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This article is devoted to the evaluation of the suitability of the use of sealants when applied to a cement-based material and its subsequent exposure to compressive stress. Aquapanel cement board is chosen as the underlying material. In general, cementitious materials are characterized by a high concentration of dust particles on the surface, which prevent the correct adhesion of the sealant to the substrate, and therefore their sealing is often problematic. The sealants presented in this research are selected based on the manufacturer's recommendations for suitability for sealing cement-based materials. Base plates are made from cement board, which are subsequently sealed according to the procedures established by the ČSN EN ISO 11432 standard. The samples produced in this way are then cycled and their resistance to pressure stress is subsequently tested. The results of the test performed in this way are evaluated by measuring and visually evaluating the adhesion and cohesion of the cemented joint. Based on the results, it is possible to recommend all of the tested sealants for sealing cementitious base materials that are exposed to compressive stress. more...

This paper deals with the issue of fastening sheet-metal components on the facades of contemporary buildings that are massively insulated with external thermal insulation composite systems. This research focused on facades with thin-layer acrylic plaster and sheet-metal components made of aluminium, copper and hot-dipped galvanized sheet metal. Two different test methods and test sample geometries were used to determine the most critical aspects for the studied application sectors. Surprisingly high tensile properties as well as shear stresses in the bonded joints were recorded for all the selected combinations. The presented results confirmed the assumed benefits for the construction industry and the future practical use of this technology in construction, although the durability of a bonded joint will always depend mainly on the quality of the bonded substrate., Článek se zabývá problematikou upevňování klepířských prvků na fasádách současných budov, které jsou masivně zateplovány vnějšími tepelně izolačními kompozitními systémy. Tento výzkum se zaměřil na fasády s tenkovrstvou akrylátovou omítkou a klempířskými prvky z hliníku, mědi a žárově pozinkovaného plechu. Ke stanovení nejkritičtějších aspektů výzkumu byly použity dvě různé zkušební metody a geometrie zkušebních vzorků. U všech vybraných kombinací byly zaznamenány překvapivě vysoké tahové vlastnosti i smyková napětí v lepených spojích. Prezentované výsledky potvrdily předpokládané přínosy pro stavebnictví a budoucí praktické využití této technologie ve stavebnictví, i když trvanlivost lepeného spoje bude vždy záviset především na kvalitě lepeného podkladu. more...

The issue of anchoring sheet metal components has been part of construction practice for a very long time. Sheet metal components can be found on most contemporary buildings and due to the increasing thickness of insulation the possibility of anchoring to the supporting substrate is a problem. This paper discusses the issue of the bonded joint size dependence on the load capacity for fastening sheet metal elements to ETICS facades. A thixotropic silane modified polymer adhesive was used for this research. It was concluded that the size has a significant effect on the load capacity of the joint and their dependence was described. more...

It is known that oriented strand board (OSB) is prone to water absorption. This characteristic of OSB is undesirable, it can have a negative impact on the physical and mechanical properties of the material and it can also make it prone to attack from wood-destroying insects, rot or mould. The research follows previous work of the authors related to optimisation of surface finishes for OSB in order to increase its moisture resistance. The aim of the research is to compare the rise of dampness in test specimens with different types of coating, spray, primer and waterproofing under predefined conditions. The paper contains a definition of the basic material, test specimens and test methods, and covers 8 different types of surface finish materials selected for application to the test specimens. The results include graphs showing rise of dampness in the test specimens for each day of observation. The results are also discussed and in the conclusion the results are evaluated. The results of the experiments confirm the assumption that the choice of surface finish has a significant effect on slowing down the rise of dampness in OSB. more...

The paper describes an experiment focusing on the way the material system influences the bond strength of large-format tiles installed on concrete substrate during mechanical loading under conditions that correspond to real-life application. This involves a controllable mechanical load applied over an area of a test model while observing its condition using non-destructive methods (ultrasonic pulse velocity test, acoustic emission method, strain measurement, and acoustic tracing). The model consisted of a concrete slab onto which were mounted four different systems with large-format tiles with the dimensions of 3 m x 1 m. The combinations differed in the thickness of the tile, the adhesive, and whether or not a fabric membrane was included in the adhesive bed. The experiment showed that the loading caused no damage to the ceramic tile. All the detected failures took place in the adhesive layer or in the concrete slab. more...

