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As part of theoretical and applied botanical research, medicinal plant raw materials and their ingredients are studied. Certain plant species contain active substances, compounds with proven pharmacological, that is, biological activity. The mentioned compounds mainly belong to the secondary metabolites of plants.

The paper examined the influence of a plant preparation = broth based on yarrow to reduce the intensity of infection of pot marigold leaf powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun & Shishkoff.). The goal of the work arose from the need for a solution to one of the most economically significant diseases of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L. cv. "Domaći oranž"). This disease is caused by the fungus Podosphaera xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun & Shishkoff., which occurs during the cultivation of pot marigold. The location of the research was the collection of the Institute for Medicinal Plants Research "Dr. Josif Pančić" located in Pančevo (44°52'20"N; 20°42'06"E; 74 m.a.s.l.). The experiments were conducted during the growing season in 2022, on the soil of the humogley (black soil), according to a random block system in four repetitions. The size of the plot was 5.0 m2 (2 x 2.5 m), and the effect of the broth based on yarrow was evaluated according to a scale from 1 to 5 of the presence of disease on the pot marigold leaf. The plants were treated with this preparation in three variants: The first variant - one treatment at the beginning of the disease, the second variant - at the beginning and two weeks after the disease and the third variant - at the beginning, after two weeks and four weeks after the disease. The fourth variant was a control variant, i.e. a variant without the use of broth. During the last treatment, an evaluation of the plants' infection with powdery mildew was made. In the tests, number 1 represented the least sensitivity, and number 5 the most sensitive variant of this disease. After the evaluation of the infection of plants with powdery mildew, the best results were shown by the third variant with the least presence of powdery mildew (on average 1.8 i.p.), the second variant in second place, the first in third place and the control variant in fourth place with the highest presence examined diseases (on average 4.0 i. p.).

Essential oils (EOs) are aromatic, volatile liquids obtained from plant material through steam distillation and named after the plant from which they are derived. 3000 EOs have been identified and about 300 types of EOs are used in the production of perfumes due to their scent. EOs properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities have been known for a long time and are hence widely used in traditional medicines, cosmetics, and food industries. The antimicrobial properties of essential oils against numerous plant pathogens (especially bacteria and fungi), insects, and weeds have been known since ancient times, and they can be successfully applied as biopesticides in plant protection. This paper aimed to indicate, through a review of the literature, the biopesticide potential of EOs and the possibility of their use in protecting plants from plant pathogens, especially in organic agriculture. Their use in agriculture remains limited by their rapid degradation, limited duration of effect, and non-target toxicity. Nowadays, biopesticides represent only 5% of the overall pesticide market. However, biopesticides have experienced rapid growth in recent years with an average annual growth rate of 9–20% and numerous authors predicted to outpace that of chemical pesticides. Despite numerous studies in which the biopesticidal potential of EOs from plants has been proven, their mechanism of action at the molecular level has not been sufficiently studied. Another shortcoming is the small number of preparations on the world market that are in commercial use.

Intensive plant production, necessary for the nutrition of mankind, is the main cause of degradation of agroecosystems and environmental pollution. The results of a huge number of scientific research unequivocally indicate that nitrogen originating from mineral fertilizers is the most significant factor affecting the biological productivity of agroecosystems. However, optimal and rational application of these fertilizers is necessary. In addition to the optimal application of fertilizers, the most significant factor that affects the height of plant yields includes the effect of environmental factors in a given agroecosystem. Climate change and extreme weather conditions, especially floods and droughts and their consequences, represent a challenge in the production of cultivated plants in recent decades. In this paper, the ecological and economic challenges of crop production in conditions of climate change are discussed.

Environmental pollution is one of the leading challenges of the 21st century. Air, water and soil, as components of the environment, are intensively polluted, which tends to bring humanity to a point where recovery will no longer be possible. In this study, environmental pollution is considered, with reference to the possibilities and necessity of recultivation and protection., Zagađenje životne sredine je jedan od vodećih izazova 21. veka. Vazduh, voda i zemljište, kao komponente životne sredine, intenzivno se zagađuju, što ima tendenciju da dovede čovečanstvo do tačke u kojoj oporavak više neće biti moguć. U ovom radu, razmatra se zagađenje životne sredine, s osvrtom na mogućnosti i neophodnost rekultivacije i zaštite.

Plant production, based on scientific principles, and especially the application of fertilizers, enables the nutrition of the growing human population on the planet. However, intensive application of mineral fertilizers in agricultural production, especially nitrogen fertilizers, has led to environmental pollution. Primarily, nitrates and heavy metals accumulate in the soil, groundwater and plants. Also, the increased application of mineral fertilizers has a negative impact on the economic aspects of plant production. Mineral fertilizers are very expensive due to the reduced exploitation of fossil fuels, and the costs of fertilization in the total price of the cost of agricultural products range up to 25%.

