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Purpose: The macular hole(MH) is a retinal defect that involves all layers. We aimed to assess the preoperative and postoperative foveal avascular zone (FAZ) changes by using optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA). Material and Methods: This is a retrospective study including eyes with MH. The study included 25 eyes operated and 18 healthy fellow eyes of 25 patients. The FAZ values were evaluated in the OCTA images obtained at baseline and on postoperative months 1, 3 and 6. Results: In the patients, the mean FAZ value was 0.30±0.08 mm² at baseline whereas 0.22±0.11 mm² on postoperative month 1, 3rd month FAZ value was 0, 20±0, 11 mm² on postoperative month 3 and 0.20±0.10 mm². There were significant decrease in mean FAZ value from baseline to postoperative month 3 and 6 (p=0.030, p=0.049, respectively). The mean FAZ value on postoperative month 6 was 0.17±0.02 mm² in eyes with MH of the cases in which health fellow eyes with no exclusion criteria were included. The mean FAZ value was significantly higher in fellow eyes than eyes with MH on postoperative month 6 (p<0.0001). Conclusion: In our study, it was found that the reduction in the postoperative FAZ value when compared to baseline persisted until month 6 after successful surgery. We consider that retinal orientation to the macula center, filling the spaces with neuroglial cells, micro-vascular damage and retinal remodeling play a role in this decrease in FAZ measurements after successful surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this report, we aimed to present successful treatment of subhyaloidal, subinternal limiting membrane, intravitreal hemorrhage secondary to valsalva maneuver due to pregnancy with Nd:YAG laser internal limiting membranotomy and posterior hyaloidotomy. A 26 year-old, 33-week pregnant woman complained of sudden vision loss in her right eye. We learned in the anamnesis that her 5 year-old nephew’s head hit the patient’s stomach during a sudden braking in the car. In ophthalmological examination subhyaloidal, subinternal limiting membrane, intravitreal hemorrhage in macular area were detected. Nd:YAG laser internal limiting membranotomy and posterior hyaloidotomy were applied. The hemorrhage was drained into the vitreous and cleaned completely within ten days. Nd: YAG laser can be considered as a low-complication treatment option that allows rapid and effective loss of subhyaloidal and subinternal limiting membrane hemorrhage related to valsalva maneuver in pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the results of laser photocoagulation and/or cryotherapy and its relation with systemic risk factors in retinopathy of prematurity. Materials and Methods: The data of babies with retinopathy of prematurity were retrospectively evaluated. The babies who received laser photocoagulation and/or cryotherapy were divided into three groups according to fundus findings, babies who represented regression without complication were included in group 1, babies who represented with regression of retinopathy with fundus findings such as dragging of papilla or macula, fibrotic band formation were included in group 2 and babies who represented cicatricial fundus findings and showed progression despite treatment were included in group 3. Birth weight, gestational age, retinopathy grade and association with systemic risk factors were investigated. Results: At initial examination retinopathy of prematurity was established in 310 (55.1%) of 562 infants. One hundred sixty six (53.5%) of 310 babies were treated with laser photocoagulation and/or cryotherapy. At the end of follow up period, 146 of 166 babies were compared in the terms of final fundus findings. One hundred twenty six (86.3%) of 146 showed regression without complication (group 1), 15 (10.2%) had regression with dragging of papilla or macula or fibrotic band formation (group 2) and 5 (3.4%) exhibited progression despite treatment (group 3). Twenty two babies (17.4%) in group 1 developed threshold retinopathy while it was 12 (80%) in group 2 and 5 (100%) in group 3. One hundred and twelve of 177 babies who had perinatal risk factors such as multiple birth, respiratory distress syndrome, oxygen therapy, septicemia, hyperbilirubinemia, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis required treatment. Conclusion: Laser phocoagulation provides regression without complication in babies with prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity. Especially babies with perinatal risk factors must be followed carefully and treated acurately because of increased treatment requirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the autofluorescence patterns of choroidal neovascular (CNV) membranes in age related macular degeneration, and to evaluate the autofluorescence changes after treatment (photodynamic therapy and/or intravitreal anti-VEGF). Materials and Methods: Fifty eyes of 43 patients with age related macular