The purpose of the research is the optimisation of surface finishes for application to oriented strand board (OSB) in order to increase its moisture resistance. The aim of the research is to compare test specimens with different types of coating, spray, primer and waterproofing under predefined conditions and different forms of moisture exposure. The paper contains a definition of the basic material, test specimens and test methods, and covers 8 different types of surface finish materials selected for application to the test specimens. The results include graphs showing growth in humidity over time, specifically graphs showing the causal relationship between increases in weight and moisture absorption, as well as graphs depicting swelling in thickness. The results are also discussed. In the conclusion the results are evaluated and an outline of the next steps to take with regard to further research is formulated. The results are of benefit to all subjects concerned with wooden structures in which OSB is used, both at the design stage and at the stage of the preparation and execution of construction with respect to unpredictable weather conditions that can irreparably damage unprotected structures. In addition, these are results which are important for the operation of buildings during which a suitable surface finish can alleviate the consequences of later accidents and defects. They may also be beneficial during the construction of buildings from structural insulated panels who's facing most often consists of OSB. Construction periods tend to be adversely affected by changes in the weather. The application of suitable surface finishes to OSB immediately during the prefabrication stage could eliminate this issue. more...

Thanks to its properties, wood as a building material has unbelievable potential. It simultaneously provides answers to frequently discussed questions concerning the renewability of resources and the energy performance of buildings. The material most frequently used as sheathing for timber structures is planar large-format oriented strand board (OSB). The unfavourable effects of the weather on unprotected wood and timber products can cause changes to the mechanical and chemical properties of the wood, and if unchecked can do irreversible damage. It is therefore always necessary to apply additional surface finishes to sheathing. In the case of peripheral walls, these surface finishes usually comprise an outer thermal insulation system, while in the case of internal surfaces, extra sheathing made from board materials is added via adhesion or mechanical attachment. It is possible to glue extra layers directly onto OSB, but only if suitable adhesives are used, and the range of products is limited. The research described in this article focuses on the treatment of OSB substrate so that it is possible to employ cement adhesives that are commonly used for the gluing of thermal insulation but which cannot normally be used on an untreated base without the danger of adhesion loss. The research concerns a comparison of test specimens with various kinds of penetrative coating or bonding primer applied under predefined conditions and subjected to different forms of applied loading. The contribution contains a definition of the substrate material, test specimens, test methods and a selection of 5 different types of material for the surface treatment of the test specimens. Tables comparing the influence of the individual finishes on the adhesion itself are included in the outputs. The conclusion contains the test results as well as a presentation of the effects of individual treatments, and potential further research is suggested. The results are of benefit to subjects involved in more...

The cost of most primary materials is increasing, therefore, finding innovative solutions for the re-use of residual waste has become a topic discussed more intensely in recent years. WPCs certainly meet some of these demands. The presented study is focused on an experimental analysis of the effect of surface treatment on the adhesive properties of selected WPCs. Bonding of polymer-based materials is a rather complicated phenomenon and modification of the bonded area in order to improve the adhesive properties is required. Two traditional types of surface treatments and one entirely new approach have been used: mechanical with sandpaper, chemical with 10 wt % NaOH solution and physical modification of the surface by means of a MHSDBD plasma source. For comparison purposes, two high-density polyethylene based products and one polyvinyl-chloride based product with different component ratios were tested. A bonded joint was made using a moisture-curing permanently elastic one-component polyurethane pre-polymer adhesive. Standardized tensile and shear test methods were performed after surface treatment. All tested surface treatments resulted in an improvement of adhesive properties and an increase in bond strength, however, the MHSDBD plasma treatment was proven to be a more suitable surface modification for all selected WPCs. more...

Often underestimated and neglected, joint sealants in concrete structures play an important role in protecting the structure against its premature deterioration. The focus of the presented paper lays upon the issue of sealing of joints in concrete structures. Concrete is one of the most difficult materials to seal since there are always small particles of dust and the material itself. In this paper, the joint will be viewed as traditional expansion joint. Two representatives of flexible one component polyurethane sealants were selected. The main reason for this selection was that conventional repair materials are usually very rigid and easily incline towards the formation of cracks and gaps. The aim of this paper is not only to verify the suitability of selected materials but also to demonstrate that polyurethane sealants might be a better and long-lasting solution for filling of joints and patching of cracks within concrete structures. more...