Plant protection agents (pesticides) are products of chemical or biological origin, intended for the prevention, suppression and destruction of organisms harmful to cultivated plants (pests, pathogens and weeds) and are intensively used in agriculture and forestry. Decades of systematic and improper application of pesticides caused their accumulation in the environment and, through the food chain, pesticides also accumulated in living organisms, where they exhibit negative biological effects. Pesticides exhibit their biological effects on the members of all biocenosis, including the community of microorganisms (microbiocenosis), and especially on soil microorganisms.

During the period of several thousand years, traditional agricultural production has come a long way from the first domestication of wild plants to planned cultivation, which led to a great increase in the yield and quality of plant products. On the other hand, the survival of most cultivated plants today almost entirely depends on the application of pesticides and fertilizers. Mineral fertilizers, in addition to increasing the yield of cultivated plants, exert very complex and often negative effects on agroecosystems and members of the agrobiocenosis. They also manifest a very complex influence on soil microorganisms.

In vivo modeling of digestive processes is not a standard mathematical modeling task, taking advanced technologies of several sciences. This article will consider a microbiological complex for modeling the processes occurring in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. The system belongs to mini-models with a working volume of up to 400 ml, the simulation of the dynamics of the mixing of the chyme is static, which significantly simplifies the methodology of conducting experiments, but imposes difficulties on the stages of pretreatment of food matrices. The following characteristics are achieved: reactor volume from 50 to 100 mL; a pH accuracy of ± 0.1; temperature accuracy of ± 0.063 °C.

Pesticides, is chemical agents for plant protection, and are mostly used in agriculture and forestry (90%), i.e. in plant production. In addition to accumulating in the environment, pesticides act on plants, microorganisms and other members of the biocenosis, and through the food chain, they reach the human body, where they exhibit active biological effects. In this study, the impact of pesticides on plants, soil microorganisms and food safety in crop production is considered., Pesticidi, su hemijska sredstva za zaštitu bilja, i najviše se upotrebljavaju u poljoprivredi i šumarstvu (90%), odnosno u biljnoj proizvodnji. Pored akumuliranja u životnoj sredini, pesticidi djeluju na biljke, mikroorganizme i ostale članove biocenoza, a preko lanaca ishrane, dospevaju i u organizam čoveka, u kojem ispoljavaju aktivna biološka dejstva. U ovoj stidiji razmatra se uticaj pesticida na biljke, mikroorganizme zemljišta i zdravstvenu bezbednost hrane u biljnoj proizvodnji.

The term biodiversity includes the overall diversity of living organisms within the biosphere. In order for natural processes in ecosystems to take place, it is necessary to preserve all components of biodiversity. The cycles of the circulation of matter and the flow of energy are the basis for the maintenance of life on the planet, and take place in ecosystems thanks to the activity of plants, animals and microorganisms. In addition to enabling the maintenance of all life on the planet, biological resources, that is, living organisms, have an exceptional practical value for humans. Therefore, the protection and conservation of biological resources should be included in the implementation of activities related to environmental protection. In this paper, the importance of preserving the diversity of biological resources, as a group of the most important natural resources on the planet, is considered.

Hrana obuhvata neorganska i organska jedinjenja, koja grade organizam čoveka i obezbeđuju energiju. Da bi se obezbedilo pravilno funkcionisanje organizma, potrebno je unositi sve hranljive sastojke u optimalnim količinama. Naročito je značajno koristiti voće, povrće i žitarice u ishrani, a njihov redovan unos pomaže u prevenciji bolesti digestivnog trakta, hipertenzije, kardiovaskularnih, neurodegenerativnih i infektivnih oboljenja, osteoporoze i karcinoma., Food covers inorganic and organic compounds, which build the human body and provide energy. In order to ensure the proper functioning of the organism, it is necessary to take all the nutrients in optimal quantities. It is especially important to use fruits, vegetables and cereals in the in nutrition, and their regular intake helps prevent diseases of the digestive tract, hypertension, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and infectious diseases, osteoporosis and cancer.

Due to legal regulations and standards, organic agriculture provides the production of healthy, high-quality food, which has not only numerous benefits for human health, but also ensures the preservation of the environment. The relevant literature was surveyed for this study with the aim to point out to nutritive values of organic food and the advantages of food consumption. Furthermore, an overview of the beneficial effects on the environment was presented. The world population is increasingly attaching importance to the quality of food that is consumed due to adverse effects of conventional agricultural production and the use of chemicals. It is obvious that there is still a need for a greater number of analyses and studies in order to justify the value of organic food products, which are of higher quality and more nutritious and healthier than conventionally produced ones.

