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To solve one of the most important tasks of food hygiene - ensuring foodstuff biosafety, the leading place is given to the use of nucleic acid sequencing methods that allow to identify and describe the nucleotide sequences of genomes both in individual microorganisms and metagenomic characteristics of microbial communities in environmental objects, in humans and animals.

It is known that under conditions of ultra-high physical activity and a specific diet, the state of the microbiota plays a significant role in maintaining the health, metabolic and energy status of athletes.

In recent years, new data have been obtained on the participation of the organism-associated microbiota in the pathogenesis of many non-communicable diseases. However, these data are mostly multidirectional and require interpretation.

The requirements for the safety of food products obtained by microbial synthesis are including as obligation for to conduct toxicological studies - the study of various biochemical and immunological markers of toxic effects. The necessity of these studies is explained by a possible change in the structure of food ingredients produced by a microbial cell and, consequently, a change in their biological properties, as well as the possible presence of living forms and/or DNA of producer strains or of their toxic metabolites in these ingredients. At the same time, it is well known that the nutrient composition of foods has a significant impact on the composition and properties of microorganisms that make up the gut microbiome, which, in turn, determines the immune status. The purpose of the research was to justify the analyses of gut microbiocenosis composition for inclusion in the protocol of safety investigation of foods obtained by microbial synthesis [on the example of an enzyme preparation (EP) - a complex of glucoamylase and xylanase from a genetically modified strain of Aspergillus awamori Xyl T-15].

The introduction of methods for food production using microbial synthesis, including those obtained with the help of genetically modified (GM) microorganisms, at the present stage, allows to increase production volumes and reduce the cost of food. At the same time, such products in accordance with TR CU 021/2011 "On food safety" are classified as a "novel food"» and can be placed on the market only after its risk estimation for health. The emergence of new data and research methods in the last years has made it necessary to improve the risk assessment system for this category of food.

The active development of digital platforms has led to the spread of new forms of labour relations organization. On the one hand, the platforms allowed a large number of people to find work and an additional source of income, to develop competition. But on the other hand, the lack of the clear market regulation for the rights of employees of digital platforms has led to discrimination of their labour rights, the establishment of irregular working hours, etc. A new form of employment (working in the field of digital platforms) poses new challenges to modern labour legislation. For example, questions on the characteristics of a digital platform employee, criteria for distinguishing them from hired worker and self-employed, as well as questions on the list of labour guarantees on the platforms need to be addressed. In this paper, these issues are studied both from the perspective of international organizations and individual countries that have secured the status of employees of digital platforms. The authors pay special attention to the issues of differentiation between hired workers and self-employed individuals and consider trends in the development of labour law on the example of specific court cases.

The issue of creating a new unit of account - central banks digital currencies (CBDC), has been actively discussed in the past two years, both at the level of individual states and the international community. The discussion is based on the legal possibility and economic feasibility of expanding the list of financial instruments by creating a fundamentally new model of digital payments. However, despite the importance of this issue, states and the digital community have not yet come to a common understanding of the starting points on which the concept of a national digital currency (CBDC) should be based. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to identify the legal and economic advantages and disadvantages of two types of CBDC: direct and hybrid. To achieve this goal, the theoretical views on this issue were studied, as well as the conclusions made by experts in the course of a practical study of the CBDC possibilities.

А systemic assessment of the state of the human intestinal microbiome was carried out in relation to its function in the macroorganism, aimed at providing the nutriome, and the factors that determine the adequate nutritional status. A new concept of "reference gut microbiome of a healthy person" was postulated and the requirements to it were formulated: interaction with the host according to the principle of mutualism, provision of immune balance with the macroorganism due to the correct formation of mucosal immunity, implementation of metabolic and regulatory functions without losses for the nutriome. A set of characteristics and biomarkers reflecting the taxonomic composition and population properties of the microbial community, as well as the state of its essential immune and metabolic functions, was proposed as a criterion for its assessment in healthy adults who consume a diet balanced in nutritive and energy value, appropriate for age and energy spending. The influence of alimentary factors on the formation of the human intestinal microbiome in early ontogenesis, the nature of dysbiotic shifts, including those under common non-infectious alimentary-dependent diseases (obesity, food allergy, urolithiasis), in Russians were studied, the ways of their correction and maintenance of the intestinal microbiota in the process of life were substantiated taking into account modern knowledge.

The main results and prospects of fundamental and applied hygienic research of the laboratory of biosafety and nutrimicrobiome analysis of the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety (hereinafter - the Institute of Nutrition) in the direction of developing a regulatory and methodological framework for assessing the microbiological safety of food are reviewed. The formation of microbiological regulation as a scientific analytical and administrative managerial process in the former USSR and the Russian Federation is considered in the context of historical data, including personal contribution of the scientists of the Institute of Nutrition and other specialists. The basic principles of regulation are emphasized: the scientific validity of the established criteria and requirements, the feasibility, technological attainability, differentiation according to the degree of danger to the health of consumers, preventive nature. The resource of the national normative and methodological base in the field of microbiological food safety at the turn of the century is characterized, the features of the introduction of the microbiological risk assessment (MRA) methodology in the substantiation of Russian norms and measures for the prevention of food infections are described. The information is given on the developed guidance documents on MRA and on the examples of norms adopted on its basis. The article covers the issues of reglamentation the requirements for food safety and reducing the spread of new pathogens Stx-Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterobacter sakazakii, Campylobacter spp. in the food chain based on risk-oriented approaches. The necessity of taking specific measures for the prevention of cross-contamination in the poultry processing industry is substantiated, taking into account the evidence of the high adaptability of C. jejuni isolated from domestic raw poultry. In the sanitarian-mycological aspect, the monitoring perspective of mould fungi, taking into account their chemotypes, in cereals and non-grain plant products is shown to predict the risk of mycotoxin accumulation and take timely measures. The need to assess the impact on the population, taking into account the characteristics of consumption in the country, as well as the development of criteria for indirect risk of residues are argued for regulation of the antibiotics in food. In light of the challenges in the field of agro- and food technologies to public health at the present stage, contributing to the acceleration of microbial evolution and the emergence of new risks in food, the priority tasks of improving the regulatory and methodological base for assessing microbiological safety have been identified, with an emphasis on the introduction into the process of substantiating the norms of innovative OMICs-technologies based on the achievements of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, bioinformatics.