Architecture has been an integral part of our lives ever since people first existed. Structures are required by both investors and society to have what is considered a highly modern appearance while maintaining elements of a long service life. To meet such requirements, it is necessary to use modern technologies and materials. Bonded joints represent one of the options. Unlike with mechanical joints, it is possible to use bonded joints to anchor large format cladding panels to bearing substructures of various shapes and sizes. The design is simple, but very technically demanding to implement. One of the factors which have an impact on both the design and its implementation is the bearing substructure itself. As part of a research project, a load bearing substructure made from wood and aluminium alloy was tested. The test results prove that the mechanical properties of the materials used, especially their thermal and moisture expansion, directly influence the size of the cladding. In the case of a bearing substructure made from wood, the cladding may be larger by several percentage points than in the case of a bearing substructure made from aluminium alloy., Architektura je nedílnou součástí našeho života od doby, kdy lidé nejprve existovali. Struktury vyžadují jak investoři, tak společnost, aby měli to, co je považováno za vysoce moderní vzhled, přičemž zachovává prvky dlouhé životnosti. Pro splnění těchto požadavků je nutné používat moderní technologie a materiály. Lepené spoje představují jednu z možností. Na rozdíl od mechanických spojů je možné použít lepené spoje k ukotvení velkokapacitních obkladových panelů na nosné konstrukce různých tvarů a velikostí. Návrh je jednoduchý, ale velmi technicky náročný na realizaci. Jedním z faktorů, které mají vliv jak na návrh, tak na jeho realizaci, je nosná konstrukce samotná. V rámci výzkumného projektu byla testována nosná konstrukce z dřevěné a hliníkové slitiny. Výsledky zkoušek dokazují, že mechanické vlastnosti použitých materiálů, zejména jejich tepelná a vlhkostní expanze, přímo ovlivňují velikost pláště. V případě nosné konstrukce ze dřeva může být obložení větší o několik procentních bodů než u ložiskové spodní konstrukce z hliníkové slitiny. more...

It would not be an exaggeration to say that adhesive joints have been an essential part of the construction industry for several decades now. However, a substantial disadvantage of bonded joints are the very strict requirements for adherence to the technological procedures defined by the manufacturers of assembly systems. Even a slight deviation from the recommended application steps can have a significant effect on the integrity of the entire system. In the research, five of the most common types of failure to comply with technological procedures in the realization of facade cladding were selected. The aim of the research project was to determine the extent to which a failure to adhere to technological procedures during facade construction can influence the effectiveness of the bonded joint. In construction practice, it is quite common during the implementation of a project that there are failures to comply with multiple requirements, or deviations from the prescribed procedures. For this reason, not only individual types of failure to comply with technological procedures were tested, but also their combinations. Altogether, 31 combinations of selected types of failure to comply with technological procedures were tested on one type of cladding. The adhesive joint was tested for shear strength and the adhesion of the adhesive to the substrate on a total of 352 samples. The results of the tests clearly confirm the hypothesis that failure to comply with technological procedures has a significant effect on the effectiveness of bonded joints. It is mainly the different combinations of failure to comply with technological procedures where the bonded joint loses effectiveness in the order of tens of percentage points., Bez nadsázky lze říkat, že lepené jsou již několik desetiletí podstatnou součástí stavebního průmyslu. Bohužel velkou nevýhodou lepených spojů jsou však velmi přísné požadavky na dodržování technologických postupů definovaných výrobci montážních systémů. Dokonce i mírná odchylka od doporučených aplikačních kroků může mít významný vliv na účinnost celého systému. V rámci výzkumu bylo vybráno pět nejběžnějších typů nedodržení technologických postupů při realizaci obkladů fasád. Cílem výzkumného projektu bylo zjistit, do jaké míry může nedodržování technologických postupů ovlivnit efektivitu lepeného spoje. Při realizaci je poměrně běžné, že dochází k nesplnění více požadavků nebo odchylek od předepsaných postupů najednou. Z tohoto důvodu byly testovány nejen jednotlivé typy nesplnění technologických postupů, ale i jejich kombinace. Celkově bylo testováno 31 kombinací vybraných typů nesplnění technologických postupů na jednom typu obložení. Lepený spoj byl testován na pevnost ve smyku a na přilnavost lepidla k podkladu na celkem 352 vzorkách. Výsledky testů jasně potvrzují hypotézu, že nedodržení technologických postupů má významný vliv na účinnost lepených spojů. Jedná se hlavně o různé kombinace nedodržení technologických postupů, kdy spojený spoj ztrácí efektivitu v řádu desítek procentních bodů. more...