Upotreba pripravaka na bazi lekovitog bilja za ishranu i zaštitu bilja iz godine u godinu dobija sve više na značaju. Jedna od takvih je rastavić/preslica (Equisetum arvense L.) koji zbog silicijumove kiseline u velikom procentu suzbija pepelnicu, pegavost, sivu plesan, rđu, moniliju itd. U radu je prikazan uticaj čaja rastavića na klijavost semena belog sleza (Althaea officinalis L.), nevena (Calendula officinalis L.) i peršuna lišćara (Petroselinum sativum Hoffm.). Istraživanja su sprovedena u laboratoriji za semenarstvo Instituta za proučavanje lekovitog bilja „Dr Josif Pančić“ u Pančevu, tokom 2020. godine. Laboratorijska ispitivanja semena obuhvatila su ispitivanje morfološko fizioloških osobina (Energija klijanja – EK, Ukupna klijavost – UK)., The use of preparations based on medicinal plants for the nutrition and protection of plants is gaining more and more importance every year. One of these is horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.), which, due to its silicic acid, suppresses powdery mildew, spotting, gray mold, rust, monilia, etc. in a large percentage. The paper shows the influence of horsetail tea on the germination of the seeds of marshmallow (Althaea officinalis L.), pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) and parsley (Petroselinum sativum Hoffm.). The research was conducted in the laboratory for seed production of the Institute for Medicinal Plants Research „Dr Josif Pančić“ in Pančevo, during 2020. Laboratory testing of seeds included examination of morphological and physiological properties (Germination energy - EK, Total germination - UK).

The paper gives an overview of aspects of enteric methane emission, pointing out the importance of climate change mitigation practices. Enteric methane is formed as a by product of the digestion of feed, primarily in ruminants by enteric fermentation. Ruminants emit methane created by enteric fermentation in the rumen, mostly by eructation. Nutritional interventions to mitigate enteric methane (ECH4) have been thoroughly investigated and many innovative solutions are being tested and considered. To meet the increasing demand for meat and milk, the livestock industry has to increase its production, which is followed by increasing ECH4 emissions. Continuous research and development are needed to develop ECH4 mitigation strategies that are locally applicable. Climate change mitigation and adaptation policies play a crucial role in the political agendas of local authorities who have to support the development and implementation of innovative products or methods for ECH4 mitigation. Addressing these challenges at local levels requires collaboration among many organizations and across different sectors, followed by cross-border and worldwide cooperation.

Organic production has a significant impact on human health, animal, food security and environmental sustainability. Pesticide exposures from conventional production may lead to important diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, brains damage, especially in children and certain types of cancer. Epidemiological studies highlight adverse effects of certain pesticides on children’s cognitive development. Use of pesticides in organic agriculture is restricted. Organic food are abundant with vitamins, antioxidants (vitamin C, polyphenols and flavonoids), minerals and dry matter content. Regular consumption of organic products (fruits and vegetables, dairy products and meat) significant reduces the risk of overweight, of preeclampsia in pregnancy and allergic disease. Organic meats and dairy products have a higher content of omega-3 fatty acids compared to conventional products and do not contain antibiotics. Due to the reduced amount of pesticide residues and an increased secondary plant metabolites, intake which are found in organic food, there is a reduction in health problems and a positive effect on health.

Plant abiotic stress responses are vital yield restricting aspect in agriculture. Recent technology in plant biology allows research of such stress responses at a molecular scale in plants. Plants responses to abiotic stress are often considered as a complex process. Systems biology approaches allow visualizing and understanding how plant life works to overcome abiotic stress. These technologies have made noticeable contributions to the modern day improvements in our knowledge of plant biology. So, in this review, omics studies and the system biology approach towards abiotic stress tolerance in plants are highlighted. Therefore, the recent advances in biological sciences, such as transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics, have assisted our understanding of the stress tolerant strategies adopted by plants, which could be further utilized to breed tolerant species.

The influence of physical and chemical characteristics of the geological substrate have a significant role on the properties of the soil that is formed on a given substrate. The serpentine geological base is characterized by the presence of an increased amount of heavy metals in the soil. In serpentine soil, the amount of magnesium exceeds the amount of calcium. Such edaphic conditions of habitats impose and encourage the development of structural functional adaptations of plants serpentinophytes, which inhabit these habitats. It is represented on a limestone substrate, ultrabasic serpentines and on an acid silicate substrate. In response to adverse environmental conditions, plants produce a large number of secondary metabolites whose chemical composition depends on different environmental conditions. Therefore, the results of the research showed that the examined species has mechanisms that enable survival in stressful environmental conditions, in terms of physical and chemical characteristics of the soil.