Currently, due to the wide spread of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19 and the need for anti-epidemic measures, medical science should integrate all efforts to ensure, on the one hand, at the global level - the fight against the spread of infection, on the other hand, at the individual level - increasing the adaptive capacity and immune response of the organism to protect against COVID-19. Nutrition is the most important factor determining human health and the functioning of all mechanisms to protect a person from negative environmental factors. For the prevention and treatment of new coronavirus infection COVID-19, a significant role is played by the correction of eating disorders, including vitamin and micronutrient deficiency. Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, together with Russian Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor), prepared Recommendations on nutrition for children and adults, requiring a self-isolation regime or quarantine at home in connection with COVID-19. In order to promptly inform and advise the population on nutrition optimization in the early days of anti-epidemic measures, an information reference Contact Center was created and is continuously functioning on the basis of the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology. Equally important is the implementation of measures aimed at the prevention of food contamination with COVID-19 agent. In this regard, the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition and Biotechnology, together with Rospotrebnadzor prepared guidelines on measures to prevent the transmission of a new coronavirus infection through foods. Another aspect that the medical community has faced in connection with the pandemic is the need to reorient specialized medical organizations that have not previously worked with patients with infectious diseases in order to create Clinical centers for the treatment of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19. Thus, in the context of the spread of the new coronavirus infection COVID-19, many areas of medicine are involved in the process of providing anti-epidemic measures. Successful completion of the tasks will significantly reduce the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for the state and citizens.

Gastroenterocolitis caused by Campylobacter bacteria are the most common acute infectious zoonotic foodborne diseases. One of the important factors for the transmission of infection is contaminated dairy products, so the assessment of contamination of raw milk with Campylobacter is necessary to develop effective measures to suppress the growth of the pathogen and ensure the safety of products.

The purpose of the work was to study the nature of the Campylobacter spp. contamination during the processing of food products of plant and animal origin (raw poultry and beef meat, raw milk, leafy salads, sliced raw vegetables). In the study of 148 samples 50 strains of Campylobacter spp. (33.8%) were found. For the main phenotypic characteristics they were identified as C. jejuni spp. jejuni and C. jejuni spp. doylei (over 75%). The highest level of detection of campylobacteria (over 45%) was set for raw poultry, including the carcasses of chickens broilers, quails, turkeys and their semi-finished products. 19 of the 27 strains from poultry were identified as C. jejuni. Among the strains isolated from the environment, including swabs from equipment surfaces, 91% of the isolates were also presented by C. jejuni. It was found that the investigated foodstuffs were characterized by high levels of contamination with bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae, the content of which was comparable with the identified values of total viable bacteria (cfu). Salmonella was detected in 19% of the investigated poultry samples and in 14.3% of raw cow milk. In the study of swabs from surfaces of poultry processing equipment, the frequency of detection of Campylobacter strains was 38.7%, Salmonella - 12.9%. Most commonly Campylobacter and Salmonella were detected in the zones of primary processing of poultry: the frequency of isolation of Salmonella in slaughter corner was 25%, Campylobacter - 43%. When testing the swabs taken in the cooking zone of «fast food» restaurants Campylobacter and Salmonella were not detected. For studying the swabs from equipment surfaces and the environment for the presence of Campylobacter spp. a modified technique of sampling was developed. The method includes a comprehensive analysis in the test area with the use of three types of media for transportation and incubation of Campylobacter spp. (Preston broth with blood, Brucella broth, Cary-Blair medium), that increase the probability of detection of these pathogens.

