, are described. HIF-1 activates the expression of the telomerase gene and increases the replicative lifetime of human lung fibroblasts under hypoxic conditions. HIF-1 may be a molecular marker of cell aging and metabolism, as well as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of age-related diseases.

Skin aging is an current problem of modern geriatric cosmetology. One promising method to decelerate the process of age-related skin changes is the use of cosmetics with short peptides. The goal of the work was to study the effect of peptide KE (Lys-Glu, Vilon) on the expression of aging markers of human fibroblasts in an in vitro model. The expression of collagen type 1 and sirtuin 6 was studied with immunofluorescent confocal microscopy in “young” and “old” cultures of skin fibroblasts. It has been found that the area of expression of collagen type 1 and sirtuin 6 decreases by 3.5 and 3.6 times, respectively, in skin fibroblast cultures with aging. Peptide KE increases the expression area of collagen type 1 in old skin fibroblast cultures by 83%; the expression area of sirtuin 6 in young and old cultures of skin fibroblasts increased by 1.6 and 2.6 times, respectively. Thus, peptide KE increases the functional activity of skin fibroblasts and decelerates their senescence.

The effect of a pineal gland polypeptide complex, Pineamin, on urine excretion of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (6-SOMT) was investigated by immunoenzyme assay in 55 elderly patients with decreased melatonin formation. Pineamin at a dose of 100 mg increased the level of 6-SOMT excretion in overnight urine by 1.9 times in comparison with the respective indicator before the treatment. A similar effect was previously obtained upon the administration of Epitalamin, which also facilitated the restoration of melatonin synthesis in human and animal pineal glands affected by aging. Hence, Pineamin and Epitalamin exhibit a one-directional stimulating property with respect to the melatonin-forming function of the pineal gland in elderly people.

It was shown that AEDG peptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, Epitalon) regulates the function of the pineal gland, the retina, and the brain. AEDG peptide increases longevity in animals and decreases experimental cancerogenesis. AEDG peptide induces neuronal cell differentiation in retinal and human periodontal ligament stem cells. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of AEDG peptide on neurogenic differentiation gene expression and protein synthesis in human gingival mesenchymal stem cells, and to suggest the basis for the epigenetic mechanism of this process. AEDG peptide increased the synthesis of neurogenic differentiation markers: Nestin, GAP43, &beta, Tubulin III, Doublecortin in hGMSCs. AEDG peptide increased Nestin, GAP43, &beta, Tubulin III and Doublecortin mRNA expression by 1.6&ndash, 1.8 times in hGMSCs. Molecular modelling method showed, that AEDG peptide preferably binds with H1/6 and H1/3 histones in His-Pro-Ser-Tyr-Met-Ala-His-Pro-Ala-Arg-Lys and Tyr-Arg-Lys-Thr-Gln sites, which interact with DNA. These results correspond to previous experimental data. AEDG peptide and histones H1/3, H1/6 binding may be one of the mechanisms which provides an increase of Nestin, GAP43, &beta, Tubulin III, and Doublecortin neuronal differentiation gene transcription. AEDG peptide can epigenetically regulate neuronal differentiation gene expression and protein synthesis in human stem cells.

Short peptides are molecules with small molecular weight, capable of penetrating the cell membrane and nuclear membrane for epigenetic regulation of gene expression, including the genes responsible for cell differentiation. The direction of cell differentiation induction depends on the peptide structure and concentration. AEDG and AEDP peptides induce differentiation of pluripotent cells in the epidermis, mesenchyme and nervous tissue. Peptides KE, AED, KED, AEDG and AAAAEKAAAAEKAAAAEK activate neural differentiation. Peptides AEDL and KEDW induce lung and pancreatic cell differentiation. Differentiation of immune cells is stimulated by KE, DS, (Nα-(γ-E)-E), K(Н-E-OH)-OH, AED, KED, EDA, and KEDG peptides. IRW, GRGDS and YCWSQYLCY peptides activate osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. KE, AEDL, and AEDG peptides also induce plant cells differentiation. Short peptides can take part in activation of the signaling pathways regulating expression of differentiation genes. They can interact with histones changing the availability of genes for transcription, regulate gene methylation and activate or inhibit their expression, as well as directly interact with the DNA. Research in the area of directed stem cell differentiation by peptide regulation is of special importance for developing innovative approaches to molecular medicine and cell therapy.