Biljke svojim cvetovima, sokovima i smolama daju pčelama hranu, stvaraju uslove za pravilan život pčelinjeg društva i predstavljaju osnovu za dobijanje pčelinjih proizvoda - meda, cvetnog praha, mleča, voska, propolisa i pčelinjeg otrova. Najzastupljenije medonosne biljke kod nas su: divlji kesten, bagrem, lipa, jorgovan, kupina, facelija, heljda, suncokret, zvezdan, lavanda, neven, žalfija, morač, šafran, itd. Pčele imaju veliki značaj za živi svet na našoj planeti. U poslednje vreme sve je više evidentna ugroženost pčela. Ova studija prikazuje medonosne biljke i efekte koje pesticidi imaju na pčele i njihovu produktivnost. Najčešći put kontaminacije je izloženost pčela agro-hemikalijama koje se koriste za zaštitu useva i njihova primena na useve. Izloženost pčela pesticidima je kroz gutanje ostataka koji se nalaze u polenu i nektaru biljaka. Zbog svega navedenog dati su praktični saveti za izbegavanje štetnih uticaja pesticida u pčelarstvu kako bi se izbegle štetne posledice., Plants, with their flowers, juices and resins, give bees food, create conditions for the proper life of the bee colony and represent the basis for obtaining bee products - honey, pollen, nectar, wax, propolis and bee venom. The most common honey plants in our country are: wild chestnut, acacia, lime tree, lilac, blackberry, phacelia, buckwheat, sunflower, common bird's foot trefoil, lavender, calendula, sage, fennel, saffron, etc. Bees have a great importance for the living world on our planet, lately it is more and more evident bees' endangerment. This study shows honey plants and effects that pesticides have on honey bees and their productivity. The most common way of contamination is exposure of bees to agrochemicals used for crop protection and their application to crops. The exposure of bees to pesticides is through ingestion of residues found in the pollen and nectar of plants. Due to all of the above, practical advice was given to avoid the harmful effects of pesticides in beekeeping in order to avoid harmful consequences.

The paper examined the influence of the application of fermented extract of horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) in order to control tomato late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary). Given that the European Union intends to reduce the total use of chemical pesticides of 50% by 2030., for this reason we need an alternative in the protection of plants and soil. The aim of the work arose from the need for a solution to one of the most economically significant diseases of tomatoes in our region. The location of the research was the collection of the Institute for the Study of Medicinal Plants "Dr. Josif Pančić" located in Pančevo (44°52'20"N; 20°42'06"E; 74 m.a.s.l.). The experiments were carried out during the growing season in 2020 with the tomato variety „Ox Heart“ („Volovsko srce“), on the humogley soil type, according to a random block system in four replications. After the evaluation of the infection of the plants by late blight, the best results were shown by the fourth variant (six weeks after the first treatment, i.e. four treatments of plants with fermented extract of horsetail) which had the least pathogen presence (on average 1.6 i.p.), while the worst results were achieved by the control variant in which there was the highest presence of the examined disease (on average 3.7 i. p.). The highest yield of tomato fruit was recorded on plants in the third variant, i.e. after three treatments or four weeks after the first treatment with fermented extract of horsetail.

The ecosystem is the central object of the study of ecology, while the central object of the study of agroecology is the agroecosystem. Agroecology applies ecological principles in the management of sustainable agroecosystems. Within the agroecosystem, it is very important to know the effect of ecological factors on the members of living communities, especially cultivated plants and soil microorganisms, because the productivity of the agroecosystem depends on them, the possibility of sustainable management of agroecosystems, as well as the protection of all environmental components, especially the water and soil., Ekosistem je centralni objekat proučavanja ekologije, dok je centralni objekat proučavanja agroekologije agroekosistem. Agroekologija primenjuje ekološke principe u upravljanju održivim agroekosistemima. Unutar agroekosistema, veoma je značajno poznavati dejstvo ekoloških faktora na članove životnih zajednica, naročito gajene biljke i mikroorganizme zemljišta, jer od njih zavisi produktivnost agroekosistema, mogućnost održivog upravljanja agroekosistemima, kao i zaštita svih komponenti životne sredine, a naročito vode i zemljišta.