А screening study on the detection of campylobacteria in raw food products, semi-finished products and objects in the external environment in the poultry processing industry was conducted. The highest level of detection of campylobacteria is set for raw poultry products, including carcasses of broilers, turkeys and quail. A general accordance of getting Campylobacter in raw materials and food products with inadequate sanitary treatment of separate areas of production has been established: in most cases Campylobacter spp. was extracted from the samples, contaminated with coliform bacteria and Salmonella. It is shown that the frequency of contamination of raw poultry with pathogens is largely dependent on the cooling of the carcasses. When using the immersion method, the conditions for cross contamination with pathogens through water bath cooling are present (45% of samples infected with Campylobacter spp.). Under combined use of super-cooled water and aerosols Campylobacter were also detected quite often in 27% of samples. Contamination by pathogens was the lowest in evaporative cooling method with the use of antimicrobial hydrospray (less than 5% positive samples), allowing to recognize this method as the most promising for the production of microbiological safe products. The work on optimization of nutrient medium composition and adaptation recommended methodological scheme of analysis for detection and species identification of bacteria of the genus Campylobacter was carried out. Formulation of traditionally used growth media was modified, and balanced composition of growth and selective components was matched in accordance with the requirements of existing standards. Given the urgency of increasing the effectiveness of the methods of control of campylobacteria in foods and the lack of domestic analogues of the culture media in the Russian Federation, an optimized method for the production of dry nutrient media for the detection, identification and storage of campylobacteria isolated from food products and clinical material was developed. The conducted study allowed to develop Technical conditions 21.20.23-006-01897222-2016 «Dry culture medium for detection of bacteria of the genus Campylobacter» and «Instruction for use of culture media». Depending on the purpose of the medium produced in the following versions: the selective broth for enrichment of campylobacteria; differential selective agar for isolating and quantifying of Campylobacter spp.; semi-solid nutrient agar for cryostorage of Campylobacter strains. The list of criteria for assessing the quality of commercially available lots of dry media included: solubility, pH, gel strength of agar, the content of amine nitrogen, specificity, selectivity, growth and inhibitory properties. The practical application of these media in terms of the national laboratories will significantly simplify the use of existing standards developed based on international ISO standards, but not adapted to the main range of commercial media and reagents used in routine food control for the presence of campylobacteria.

Campylobacter jejuni is a leading member of the genus Campylobacter which cause up to 90% of laboratory confirmed cases of campylobacteriosis. The most important characteristic defining the biological features of C. jejuni is their sensitivity to antibiotics. Agricultural intensification, expansion of the range of the used disinfectants and antiseptics, uncontrolled use of antibiotics in animal production is increasingly leading to the selection of the most resistant forms of Campylobacter with antibiotic resistance and multiple virulence factors. The study of antibiotic resistance of C. jejuni isolated from food and environment need for the development of new approaches for laboratory diagnosis of campylobacteriosis and confirmation of the role of food path of transmission, for creation the system of preventive measures to reduce the risk of contamination of food by Campylobacter spp. in Russia. The aim of this study was to investigate the phenotypic profiles of antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter spp. isolated from poultry and the environment in the poultry processing industry. In the analysis of 110 samples of raw poultry products and swabs from surfaces of the equipment 55 strains of the genus Campylobacter were selected, including 46 strains of C. jejuni. For study sensitivity of these strains to 15 antimicrobials (8 classes) disk diffusion assays were done using the EUCAST protocol. The following antibiotics were used: nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, amikacin, kanamycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, clindamycin, lincomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, cefotaxime. All C. jejuni strains were resistant to cephalothin, which confirms their belonging to this species. 89% of the strains were insensitive to nalidixic acid, which indicates the reduction of informativeness of this test, traditionally used in the standard scheme of species identification of Саmpylobacter spp. Most of the investigated isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin (96.3%) and tetracycline (88.6%), 34% of strains had resistance to erythromycin; 40% of tested C. jejuni were multi-resistant to four or more antibiotics. The data indicate a high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains among campylobacteria, contaminated poultry products during the processing of raw materials.

Nano-sized colloidal silver (NCS) stabilized with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) containing nanoparticles (NPs) of silver with a diameter of 10-80 nm was administered to growing male rats (body weight 80±10 g) during the first 30 days by intragastric gavage and then for 62 days with diet consumed in doses of 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg/kg of body weight per day based on silver (Ag). The control animals received deionized water and PVP. The composition of microbiota from the cecum was studied using standard microbiological methods with determination of the main and transient components, together with antagonistic activity of symbiotic bifidobacteria. Expression of antigens CD45RA, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD161a on lymphocytes (Ly) of peripheral blood was determined by flow cytometry; blood serum levels of cytokines IL10, IL13, TNFα were examined by ELISA. It was shown that subacute administration of colloidal Ag in all studied doses did not lead to significant changes in the composition of the main components of normal microbiota, providing, however, the inhibitory effect on the growth of some transitory components probably including opportunistic species of microorganisms. Among the studied immunological parameters decreased amount of B-Ly was noticed at the highest dose of the NCS, while changes in the other parameters of the immune system were depended ambiguously on the dose of the product. The results were analyzed in conjunction with the data of previous publications concerning the impact on the NCS on integrated, morphological, hematological, biochemical and enzymological indexes of animals in the 92-day experiment. It was concluded that significant symptoms of NCS sub-acute oral toxicity manifested starting from a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight of Ag, and the maximum not observed adverse effect dose (NOAEL) can be estimated as 0.1 mg/kg body weight.