Mechanical joints are the most frequently used option in the construction of vented facades. However, bonded joints are becoming a viable and accessible alternative. This article deals with the issues connected with testing the most critical elements in the whole system – bonded joints – from the point of view of exposure to high temperatures. For these purposes, "Cetris" cement-bonded particleboard was selected for use as cladding material, and a substructure made from aluminium alloy was chosen. Five types of adhesive were selected in order to find the most suitable bonding material. During the testing procedures, the suitability of selected adhesives for the chosen combination of materials was tested, as was the assumption that the use of the most expensive sealant does not always provide the best results., Při realizaci provětrávaných fasád se nejčastěji využívá mechanických spojů. Nicméně vhodnou a dostupnou alternativou se stávají spoje lepené. Článek se zabývá problematikou zkoušení rozhodujícího prvku celého systému - lepeného spoje - z hlediska vystavení vysokým teplotám. Pro tyto účely byla jako obkladový materiál zvolena cementotřísková deska "Cetris" a podkonstrukce ze slitiny hliníku. Pro nalezení nejvhodnějšího spojovacího materiálu bylo vybráno pět typů lepidel. Zkušebními postupy se ověřila jednak vhodnost vybraných lepidel pro zvolenou kombinaci materiálů, tak i předpoklad, že užití nejdražšího lepidla neposkytuje vždy nejlepší výsledky. more...

This contribution deals with the possible options for the sealing of joints which occur in steel structures without surface treatment. The aim is to obtain a means of sealing joints with the potential for long-term reliability without adhesive and cohesive failures that can then lead to the penetration of undesired humidity into the structure. The task is approached experimentally using test procedures based on current European technical standards. The test substructure, which represents a steel substructure, is made up of CORTEN facade panels intended for the final cladding of buildings without any further surface treatment. A group of 10 industrially-produced, commonly available sealants from 3 manufacturers are included in the experiments. The research brought an answer to the question of the sealability of an unprocessed steel substructure and also solved the issue of the type of sealant most suitable for this purpose., Příspěvek pojednává o možnostech tmelení spár vznikajících u konstrukcí z oceli bez povrchové úpravy. Snahou je zajistit utěsnění spáry s potenciálem dlouhodobé spolehlivosti bez poruch přilnavosti nebo soudržnosti, které by vedly k pronikání nežádoucí vlhkosti do konstrukce. Úkol je řešen experimentálně s využitím zkušebních postupů vycházejících z aktuálních evropských technických norem. Zkušebním podkladem reprezentujícím ocelový podklad jsou fasádní desky CORTEN určené pro finální obklady budov bez další povrchové úpravy. Součástí experimentů je skupina 10 průmyslově vyráběných běžně dostupných tmelů od 3 výrobců. Výzkum přinesl odpověď na otázku tmelitelnosti ocelového podkladu v surovém stavu a také na to, který typ tmelu je pro tento účel nejvhodnější. more...

A research case focused on vented wooden façade system with bonded joints is presented in this paper. The potential of bonded joints is studied and described in more detail and verified through experimental measurements. For the purpose of tests spruce timber profiles were chosen for the load bearing substructure and Wooden plastic composite façade sheeting for the cladding. Three types of industrial adhesives intended for structural bonding were selected. The article is focused on the preparation as well as on the subsequent experimental verification of substructure bonding retention to the cladding. The adhesive bonds were tested both in tension as well as in shear at a temperature of (293.15+/-3) K and a relative humidity of (55+/-10) %. The test results proved the fact that bonded joints are more than suitable alternative to the mechanical joints. During the tests appeared some differences in stability and failure behaviour between the adhesive systems as well as within the sheeting material. Additionally, the suitability of selected group of adhesives in combination with wooden plastic cladding material as well as with the timber substructure was confirmed., A research case focused on vented wooden façade system with bonded joints is presented in this paper. The potential of bonded joints is studied and described in more detail and verified through experimental measurements. For the purpose of tests spruce timber profiles were chosen for the load bearing substructure and Wooden plastic composite façade sheeting for the cladding. Three types of industrial adhesives intended for structural bonding were selected. The article is focused on the preparation as well as on the subsequent experimental verification of substructure bonding retention to the cladding. The adhesive bonds were tested both in tension as well as in shear at a temperature of (293.15+/-3) K and a relative humidity of (55+/-10) %. The test results proved the fact that bonded joints are more than suitable alternative to the mechanical joints. During the tests appeared some differences in stability and failure behaviour between the adhesive systems as well as within the sheeting material. Additionally, the suitability of selected group of adhesives in combination with wooden plastic cladding material as well as with the timber substructure was confirmed. more...