This study aimed to determine the variability properties of four major types of Amaranthus species in protein and amino acids content in leaves and flowers. Obtained results by ion exchange chromatography in our study have shown high values for the content of essential amino acids lysine and methionine. In the leaf, the lysine content ranged from 3.9 (A. caudatus) to 7.0 (A. cruentus; A. moleros), and in the flowers from 4.2 (A. caudatus) to 6.7 (A. molleros). The methionine content ranged from 3.1 (A. caudatus) to 7.4 (A. mantegazzianus) in the leaf and in the flower from 2.9 (A. caudatus) to 6.7 (A. mantegazzianus). Besides lysine and methionine, significant values of other essential amino acids were recorded, respectively. Significant concentrations of total proteins were recorded in all examined genotypes. The heritability of the studied characters as protein and mineral content of seeds and leaves, and oil contents of seed were significantly high. The maximum values of the protein content of seeds were 16.55% (A. cruentus), in leaves 20.10% (A. caudatus), and the minerals in seeds 2.73% (A. moleros), and leaves 18.76% (A. mantegazzianus). The oil content of seeds was 6.16% (A. moleros). The oil content of the seed’s proportion of genetic variance to total phenotypic variance was 72%, and it has a significant impact on ecological factors. Tested divergent Amaranthus genotypes may serve as parents for further crossing. Amaranth seeds is gluten-free and is important in the diet of celiac patients and contains amino acids, especially lysine, which acts against the herpes virus. Amaranth from amaranth leaves biologically active substance that prevents heart muscle damage during ischemic processes. Amaranth seed oil has hypolipemic, anti-atherosclerotic, hypotensive and antioxidant activity.

Papaver somniferum L. je biljka opijumskog maka koja se konzumira kao hrana. Veliki broj sorti maka se koristi za proizvodnju farmaceutskih alkaloida opijuma i za proizvodnju semena za ishranu. Seme je bogato linoleinskom i oleinskom kiselinom- mononezasićenom masnom kiselinom, koja pomaže u snižavanju nivoa LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein - lipoproteina male gustine) u krvi i povećanje nivoa HDL (High Density Lipoprotein - lipoproteina velike gustine), što je veoma značajno za zdravlje kar diovaskularnog sistema. Seme ne sadrži opijate, ali može biti kontaminirano njima tokom berbe, jer njegov lateks sadrži brojne alkaloide (morfijum, tebain, kodein, papaverin, noskapin)., Papaver somniferum L. is the opium poppy plant consumed as food. There are a large number of poppy varieties that are used to obtain opium alkaloids for pharmaceutical purposes and to produce seeds for use as food. Poppy seeds are rich in linoleic and oleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid that helps lower LDL (low density lipoprotein) levels in the blood and increases HDL (high density lipoprotein) levels, which are very important for cardiovascular health. Poppy seeds do not contain opiates, but can be contaminated with them when harvested, as the poppy latex contains numerous alkaloids (morphine, thebaine, codeine, papaverine, and noscapine).

The Ukrina River (Bosnia and Herzegovina) is a smaller right tributary of the Sava River, whose basin lies between the lower reaches of the Vrbas and Bosna rivers. In addition to being a relatively small basin area, the Ukrina River is characterized by exceptional biological diversity. The appearance of the mayflies (Ephemeroptera) in the summer period of the year also contributes to the biological diversity of the Ukrina River, which makes it the site of this natural rarity. In this study, the threat to the biological minimum and the increased eutrophication of water are considered, as the main factors of disturbing the ecological balance and sustainability of the Ukrina River ecosystem., Rijeka Ukrina (Bosna i Hercegovina) je manja desna pritoka Save, čiji sliv leži između donjih tokova rijeka Vrbasa i Bosne. Pored toga što predstavlja relativno malo slivno područje, rijeku Ukrinu karakteriše izuzetna biološka raznovrsnost. Biološkoj raznovrsnosti rijeke Ukrine doprinosi i pojava vodenog cvijeta (Ephemeroptera) u ljetnom periodu godine, što je čini lokalitetom odvijanja ove prirodne rijetkosti. U ovoj studiji, razmatraju se ugrožavanje biološkog minimuma i eutrofikacija vode kao glavni faktori remećenja ekološke ravnoteže i održivosti ekosistema rijeke Ukrine.

Pored fizičkog i hemijskog zagađivanja voda, s aspekta uticaja vode na zdravlje stanovništva, izuzetno je važan monitoring i sprečavanje mikrobiološkog zagađivanja voda, naročito vode koja se koristi za piće. U ovom radu, razmatra se značaj mikrobiološke ispravnosti vode u zaštiti zdravlja stanovništva., In addition to physical and chemical pollution of water, from the aspect of the impact of water on the health of the population, monitoring and prevention of microbiological pollution of water, especially water used for drinking, is extremely important. In this paper, the importance of microbiological safety of water in protecting the health of the population is considered.

Medicinal plants, about 10,000 species, are used in medicine to treat diseases or preserve human health because they are rich in the content of alkaloids, glycosides, resin, essential oils, etc. Phytopreparations are very important in the treatment of productive cough, both in self-medication and on the recommendation of health professionals. Medicinal preparations containing saponosides stimulate the glands to secrete bronchial secretions through a gastropulmonary reflex mechanism, which results in the production of rarer, watery mucus in the bronchial glands. They act on thick mucus as surfactants, reduce its viscosity and facilitate expectoration. Among triterpene saponosides used as expectorants, ivy leaf extract has proven therapeutic efficacy based on in vitro and in vivo studies. For other saponin expectorants (primrose root and flower, liquorice root (radix dulcis = sweet root), senega root, grindelia herb, common polypody rhizome), only the traditional application has been documented, which is confirmed by many studies. Due to the increased application, as well as the necessary confirmations of efficacy, there is a need for future research to analyze in more detail the pharmacological effects of triterpene saponins of expectorant action and their effect on the human organism.