Primary stem cells, after several cell divisions, enter into a senescence state, that is characterized by alterations to spindle-shape typical morphology. This concern is one of the main problems in the use of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in clinical applications which demand cells in large numbers. Short peptides had geroprotective properties and stimulated stem cell differentiation. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the role of AEDG and KED peptides in maintaining oral hMSCs morphology and functions over long-term expansion. 2 types of hMSCs were investigated: human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPLSCs) and human gingival mesenchymal stem cells (hGMSCs). Cells at the 25th passage were divided into 3 groups: 1 - control (without adding peptide), 2 - treated with AEDG peptide, 3 - treated with KED peptide. Cell cultures were analyzed by an immunofluorescence method and RT-PCR on the p16 and p21 senescence markers expression. AEDG peptide decreased p16 and p21 mRNA expression by 1.56-2.44 times in comparison with the control group. KED peptide decreased p16 and p21 mRNA expression by 1.82-3.23 times in comparison with the control group. These results were confirmed by immunofluorescent visualization. AEDG and KED peptides could be used as supplementary substances in a culture medium to delay the expression of senescence markers in long term stem cell cultivation in order to promote the large-scale in vitro expansion necessarily required for stem cell therapy clinical application. The data obtained confirm the geroprotective effect of AEDG and KED peptide, which was shown early in animal and cells models.

Retinal diseases were always difficult problem for clinical ophthalmology. Modern methods of their treatment only decrease risk of complications, however in Russia was created better technology for this purpose: peptide bioregulators, which were made by sequential adding of amino acids one to another, binding with the promoter region of genes, and promoting retinoprotective effect by regulation of their expression, improving the state of the retina.

An accumulation of mammoth hair, discovered in the Bol'shaya Chukochya River valley (northeast Yakutia, Russia), was found to contain remains of terrestrial and aquatic organisms, including plants, insects, crustaceans, birds and mammals. Radiocarbon dating indicated that this post-mortem taphocoenosis represented multiple time periods. The mammoth hair was dated to older than 45 ka BP, the plants were dated to 12 750 +/- 50 a BP (which corresponds to a shift in the environmental conditions and landscapes during the formation of thermokarst in northeastern Russia) and the bird feathers were dated to 4115 +/- 40 a BP. A scenario of the formation of this fossil assemblage is proposed, covering the MIS 3-1 time range. The hair also yielded various Arctic branchiopod crustaceans, which inhabit shallow temporary water bodies and therefore are important for reconstruction of palaeoenvironments. The cladoceran subgenus Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia), currently absent from the Asian part of Beringia, is reported from this region for the first time. The study demonstrates that the discovered permafrostpreserved hair is a unique repository of Ice Age organisms.

The EDR peptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) has been previously established to possess neuroprotective properties. It activates gene expression and synthesis of proteins, involved in maintaining the neuronal functional activity, and reduces the intensity of their apoptosis in in vitro and in vivo studies. The EDR peptide interferes with the elimination of dendritic spines in neuronal cultures obtained from mice with Alzheimer’s (AD) and Huntington’s diseases. The tripeptide promotes the activation of the antioxidant enzyme synthesis in the culture of cerebellum neurons in rats. The EDR peptide normalizes behavioral responses in animal studies and improves memory issues in elderly patients. The purpose of this review is to analyze the molecular and genetics aspects of the EDR peptide effect on gene expression and synthesis of proteins involved in the pathogenesis of AD. The EDR peptide is assumed to enter cells and bind to histone proteins and/or ribonucleic acids. Thus, the EDR peptide can change the activity of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, the synthesis of proapoptotic proteins (caspase-3, p53), proteins of the antioxidant system (SOD2, GPX1), transcription factors PPARA, PPARG, serotonin, calmodulin. The abovementioned signaling pathway and proteins are the components of pathogenesis in AD. The EDR peptide can be AD.

It has been demonstrated that short peptides play an important role in the transmission of biological information, modulation of transcription, and restoring genetically conditioned alterations occurring with age. Peptidergic regulation of homeostasis occupies an important place in physiological processes, which lead to the aging of cells, tissues, and organs, consisting in the involution of major regulatory systems—the nervous, the endocrine, and the immune. The effect of AED (Ala-Glu-Asp), KED (Lys-Glu-Asp), KE (Lys-Glu), AEDG (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) peptides and their compound on neuronal differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) was studied by immunofluorescence and western blot analysis. Growth-Associated Protein 43 (GAP43), which implements neurotransmission mechanisms and neuroplasticity, demonstrated an increased expression in hPDLSCs cultured with a compound of all studied peptides and with KED alone. The peptide compound and KED, increase the expression of Nestin (neurofilament protein), expressed in early neuronal precursors in hPDLSCs cultures. Thus, the compound of peptides AEDG, KE, AED, and KED could promote the neuronal differentiation of hPDLSCs and be a promising tool for the study of peptides as a modulator of neurogenesis in neurodegenerative diseases studied in animal models.