The study of the responses to cold exposure in Campylobacterjejuni (C. jejuni)--one of the most common foodborne pathogens is important for elucidating the mechanisms of acquisition of products contaminated with campylobacter, hazardous properties. These data are also necessary to create effective systems of microbiological controls at all stages of production and storage of food. 5 pairs of oligonucleotide primers were selected for detecting of genes cadF, cdtB, ciaB, flaA, iamA, encoding the main factors of pathogenicity of foodborne pathogens Campylobacter jejuni--adhesion and invasion of epithelial cells, production of CDT-toxin and mobility. To quantify the expression levels of target genes of C. jejuni a comparative method of determining the amount of amplification products of genes encoding pathogenicity factors of Campylobacter spp. has been developed using real-time PCR with intercalating dyes. To calculate and quantify gene expression the mathematical models have been obtained that allow extrapolation of threshold cycles of amplification to the initial number of copies of RNA/DNA in the tested samples. It has been established that exposure of C. jejuni at low temperatures +4 degrees C did not lead to increased levels of expression of genes cdtB and ciaB. However, in the populations of C. jejuni subjected to freezing, followed by incubation at optimum for the pathogen temperature of +42 degrees C, the increase in expression of mRNA encoding protein subunit B of CDT-toxin and antigenic marker of invasion took place. The number of copies of RNA in C. jejuni after stress exposure increased by 1.14-2.6 lg in comparison with intact cultures. CdtB and ciaB gene expression in C. jejuni can serve as an indicator of cell response to stress and helps to restore the functions of the bacterial cells after the termination of cold exposure and return of the pathogen in conditions favourable to the realization of its pathogenic potential.

N-Substituted 3,4-dinitropyrazoles, 1,5-dimethyl-3,4-dinitropyrazole and 1-methoxy-methyl-5-methyl-3,4-dinitropyrazole, undergo nucleophilic substitution when reacted with S-, O-, and N-nucleophiles. The substitution occurs regioselectively at the 3-position, affording products in good yields. Anions of N-unsubstituted 3,4-dinitropyrazoles, 1H-3(5)-methyl-4,5(3)-dinitropyrazole and 1H-4,5(3)-dinitropyrazole, also react in water with S-nucleophiles with regioselective substitution of the nitro groups in the position 3(5).

In the article there is presented the experience of justification of hygienic standards of food safety with the use of criteria for the risk for population health. Health risk assessment under the impact of tetracyclines with food showed that the content of residual amounts of these antibiotics at the level of 10 mg/kg (permissible residual tetracycline accepted in Customs Union Member Countries (CUMC) will not increase the risk to public health, including the most sensitive groups of the population. The assessment ofthe health risk associated with the receipt of ractopamine with food, showed that eating foods containing ractopamine at ADI level (0-1 mg/kg body weight), and even at the limit of quantification levels in meat products, is inadmissible because of unacceptable risk of functional disorders and diseases of the cardiovascular system. The results of the substantiation of the permissible levels of nitrates content in crop production showed that at the level of exposure according to hygienic standards established in the CUMC as at the recommended and actual consumption levels of products ofplant origin, the health risk as carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic, does not exceed acceptable levels. The results of the assessment of the risk associated with the permissible levels of L. monocytogenes in certain food groups showed that an exposure level of hygienic standards established in the CUMC, standards of Codex Alimentarius Commission and EU documents (before release to the market by the manufacturer) the health risk does not exceed the maximum permissible level of the appearance of serious diseases. Adoption of standards of Codex Alimentarius Commission and the EU (for handling products in the market) is not acceptable because it can lead to an unacceptable risk of listeriosis for the population of the Russian Federation as a whole, and for the most sensitive groups.

Investigations of microbial contamination and species composition of the Enterobacteriaceae family in fresh vegetables and lettuce has been conducted. The objects of study were new types of fresh ready-to-eat vegetable foods - salads, sliced vegetables and mixtures thereof, sampled at the main stages of production, including washing, antimicrobial treatment with sodium hypochlorite, and packaging in the film under vacuum. Quantitative analysis of Enterobacteriaceae levels in fresh and packaged vegetables and salads showed that their part in the total amount of microbial contaminants is large enough. Average Enterobacteriaceae content ranged from 2,14 to 3,34 lg cfu/g, reaching in some samples values 4,38-4,74 lg, comparable with the levels of total bacteria. Considerable species diversity of microflora contaminating ready-to-eat vegetable products has been found. Bacteria of the genera Enterobactel; Pantoea, Citrobacter, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Kluyvera, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Rahnella, Acinetobacter were found in the salads and sliced vegetables. In the tested samples most frequently detected Enterobacter spp. - 37% of identified strains and Pantoea spp - 25% of strains. The data on the composition and levels of microbial contaminants in vegetable and salad products highlight not only the need to monitor coliform bacteria - traditional indicators of faecal contamination of raw materials, but also the need to introduce criteria for the amount of Enterobacteriaceae.

This review concerns the issues of foodfortifications and the creation of functional foods (FF) and food supplements based on probiotics and covers an issue of approaches to the regulation of probiotic food products in various countries. The status of functional foods, optimizing GIT functions, as a separate category of FF is emphasized. Considering the strain-specificity effect of probiotics, the minimum criteria used for probiotics in food products are: 1) the need to identify a probiotics at genus, species, and strain levels, using the high-resolution techniques, 2) the viability and the presence of a sufficient amount of the probiotic in product at the end of shelf life, 3) the proof of functional characteristics inherent to probiotic strains, in the controlled experiments. The recommended by FA O/WHO three-stage evaluation procedure offunctional efficiency of FF includes: Phase I--safety assessment in in vitro and in vivo experiments, Phase II--Evaluation in the Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled trial (DBRPC) and Phase III--Post-approval monitoring. It is noted that along with the ability to obtain statistically significant results of the evaluation, there are practical difficulties of conducting DBRPC (duration, costs, difficulties in selection of target biomarkers and populations). The promising approach for assessing the functional efficacy of FF is the concept of nutrigenomics. It examines the link between the human diet and the characteristics of his genome to determine the influence of food on the expression of genes and, ultimately, to human health. Nutrigenomic approaches are promising to assess the impact of probiotics in healthy people. The focusing on the nutrigenomic response of intestinal microbial community and its individual populations (in this regard the lactobacilli can be very informative) was proposed.