This paper tries to reproduce two types of trophic chains on the example of an aquatic ecosystem model, with the participation of planktonic and benthic organisms: "yersinia - infusoria - daphnia - fish" and "yersinia - insect larvae - fish". The concentration of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis during primary infection (infusoria culture medium) was 109/ml. In the first hours after infection, the concentration of bacteria in the infusoria decreased (105cfu/mass ). In daphnia, which consumed infected infusoria, the concentration of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis decreases in the first 3-5 days (from 105 to 103 cfu/10 individuals), then the reproduction of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in daphnia continues, and on the 11th day it reaches 107 cfu/10 individuals. The concentration of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in the intestines of fish fed infected daphnia (107cfu/10 individuals) is continuously decreasing: 105 cfu (after 24 hours) and 102-101 cfu/individuals (after 15-30 days).

U ovoj studiji istražujemo koncept prilagođavanja klimatskim promenama iz aspekta analize uticaja promena na proizvodnju lana. Testirani su parametri kvaliteta sorti uljanog lana NS Marko i NS Primus, koje su selekcionisane u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo. Eksperimenti su izvedeni na parcelama Instituta, u tri ponavljanja, u trogodišnjem periodu. Godina istraživanja je imala značaj uticaj na ispitivane parametre proizvodnje lana. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali značajna variranja sadržaja ulja po godinama. Primenom nove poboljšane tehnologije proizvodnje uspešno možemo da se suočimo sa promenama koje su nastupile, a koje izvesno opredeljuju pravce budućeg razvoja., In this study, we explore the concept of adaptation to climate change from the aspect of analyzing the impact of changes on linseed production. The quality parameters of linseed varieties NS Marko and NS Primus were tested, which were selected at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops. The experiments were performed on the plots of the Institute, in three replications, over a three-year period. The year of research had a significant impact on the examined parameters of linseed production. The results of the research showed significant variations in oil content over the years. By applying new improved production technology we can successfully face the changes that have taken place, and which certainly determine the directions of future development.

In this paper, the influence of different substrate mixtures on seedlings quality and yield of tomato, pepper and basil were investigated. The experiments were carried out in the plastic greenhouse and experimental field of the Institute for Medicinal Plant Research "Dr. Josif Pančić" in Pančevo, during year 2016. Four treatments (different substrate mixtures) and a control treatment (soil from the investigated location) were tested. The best characteristics of morphological traits of transplants were achieved using the commercial Klasmann Potgrond H substrate. On the other hand, the plants that were grown on the compost produced during the production and processing of medicinal plants (IMPR) had the highest yield of fruits (tomatoes and peppers) and yield of fresh aboveground mass (basil).

Environmental pollution is one of the main problems facing humanity on a global scale, as well as the leading cause of the growing incidence of certain human and animal diseases. Organic production as a sustainable system combines tradition and new technological solutions in the prevention of environmental pollution, both from the aspect of biological diversity of flora and fauna in the agroecosystem, and from the aspect of nutritional values and absence of pesticide residues in plant and animal products. Organic production enables the protection of biodiversity and the environment. An important feature of organic agriculture is the exclusion of the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides, due to the potential negative effects that can be caused by their uncontrolled use. In organic production, mostly organic fertilizers and biological preparations are used, which enable the decomposition of harvest residues and the release of plant assimilates. In recent times, the possibilities of using allelopathic substances and secondary metabolites of plants as growth regulators and natural herbicides in sustainable agriculture are expanding, while the most important alternative to mineral fertilizers are microbiological fertilizers. In this paper, the importance and scope of application of microbiological fertilizers in modern agricultural production are considered.

Ecological factors represent all the effects of the surrounding environment on the organism, they are the basic determinant of ecology and depending on the nature of their activity and extent of variation, the life of all biological species, populations, individuals and communities in ecosystems depends. Each organism can survive in a limited range of environmental conditions. The extent of variation of an ecological factor - ecological valence, represents the limits within which life of biological species is possible. In crop production, in the open field, variations in ecological factors are particularly pronounced. Also, these factors can affect plants indirectly or directly; they do not act individually, but in a group or a complex of factors. Although almost all factors are equally important for the life of cultivated plants, in open field ecological conditions, light, temperature and water prevail. Sunlight is one of the most important ecological factors, which determines the variability of the external appearance of a plant and its individual organs. Under insufficient light, the cultivated plants undergo major morphological changes. Temperature is also one of the most significant ecological factors, enabling basic processes in plants. The life activity of the cultivated plants ranges within certain thermal limits.