An incomplete carcass of an extinct bison, Bison ex gr. priscus, was discovered in 2012 in the mouth of the Rauchua River (69°30′N, 166°49′E), Chukotka. The carcass included the rump with two hind limbs, ribs, and large flap of hide from the abdomen and sides, several vertebrae, bones of the forelimbs and anterior autopodia, stomach with its contents, and wool. The limb bones are relatively gracile, which is unusual in bison, and a SEM study of the hair microstructure suggests higher insulating capacity than in extant members of the genus. Additionally, mitochondrial DNA analyses indicate that the Rauchua bison belonged to a distinct and previously unidentified lineage of steppe bison. Two radiocarbon dates suggest a Holocene age for the bison: a traditional 14C date provided an estimate of 8030 ± 70 14C yr ВР (SPb-743) and an AMS radiocarbon date provided an age of 9497 ± 92 14C yr BP (AA101271). These dates make this the youngest known bison from Chukotka. Analysis of stomach contents revealed a diet of herbaceous plants (meadow grasses and sedges) and shrubs, suggesting that the early Holocene vegetation near the mouth of the Rauchua River was similar to that of the present day: tundra-associated vegetation with undersized plants.

The aim of the literature review was to present modern views on the possible mechanisms of the disturbances of capillary blood flow in severe brain injury (TBI). The critical analysis of the concept of secondary brain damage and possible mechanisms of the disturbances of cerebral microcirculation in TBI are presented. We also discuss modern methodologies for assessing capillary blood flow in patients with brain damage. The attention is focused on the causes of the disturbances of cerebral microcirculation in TBI, as well as in various forms of fat embolism in severe combined TBI. Possibilities of prevention and early correction of damaged capillary blood flow in brain injury, as well as the supposed reasons for the failure of some clinical trials, including the widely known CRASH, are analyzed. It is noted that an integrative approach to the assessment of cerebral microcirculation in conjunction with brain metabolism reflects not just the variability of cerebral blood flow and functional disorders of perfusion and metabolism coupling in traumatic brain injury. It is emphasized that ischemia is not the only cause of post-traumatic disorders of pial circulation. We highlight directions for future research of posttraumatic disturbances of cerebral microcirculation as a leading factor of secondary brain insults. The possibility of pharmacological and non-pharmacological correction of microcirculatory disorders in TBI is outlined.

The possibility of using induced chemiluminescence for estimation of the substrate capacity for peroxidation under the action of hydroxyl radicals and for determination of the level of free-radical processes that occur in biological objects based on the analysis of organic hydroperoxides in a sample was investigated. For this purpose the light sum of chemiluminescence was measured during the three stages: upon introduction of Fe2+ into the sample, during the Fenton reaction (introduction of Fe2+ and H2O2), and upon introduction of Fe2+ after the Fenton reaction. The dependence of the light sum on concentration (dilution) of the sample was elucidated. It was shown that the light sum reached its maximum value at a certain dilution of the investigated substrate. The position of the maximum was determined by the concentration of oxidizing RH fragments, while the chemiluminescence light sum value in the maximum was determined by the fraction of the inhibitor, [InH]/[RH], and the fraction of organic hydroperoxides in the sample, [ROOH]/[RH].

In August 2010, a well-preserved Mammuthus primigenius carcass was found along the coast of Oyogos Yar in the region of the Laptev Sea and the mummy was nicknamed ‘Yuka’. Frozen sediment samples from the area of skull condyles were collected for pollen and plant macrofossil analyses. The results from the palaeobotanical investigation confirmed that the Yuka mammoth lived during the optimum of the Kargin Interstadial (MIS3). The burial place of the mammoth could have been a small shallow freshwater pond with either stagnant or slowly moving water. The vegetation of the Oyogos Yar in MIS3 optimum was probably represented by zonal tundra-steppe combined with mesic-xeric meadows.

Objective: The aim was to evaluate changes in cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) in combined traumatic brain injury (CTBI) in groups with and without intracranial hematomas (IH).

Vilon, Timogen, Crystagen and R-1 short peptides possess various immunoprotective effects in spleen during its ageing. Both R-1 and Vilon peptides activate T-helpers. The effect of Vilon is provided by decreased level of apoptosis, as well as the effect of R-1 peptide is provided by increased proliferation and differentiation processes. Timogen activates B-cells by decreasing apoptosis level and increasing the proliferation of spleen cells. Crystagen also activates B-cells of the immune system; however, the peptide doesn't cause cell renewal in spleen as it ages.Установлено, что короткие пептиды вилон, тимоген, кристаген и R 1 обладают разными иммунопротекторными свойствами в отношении селезенки при ее старении. Пептиды R 1 и вилон активируют T хелперы. Эффект вилона достигается за счет снижения уровня апоптоза клеток, а пептида R 1 — за счет усиления процессов пролиферации и дифференциации. Тимоген является активатором B лимфоцитов и реализует свое действие путем снижения уровня апоптоза и стимуляции пролиферации клеток селезенки. Кристаген также активирует B клеточное звено иммунной системы, но не влияет на процессы клеточного обновления в селезенке при ее старении.