The improvement of the Fusarium DNA extraction method has been undertaken in order to reduce the error of PCR analysis for detection of toxigenic Fusarium species, including those contained in the grain in the uncultureted state, directly in the grain. The efficiency of Fusarium DNA extraction methods (nucleotides sorption and CTAB method) has been compared. The efficiency of CTAB method combined with 10-fold weight increase of milled grain sample has been demonstrated. This approach revealed a greater number of Fusarium species, than PCR analysis of combined Fusarium mycelium from the same samples. The uncultureted F. langsethiae was detected in the DNA extract from a sample of barley, which was not identified in the combined sample of the mycelium. This sample of the grain has the highest levels of T-2/NT-2-toxins--0,075/0,345 mg/kg (determined by HPLC) among positive samples. F. sporotrichioides--a potential producer of T-2- and HT-2-toxins has been revealed by PCR method in other grain samples both containing and not containing these toxins. The biosynthesis of T-2- and HT-2-toxins on the PSA-medium in vitro has been studied for 10 single-spores F. sporotrichioides isolates, allocated from grain. Synthesized T-2-toxin content (measured by ELISA) ranged from 0.4 to 184.5 mg per l of medium. Three strains showed very high levels from 117.2 to 184.4 mg/l, two of which have been isolated from barley which don't contain these toxins. The absence of the toxin in grain samples does not guarantee the absence of high-level producers of mycotoxins. The direct detection of Fusarium spp. in grain by PCR analysis with extraction of fungal DNA by CTAB method along with increased sample weight has been shown to make possible the detection of a more number of species of Fusarium (including uncultureol strains) compared with mycological method with PCR analysis of the combined sample of the mycelium.

Currently contamination of food grains with Fusarium spp. is determined by conventional mycological methods and can last up to 30-40 days. The method specificity is highly dependent on the subjective evaluation of the researchers. The alternative to traditional mycological methods is detection by PCR. The purpose of the study was to improve the contamination analysis method of food grains infected by Fusarium for analysis time reducing and species detection specificity increasing. Investigations were carried out on food grains samples harvested in 2009-2011 from 5 federal regions of Russia. On the first stage, 100 grains were sowing on potato-sucrose medium and then incubated at 24 degrees C for 7-10 days. At the second stage, the Fusarium species composition grown from food grains was estimated by two methods. The first method was mycological for monospore isolates. The second one was PCR analysis of DNA extracts from the combined sample of Fusarium mycelium which grew on a foodgrains sample. Species-specific primers of such mycotoxins producers as F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. sporotrchiodes, F. langsethiae, F. poae, F. avenaceum, F. tricinctum were used for PCR detection. The species composition of viable Fusarium spp. fungi revealed in foodgrains samples by mycological method completely concided with the results of PCR analysis. In result, the method that combines traditional mycological sowing for detection of viable species with PCR species detection of the mycelium in integrated sample has been developed. The method significantly reduces test duration (3-4 times) by excluding the sieving step in obtaining monospore fungi isolates for further species identification. The method also allows obtaining reliable data on the viable Fusarium species including producers of toxins in foodgrains. Thus, the idea of improving of the identification stage allowing reducing labor costs and increasing of the method specificity was realized.

To address the issue of harmonization of Russian MRLs for tetracycline in food and on the basis of the tasks of preserving the value of hygienic standard for the more restrictive level than similar standards of the Codex Alimentarius Commission in this survey we analyzed the evidences of the negative effects of subingibitory amounts of these antibiotics (lying below the MIC for clinically relevant microorganisms). The inadequacy of the microbiological JECFA ADI and the necessity of using of methodology of analyzing the effects of biological active substances in small doses for assessing the risk of food contamination of tetracycline subingibitory concentrations were demonstrated. Current scientific information on the functions of antibiotics as signaling molecules in the microbial world and the role of tetracycline as a leading factor in the regulation of transcription in microorganisms and activation of the horizontal transfer of resistance genes transferred to the family of conjugative transposons Tn916-Tn1545 also was reviewed in paper. Evidence-based data regarding the basic contribution of subingibitory concentrations of tetracycline in the spread of worst transmissible type of antibiotic resistance and the formation of new pathogens, associated with it, are represented. To reduce the risk of direct adverse effects on microbial ecosystem in the human body and its habitat, and to minimize the indirect risk of new infections, the necessity of saving the current Russian level residues of tetracycline (or = 0.01 mg/kg of product), which is low by contrast to the Codex MRLs (or = 0.1-1.2 mg/kg), was proved. Tetracycline concentrations in food, regulated in Russian Federation, below 0.1 MIC for clinically significant microorganisms which aren't capable to initiation of the above described negative changes.