Water plays a vital role in the biosphere as a component of all living beings, participates in photosynthesis, a basic life process on the planet, and represents the environment to a large number of living beings. In water ecosystems, pollutants come from two sources, both natural and anthropogenic. The main anthropogenic sources of pollutants are municipal wastewater, industrial wastewater, and water from agriculture. Microbiological degradation of organic pollutants is the only possibility of their removal from water. In this paper, the possibilities of purification of wastewater are considered, with special emphasis on the role of microorganisms in the process., Voda ima vitalnu ulogu u biosferi kao gradivna komponenta svih živih bića, učestvuje u fotosintezi, bazičnom životnom procesu na planeti, i predstavlja životnu sredinu velikom broju živih bića. U ekosisteme voda, polutanti dospevaju iz dva izvora, prirodnim i antropogenim putem. Glavni antropogeni izvori polutanata su komunalne otpadne vode, industrijske otpadne vode, vode iz poljoprivrede. Mikrobiološka razgradnja organskih zagađivača, predstavlja jedinu mogućnost njihovog uklanjanja iz vode. U ovom radu, razmatraju se mogućnosti prečišćavanja otpadnih voda, s posebnim akcentom na ulogu mikroorganizama u procesu.

Sekundarni metaboliti biljaka odgovorni su za širok dijapazon aktivnosti biljnih droga. Ciljevi istraživanja sekundarnih biljnih metabolita, odnose se i na potrebe pronalaska novih antimikrobnih materija s obzirom na globalnu pojavu otpornosti bakterija na antibiotike. U ovom radu, razmatra se antimikrobna aktivnost sekundarnih biljnih metabolita., Plant secondary metabolites are responsible for a wide range of herbal drug activities. The objectives of the research of secondary plant metabolites also relate to the needs of the invention of new antimicrobials due to the global appearance of bacteria resistance to conventional antibiotic agents. In this paper, the antimicrobial activity of secondary plant metabolites is considered.

Mineralne materije su neophodne biljkama za rast i razvoj, kao i za normalno funkcionisanje ljudskog i organizma životinja. Mineralne materije u lance ishrane ulaze preko biljaka, pa je poznavanje i proučavanje mineralnog sastava biljaka izuzetno značajno. Ispitivanje sadržaja mineralnih materija u zrnu kukuruza, u zavisnosti od rastuće količine azota đubriva, obavljeno je u dvogodišnjem periodu, na lokalitetu Zemun Polje, u klimatskim uslovima Istočnog Srema. Na ogledima je primenjena standardna agrotehnika. Hemijski sastav ploda kukuruza, tokom dve godine istraživanja, određivan je u fazi fiziološke zrelosti zrna kukuruza. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je, u proseku za ispitivane faktore, sadržaj mineralnih materija u zrnu kukuruza iznosio 1,87%. U prvoj godini istraživanja, utvrđen je veći sadržaj pepela u zrnu za 0,23% u poređenju s drugom godinom. Primenjene količine azota značajno i veoma značajno su uticale na sadržaj mineralnih materija u zrnu kukuruza., Mineral matters are necessary for the growth and development of plants as well as for normal functioning of human and animal organisms. Mineral matters enter the food chains through the plants making the knowledge and study of the mineral content of plants very remarkable. The study of the content of mineral matters in maize grain, depending on the growing quantities of nitrogen fertilizer, has been conducted during a two-year period on the locality of Zemun Polje, in climate conditions of the Eastern Srem. In these experiments, a standard agrotechnique is applied. The chemical contents of the maize yield during the two-year period of the experiment is determined in a phase of the phyisiological ripeness of maize grain. Our research results show that, in the average for the examined factors, the content of mineral matters in maize grain was 1.87%. It is determined that the content of ash in grain was for 0.23% higher in the first year of the experiment than in the second one. The applied quantities of nitrogen had a significant and a very significant impact on the content of mineral matters in maize grain.

Buckwheat is an economically important gluten free cereal, and it is a good source of protein, fiber, and energy. The field experiments with buckwheat variety “Novosadska” were set in two experimental years in Pancevo, Serbia. The aim of this study was to determine the most optimal technology for buckwheat production. The study aims were to investigate the effects of (1) row spacing: RS1-25 cm and RS2-50 cm; (2) nutrition variants: (N1) 0 kg ha−1 NPK; (N2) NPK 30 kg ha−1; (N3) NPK 60 kg ha−1; and (N4) NPK 90 kg ha−1; (3) environment: Y1-2018 and Y2-2019; and their interactions on the plant height (PH), number of lateral branches (NoLB), mass of seeds per plant (MSP), number of seeds per plant (NoSP), buckwheat grain yield (GY); and (4) the correlations among these traits. All tested parameters of buckwheat significantly varied across row spacing, environment, and nutrition. The average grain yield in the row spacing, RD1-25 cm, was significantly higher than in the wider spacing, RD2-50 cm, and in 2018 than 2019 as well as with the nutrition NPK applied in the amount of 90 kg ha−1 in relation with all the other nutrition variants. All the studied agronomic traits were positively and strongly correlated with GY.