degeneration whose autofluorescence images were recorded were included in the study. Choroidal neovascular (CNV) membranes were classified as classic and occult CNVs by fundus fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography. The changes in the autofluorescence patterns of the membranes during the follow up period were observed independently from the treatment modality. Results: Twenty of the 50 eyes had classic, 3 predominantly classic, 5 minimally classic, and 22 occult choroidal neovascularization. Classic and predominantly classic membranes on fluorescein angiography showed hypoautofluorescence. Minimally classic and occult membranes showed variable focal hypo/hyperautofluorescence patterns. Cystoid macular edema accompanying choroidal neovascular membrane represented increased autofluorescence in all eyes. After the treatment, classic CNV lesions became smaller and they had decreased autofluorescence. During the follow up, nonhomogeneous, different fundus autofluorescence patterns of occult CNVs were determined. Conclusion: To determine the activity and type of CNV is important for follow up and assessment of treatment modality. For this purpose, autofluorescence imaging can be a useful and noninvasive method. Further investigation is needed to determine the CNV autofluorescence features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 20-year-old male with Best's vitelliform macular dystrophy complained of decreased vision in the left eye for the previous 1 month. He was evaluated by complete ophthalmologic examination, fluorescein angiography (FA), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 5/10 in the left eye and the fundus examination revealed a vitelliruptive lesion with hemorrhage in the left eye. The hemorrhage was thought to be a manifestation of the vitelliruptive stage and no treatment was implemented. After 3 months, visual acuity decreased in the right eye. Best corrected visual acuity was counting fingers at 2 meters in the right eye and 10/10 in the left eye. The fundus examination revealed macular edema and hemorrhage in the right eye. FA disclosed increased leakage due to choroidal neovascularization (CNV). OCT demonstrated increased hyperreflectivity in the subfoveal area with distinctive fluid and intraretinal edema. Three doses of intravitreal ranibizumab were applied at monthly intervals. Best corrected visual acuity improved to 3/10 and 10/10 one month and 6 months after the injections, respectively. CNV is a rare complication in Best's vitelliform macular dystrophy. Although the histopathologic data are not clear, one may hypothesize that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a role in the pathogenesis of CNV secondary to vitelliform dystrophy. Intravitreal ranibizumab as an anti-VEGF agent may be a new approach for the therapy of CNV in Best's vitelliform macular dystrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital simplex hamartoma of retinal pigment epithelium is a rare retinal pigment epithelial tumor. We report a case of congenital simplex retinal pigment epithelium hamartoma in a 4-week-old premature boy. The bilateral anterior segment examination was normal in the patient. There was no pathology in the left eye in fundus examination. The fundus examination of his right eye revealed a foveal pigmented lesion which was half of optic disc size. In the patient, the optical coherence tomography showed hyper-reflectivity in the inner retinal layers and shading due to lesion in the other layers. B-scan sonography showed a small echogenic nodular mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the perfusion status of the optic nerve head using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients who had an operation for idiopathic macular hole (IMH) and to compare the differences in the blood flow status of the optic nerve head in both eyes of the patients with unilateral IMH with healthy control eyes. Materials and Methods: The study included patients that underwent surgery with the diagnosis of full-thickness unilateral IMH, with the affected eyes being evaluated as Group 1 and the unaffected eye of the same patients being evaluated as Group 2. A control group (Group 3) was formed with age-matched healthy individuals. In addition to a general ophthalmologic examination, OCTA imaging was performed. Optic disc density and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measurements were compared between the three groups. Results: The peripapillary and inferior RNFL measurements were lower in Group 1 compared to Group 3 (p<0.05 for both). The optic disc density measurements were lower in Group 1 compared to Group 3 in all areas. However, there was no statistically significant difference between Group 2 and Group 3. Conclusions: The optic nerve head blood flow density is reduced in IMH, and a decrease in the optic disc vessel density revealed by OCTA can be an early indicator of the development of IMH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]