For the purpose of justification of the hygienic standard for tetracycline-group antibiotics in the food production established in the Russian Federation at more rigid level, than maximum and admissible levels (MAL) of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the analysis of data of literature on negative nature of impact of low concentration of these antibiotics on an organism and the environmental conditions and risk for health has been performed. Inadequacy of the accepted admissible daily dose (ADD) accepted by The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) on action on selection of resistant E. coli in intestines, for the wide contingent of consumers in connection with ignoring of obvious factors of uncertainty (gastrointestinal dysbiosis, age and individual variations in the microbiota of people synergy with other antibiotics residues in food and indirect impact on an organism through microflora from the natural habitat (resistance genes, modified causative organisms with altered properties).. By the analysis of information received with the use of modern molecular and genetic methods, the role of Subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of tetracyclines as biologically active substances, signaling molecules which, without causing obvious negative consequences in a macroorganism, serve as a major factor of regulation of a transcription in microorganisms and activation of a horizontal gene transfer coding resistance, transferred on conjugative transposons of Tn916-Tn1545 family. Reasonable scientific data on a dominating contribution of minor levels of tetracyclines in globalization in the nature of the most adverse transmissive type of the antibiotic resistance interfaced to formation new bacterial pathotypes, as consequences of irrationally high scales of application in agriculture and strengthened impact on microbic ecosystems of live organisms and objects of habitat are presented. For minimization of this mediated risk for health the need of preservation of operating level of the tetracyclines residues (byor = 0,01 mg/kg of a product), MAL which were unlike Codex MAL (or = 0,1-1,2 mg/kg) in a zone of concentrations below 0,1 Misc not capable to initiation of the above described changes has been proved, till up to receipt of new scientific data on influence on macro - or microorganisms of the doses equal or below this value on macro - or microorganisms.

Influence of probiotic fermented milk product on the intestinal microbiota, hematological parameters and immune status of the experiment in vivo at Wistar rats was studied. It was shown, that entering of probiotic strains of Bifidobacterium bifidum 791, Bifidobacterium longum B-379M and Lactobacillus acidophilus NK1 u Streptococcus thermophilus in composition fermented milk products in the total quantity of 2,1 x 10(7) CFU/ sm3 in digestive tract within three weeks has a positive influence on the resident of colon microbiota. Significant increasing of population levels of Bifidobacterium, Enterobacteriaceae with normal biochemical properties, registered a strong tendency to increase the content of Lactobacteria, which led to a decreasing the number of potential pathogenic transient flora with pathogenic factors. Monitoring of body mass in experimental animals has shown that including of fermented milk product with probiotic strains in diet has a positive influence on the feed uptake. Probiotic properties of the product also have stimulated effect on the immune status of the rat: improvements in cell immunity (increasing the relative amount of T-helper cells, immuneregulatory index) and hematological parameters (increase

The data on nomenclature, classification and taxonomy of aerobic spore-forming Bacillus cereus are summarized. The main features of the two types of diseases, caused B. cereus, and statistical information on outbreaks of food-borne disease caused by B. cereus are presented. The detailed description of emetic toxin cereulide properties are given. The analysis of existing methods for detection of the presence of B. cereus and their toxins in foods are conducted. The data on the use of different cell models for studying the cytotoxic effects and the enterotoxigenic properties of B. cereus are described. Results of own researches allowed to conclude that certain types of products, primarily made from milk and vegetable raw materials, can be a source of transmission to humans of toxins produced by B. cereus. It is shown that in the absence of competing vegetative microflora increases the risk of accumulation of toxins produced by the most stable populations, including toxigenic spore B. cereus. Tested and proposed for the practical implementation of the dry culture media on the basis of the balanced growth and selective components, dyes and buffer mixtures. The developed environment were used for the isolation and identification B. cereus during microbial control these groups of foods.

It is still essential to search for new, available food ingredients with bifidogenic effect, to study their safety, efficacy and production effectiveness upon the creation of functional foods. The review considers protein products such as collagens and their hydrolyzates, which are used in culture mediums as growth factor. They are treated, besides carbohydrate prebiotics, as potential bifidogenic nutrients. Collagen hydralyzates contain all amino acids, required for bifidobacteria growth. That is why it is considered essential to provide control over its biosafety. However, recyclable materials of animal origin are included into a list of Specific Risk Materials of prion disease agents transmitting. Collagen hydralyzates are preserved up to distal intestine parts. This fact approximates their qualities to oligosaccharids' type of prebiotic food fibers, related to the lack of absorption and hydrolytic stability. The additional study of mechanisms of bifidobacteria's forcing is required. It can be made at the expense of the modification of the albuminous cell metabolism during the collagen hydralyzats' unilization.

Influence of probiotic fermented milk products on the intestinal flora, hematological parameters and immune status of the experiment in vivo at rats is studied. Entering in digestive tract of probiotic strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus NK-1 and Bifidobacterium bifidum 791 at the level of hundreds of millions CFU in a day (from 1,7 x 10(8) to 9 x 10(8) CFU) in composition fermented milk products renders on the whole positive, but not significant statistically influence on the indexes of colon microflora and immune status of rats, and it must be extended for the achievement of reliable effect.

Study of antagonistic activity of 33 strains of Lactobacillus isolated from the industrial preparation of fermented milk products, starter cultures and biologically active additives and products of natural fermentation. Antagonistic activity was studied by agar diffusion method with holes. Strains isolated from products of natural fermentation showed high degree of antagonistic action together with industrial strains.