he medicinal chemical ingredients they contain. It can be said that medicine and pharmacy just begin from the time when the man, in search of a medicament, he stepped over for plants of nature. About 10 000 species of plants belong to medicinal herbs. The most commonly used medicinal plants are: - Acanthus mollis - acanthus or bear’s breech; then Aloe barbadensis - aloe, Panax quinquefolius - American ginseng, Pimpinella anisum - anis, Persea americana - avocado, Sinapis alba - white mustard, Allium sativum - garlic, Althaea officinalis - marshmallow, Plantago major - common plantain, Ocimum basilicum - basil, Cucurbita pepo - pumpkin, Verbena officinalis - common verbena, Eucalyptus globulus - eucalyptus, Salvia officinalis – sage, Sambucus nigra - black elderberry, Populus tremuloides - quaking aspen, Matricaria chamomilla - chamomile, Urtica dioica – stinging nettle, Rubus fruticosus - blackberry, Linum usitatissimum - linseed, Papaver somniferum - poppy, Lavandula officinalis - lavender, Laurus nobilis - laurel, Medicago sativa - alfalfa, Cannabis sativa - hemp, Melissa officinalis - lemon balm, Mentha piperita - mint, Calendula officinalis – pot marigold, Origanum vulgare - wild marjoram, Nasturtium officinale - watercress, Equisetum arvense - horsetail, Ricinus communis - castor oil plant, Rosmarinus officinalis - rosemary, Thymus vulgaris - thyme, Achillea millefolium - yarrow, Humulus lupulus - hops, Passiflora incarnata - purple passionflower, Malva silvestris - common mallow, Rosa canina - rose hip, etc. In the field of study use of plants in pharmacy, it is necessary to identify plant taxon as sources of medicinal and other useful raw materials, to improve the way raw materials are produced and technology getting drugs, to know the characteristics of plants to be used, chemical structure and methods of action.

With a circular economy, biodegradable waste – plant biomass can be reused as: compost, for soil fertilization, and for biogas production, as an affordable bioenergy source. In this study, the productivity of two hybrids of fodder sorghum, grown in Ilandza, Serbia, was examined. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the tested hybrids, for leaf mass. A positive highly significant correlation was found between plant mass and leaf mass. Fodder sorghum is a species with C4 photosynthesis, which has a high degree of photosynthetic activity and has a high production of organic matter resulting in high biomass yield. Sorghum is a productive and cost-effective plant suitable for production: animal feed, and for energy purposes., Cirkularnom ekonomijom, biorazgradivi otpad-biomasa biljaka može se koristiti i kao: kompost ali i za proizvodnju biogasa, kao pristupačan izvor bioenergije. U ovoj studiji ispitivana je produktivnost dva hibrida krmnog sirka, gajenog u Ilandži u Srbiji. Rezultati su pokazali da postoji statistički značajna razlika između testiranih hibrida. Pronađena je pozitivna značajna korelacija između mase biljke i mase lista. Krmni sirak je vrsta sa S4 fotosintezom, ima visok stepen fotosintetske aktivnosti i visoku proizvodnju organske materije što rezultira visokim prinosom biomase. Produktivna je vrsta pogodna za proizvodnju: hrane za životinje i energetske svrhe.

Maize is one of the leading farm cultures in the world. The primary aim of maize production is to gain high and steady incomes. Varying of the incomes of the grown plants is seen in a great measure both as a consequence of weather conditions and applied quantities of nitrogen fertilizer. In this work, in a two-year period, it is examined how the increasing quantities of nitrogen fertilizer influence the parameters of productivity, that is, morphological features and components of the incomes of Serbian maize hybrid. The examinations were conducted on the locality of Eastern Srem (88 m.s.l.). The examinations covered the following systems of maize fertilization: control (without fertilizer), P90 K60 N30 kg ha-1 (basic, phon), P90 K60 N60 kg ha-1, P90 K60 N120 kg ha-1, P90 K60 N180 kg ha-1. Within the morphological features of maize, it is examined the influence of the nitrogen fertilizer on the growth of a plant and the number of leaves on a corncob, and within the components of the income, its influence on the length of a cob, the number of grain rows and the number of grains on a cob. The results of our research have shown that, on the average for the examined factors, the height of a plant was 276.1 cm. On the average for the years, along with the increasing quantities of nitrogen up to 120 kg ha-1, the height of a plant increased, and then it declined.