Práce řeší technologickou etapu hrubé vrchní stavby bytového domu v Praze – Ďáblicích. Dům se skládá ze železobetonového skeletu v přízemí, dalšími třemi patry, která jsou zděná z keramických tvárnic Porotherm, stropy nad druhým a třetím patrem jsou sestaveny z prefabrikovaných stropních panelů Spiroll a střešní konstrukce je tvořena sbíjenými vazníky, díky této skladbě domu bylo nutné řešit jak skladování materiálů na staveništi, tak také příjezd, odjezd a parkování vozidel. Technologický předpis je zaměřen na betonáž železobetonového monolitického skeletu., The work adresses the technological stage of the gross superstructure of the apartment house in Prague – Dablice. The house consist of reinforced concrete structure on the ground floor, three other floors in a brick form of pramic blocks Porotherm, ceilings above the second and third floor are composed of Spiroll prefabricated ceiling panel and roof structure is made up of gang nail trusses, thanks to this composition of house, it was necessary to address how to storage materials on the site, and also the arrival, departure and parking of vehicles. Technological regulativ is focused on concreting of the reinforced concrete monolithic framework. more...

Obsahem této bakalářské práce je řešení technologické etapy zemních prací u přístavby posilovny ke stávajícímu objektu VZ Dukla ve městě Harrachov. V místě hlubokého zářezu do terénu je navržena mikropilotová záporová stěna, která zabraňuje sesuvu půdy do stavební jámy. Práce obsahuje technologický předpis pro zemní práce, dopravní situaci, bezpečnost a ochranu zdraví při práci, situaci zařízení staveniště. Dále je zde řešen kontrolní a zkušební plán pro etapu zemních prací, časový plán, rozpočet etapy a návrh strojní sestavy. Posledním bodem je dobrovolná účast ve školní soutěži s projektem optimalizace strojních sestav pro zemní práce., The content of this bachelor's thesis is a result of technological stage earthwork by the annexe gym to the actual object VZ Dukla in the city Harrachov. In the side of deep cut into the terrain is designed micropile bracing walls, which prevent landslides in the construction pit. The thesis content a technological prescribe for earthwork, traffic situation, safety and protection of health during the work, a situation of facilities building side. Then there is solved a inspect and probationary plan for stage earthwork, time schedule, budget and machinery draft report. The last one point is voluntary attendance in school competition with the project optimization of mechanical assemblies for earthwork more...

Disertační práce pojednává o metodice zkoušení tmelů. Jde o souhrn výzkumu zaměřeného na hodnocení tmelů v interakci s podkladními materiály. Pozornost je zaměřena na oficiální zkušební metody obsažené v evropských technických normách, diskutuje se přínos jednotlivých metod, jejich výhody a nevýhody. Součástí jsou i souhrnné závěry praktické aplikace zkušebních postupů aplikovaných pro 10 běžně dostupných průmyslově vyráběných tmelů na 8 různých podkladech zahrnujících fasádní obkladové desky používané pro systémy lehkých obvodových plášťů. Práce obsahuje obecné závěry týkající se jednotlivých zkušebních metod. Součástí výzkumu jsou rovněž různé způsoby přípravy a kondicionování zkušebních těles, které simulují různé podmínky působení prostředí a v některých případech hrají zcela rozhodující roli pro konečné hodnocení tmelů., The dissertation thesis is focused of the method of testing the building sealnats. This is a summary of the research focused on the evaluation of sealants in interaction with the underlying materials. Attention is focused on the official test methods contained in European technical standards, the benefits of individual methods, their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Also included are the overall findings of the practical application of the test procedures applied to 10 commercially available industrial sealants on 8 different substrates, including facade lining boards used for lightweight envelope systems. The dissertation thesis contains general conclusions about individual test methods. The research also includes various ways of preparing and conditioning test specimens that simulate different environmental conditions and, in some cases, play a crucial role in the final evaluation of sealants. more...

Cílem této diplomové práce je zpracování přípravy realizace stavby Sportovního centra v Pardubicích. Konstrukční systém objektu je stěnový, zděný z tvárnic Porotherm. Stropní konstrukce jsou tvořeny prefabrikovanými panely. Práce se zabývá studií realizace hrubé stavby, technologickými předpisy a kontrolním a zkušebním plánem pro provádění zelené střechy a provětrávané fasády, zařízením staveniště, návrhem mechanizace, bezpečnostními aspekty, hlukovou studií a porovnáním zelených střech. Dále práce zahrnuje časový a finanční plán výstavby hlavního stavebního objektu. Součástí práce je výkresová část., The aim of this master's thesis is the elaboration of a preparation of construction implementation of the Sport Center in Pardubice. The construction system of the building is wall-mounted, made of Porotherm blocks. Ceiling structures are made from prefabricated panels. This thesis covers the study of rough construction implementation, the technological regulations and control and testing plan for the implementation of green roof and ventilated facade, construction site equipment, mechanization design, safety aspects, noise study, and comparison of green roofs. Furthermore, the thesis includes the time and financial plan for the construction of the main building structure. The work encompasses a drawing section. more...