Patients of different ages with various forms of food allergy and also with the irritable bowel syndrome with locks are studied. The quantitative levels of bifido- and lactoflora of large intestine, the qualitative characteristics of lactoflora population, including specific gravity of individual representatives in the sum of the isolates, are investigated, species composition is identified. Shown that food allergy, irrespective of the disease manifestation form induces the balance disturbance of bifido- and lactoflora in large intestine, significantly affects the reduction in the number of species of Lactococcus and Leuconostoc spp. and on the narrowing of the enzymatically active species of Lactobacillus spp.

According to recent studies prevalence of IBS among patients suffered from of acute enteric infection (AEI) reaches 30%, and 25% of them were accounted to Campylobacter infection. We studied the prevalence of Campylobacter in a feces of Russian IBS patients.Fecal samples received from 39 patients with different types of IBS were studied. Campylobacter were detected by three different methods: culture, real time PCR with the C. jejuni-specific primers and ELISA.Only 7 patients from 39 reported about AEI in the past. C. jejuni in a stool was found in 2 (5%) patients: in the first patient by all three methods and in second one by PCR only. The first patient noted that she suffered from AEI 30 years ago. After two weeks confirmatory testing was positive only in the first patients, in the second one the tests were negative.C. jejuni in a stool was detected in 5% of patients with IBS. Further studies of a microbiota of an intestine in IBS patients using the combination of reliable microbiological and molecular techniques are badly needed.

Intestinal microbiocenosis condition, cytokine IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-alpha levels and allergic sensitivity in experimental systemic anaphylaxis test were studied in rats that received intragastrically nanoparticles of titanium dioxide. The results obtained were discussed from the standpoint of possible health risks related to nanodimensional titanium dioxide exposure.

Researches on method PCR adaptation for detection Campylobacter spp. in poultry meat with use of two devices and kits and its comparison with a bacteriological method under characteristics of specificity and the bottom limit of definition are carried out. Higher efficiency of detection of Campylobacters to PCR in real time, than a bacteriological method, and also suitability for the purposes of the foods control of the kits intended initially for clinical diagnostics is shown. It is specified on necessity of a stage of bacteria enrichment before PCR up to a level above 10(5) CFU/g.

In experiments in rats it is set, that peroral introduction with the feed of mould spores in a doze 10(3) CFU/g results in a disbalance of microbiocenosis of intestine. It shows up violation of localization of bifido- and enterobacteria and their increased growth in a small intestine. Thus, also antagonistic activity of an aerobic component of microflora is reduced and frequency of detection of potential-pathogenic types of enterobacteriaceae is increased. Entering of fungi spores at a dose 10(6) CFU level is accompanied by more expressed infringements of aerobic populations of intestinal microflora in rats.

Results of experimental researches in the modelling systems simulating infringements of temperature modes of storage of a grain, shown an opportunity of intensive accumulation mycotoxin citrinin in infected by toxigenic molds Penicillium citrinum grains of rice and wheat are submitted. Most high levels of citrinin were found out as a result of growth P. citrinum in rice, achieving 300-350 mg/kg of a grain during 21 days. High frequency of occurrence among Penicillium genera citrinin-producing strains (5.9%) was established, that specifies a large extent of risk for human health of food grains, contaminated this widespread kind of moldsopportunity of application ELISA method with using "RIDASCREEN Citrinin" kits for detection and quantification of citrinin in a food grain is shown.

The circuit of microbiological crop for definition Campylobacter spp. in foodstuff based on the procedure described in method FDA 2001z, with the modified set of nutrient mediums discribed. The offered method is comparable with official definition Campylobacter spp. under ISO 10272. All stages for detection, including microaerobic incubation are provided with accessible industrial manufacturing ingredients (nutrient mediums, aerotolerant additives, CO2, barrier packages). The method allows to find out Campylobacter spp. at a level 4 cells per 100 g in product and is suitable for calculation of this microorganisms in foodstuff.

Prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in foodstuff. All campylobacter spp. were identified as thermophilic campylobacter jejuni. campylobacter jejuni were most commonly isolated from crude birds samples (37%), both cooled and frozen. Campylobacter jejuni were recovered in 57% meat and semifinished items samples with contamination levels from the cooled samples of 270+/-470 colony forming units (cfu) per 100 g, frozen samples of 238+/-346 per 100 g and in 351% offal samples, with a contamination level from the cooled samples 100+/-360 per 100 g.

Analytical review presents the specific issues of the analysis (AMR as concept) and an microbiological risk assessment (MRA as process). The AMR structure as a whole, its role and advantages in system of a current food safety assessment system, and also existing problems of accu mulation of the risk-oriented information are covered. The methodology of MRA is described, the characteristic of its subelements, the primary goals and means of their performance at each stage of process is given. Article is illustrated by own examples of the determination of the numbers/quantities of coliforms and E. coli ingested by the consumers weith large consumption products and also of the modular process risk modelfor VT-E. coli in semifinished meat.

In work the analysis of the factors influencing levels of microbiological specifications is given. The system of microbiological standardization and the food safety control in the developed countries is characterized. The Russian system differences and specificity of the factors causing microbiological quality of a domestic production are analyzed. The history of a question and modern tasks of harmonization of domestic specifications with the microbiological standards accepted in the international practice are described. Drew conclusions: (1) existing distinctions depend on a difference in an economic situation and in conditions in which manufacture and consumption of foods is carried out, (2) according to experience of the developed countries, for updating and harmonization of microbiological specifications at the first stage are necessary measures of the economic and organizational order for creation of comparable conditions of manufacture, and also a designation of real terms for introduction of harmonized specifications at an official level.

The author of the review analyzes the mechanisms of changes of biological properties of microorganisms causing alimentary infections and intoxications. A complex of environmental factors, such as anthropogenic, technogenic, social, ecological, and climatic ones, are considered to be the main cause of these changes. Food contamination by microorganisms and their toxins is facilitated by climatic warming. The exposure of consumers to food toxins grows, and alimentary infections become more frequent. New classes of alimentary infections have appeared; clinical manifestations and complications of food-related infections have become more serious. Besides, the quality and value of food products may be reduced by lactic acid microorganisms and moulds, whose content in food chains increases due to warming, especially in regions with a high anthropogenic load. From the economic perspective, the behavior of microbial food contaminants under the conditions of climatic warming increase direct losses of agricultural products due to their lesion by microscopic fungi, mycotoxins etc., as well as spoilage microflora. This may result in food shortage and famine in distant regions. The article covers control measures and the management of microbiological risks under the condition of climatic warming.

Distribution L. monocytogenes and other Listeria spp. in raw meat and during manufacturing of fermented meat products is investigated. The high contamination of raw materials and semi finished foods--in 36.5% of samples, ready-to-eat sausages--31.8% by Listeria spp. is established. Detection L. monocytogenes in 9.7% cases from the surfaces of equipment indicates the intensive circulation of listeriosis agents on meat plants. For identification 49 isolated strains the approach providing application of most informative for L. monocytogenes phenotypical tests (mobility, ability to haemolysis, presence of specific lecithinase) and assay based on PCR of DNA sites, coding phospholipase, factors of invasion and citotoxicity is used. Efficiency of this circuit is confirmed with positive results PCR with species-specific for L. monocytogenes primers to genes PIcA and ActA only at strains, having lecithinase and haemolysis activity. Application of the given approach has allowed to reduce in three times number of the cultures initially identified as L. monocytogenes on a complex of biochemical tests.

An influence was studied in experiment of intragastrically administrated milk cream contaminated with mould fungi spores on systemic anaphylactic reaction gravity in Wistar albino rats sensitized with egg albumin (EA). During 28 days sensitized rats intragastrically received cream containing 10(3) or 10(6) colony forming units of 5 fungal species in one cm3. After being challenged rats developed mild anaphylactic shock followed by elevation of small intestinal permeability for macromolecular tracer polyethylene glycol 4000. An increase of small intestinal permeability was also noticed in unsensitized rats that were fed with cream contaminated with 10(6) spores per cm3. Unexpectedly these effects were not additive: the intestinal permeability in sensitized rats decreased at maximal level of contamination. This may be explained by strengthening of gastrointestinal motility in these animals. Significant elevation of antibody production against EA was revealed in sensitized rats that received cream contaminated by spores at high level. The data obtained signify that milk products fungal contamination that could not be revealed by sense may nevertheless have negative impact on intestinal barrier function and sensitization.

The spread of some coliform bacteria in foods, the faeces of children and adults and in human environment was studied, and the evaluation of their toxigenic potential and serological properties was given. More then 160 strains of enterobacteria including 70 strains of Escherichia spp were described. The frequency of detection enterotoxigenic E. coli in foods--18%--was approximately similar an amount of ETEC strains which was isolated in humans (22%). 3 strains of E. coli) 157 were found in foods and in clinical samples (1.9%). The observed results have confirmed the proposal about the increasing of ETEC E. coli food-borne transmitting and dissemination its in the environment.

The new approach to advancing diagnostic of dysbacterioses grounded on determination of the pathogenic factors of potential-pathogenic microflora is proposed. The method of reacting of an indirect hemagglutination with usage of erythrocital diagnosticums ostend availability of production of staphylococcal enterotoxines of types A and B in 40% of the strains of staphylococcuses, isolated at dysbacterioses. The intensity of production of staphylococcal enterotoxines for strains of microorganisms, isolated at dysbacterioses and carrying of S. aureus, and at food borne diseases, is various. The availability of clinical developments of an intestinal dysfunction in faeces of the patients contacts with persistence of enterotoxigenics S. aureus, and their elimination--with successful police of the disturbed microbiocenosis.

In experiences on rats is shown, that 22 daily upkeeping of animals on a diet including eritrit in a dose 1 g/weight of a body, do not cause any changes from the party intestinal microflora and morphological structure of internal bodies. However, the specified doze eritrit causes statistically authentic increase of levels conditionally-pathogenic anaerobius of the representatives microflora, first of all staphylococcus and citratessimilation enterobacteria.

The results of the evaluation of the multiplication dynamics of Listeria cells in milk and Bifidok, a lactic acid product, are presented. The samples were inoculated on thioglycol agar and studied at different exposure time after incubation at 37 degrees C, 20 degrees C and 4 degrees C. The study revealed the intensive multiplication of Listeria cells in milk, also during storage in a household refrigerator. The presence of bifidobacteria mixed with kefir-producing culture in dairy products was shown to essentially inhibit the growth of Listeria cells which were not detected by bacteriological techniques on day 7.

The rapid microbiological methods of quality control food in the HACCP systems. The paper contain the summary of the hazard analysis control point concept for the control of food microbiological safety. It characterises the express methods that can detect and identify the Food Poison Organisms, including the methods for the rapid detection and enumeration of microorganisms by means of a new impedance measuring systems, molecular-biologic methods and DNA-diagnostic methods.