Search

Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) yield has plateaued due to reduction in rainfall and rise in temperature. Therefore, its production cycle could not get appropriate water and temperature. It becomes important to standardize the sowing time and plant spacing of cluster beans in changing climate scenarios to get higher productivity. Therefore, a field study was conducted in 2019 at the Research area of MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan to evaluate the effect of four sowing times (15th May, 1st June, 15th June, and 1st July) and three plant spacings (10, 12 and 15 cm) on crop growth, yield, and physiological functions of cluster bean genotype BR-2017 under split plot arrangement under randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The sowing times (15th May, 1st June, 15th June, and 1st July) were placed in the main plot, while plant spacing (10, 12 and 15 cm) was maintained in subplots. The significant effect of sowing time and plant spacing was observed on pod plant-1, pod length, grain yield, and 1000-grain weight. Results showed that 1st June sowing performed better over 15th May, 15th June, and 1st July, while plant spacing 15 cm about in all sowing times showed higher results on growth and yield parameters of cluster bean over plant spacing 10, 12, and 15 cm. The 1st June sowing time at 15 cm plant spacing showed 8.0, 22.7, and 28.5% higher grains pod-1 than 15th May, 15th June, and 1st July sowing, respectively. Maximum grain yield was observed on 1st June in all three spacings (10, 12, and 15 cm). The chord diagram indicates that the crop has received optimum environmental conditions when sown 1st June over other sowing times. In conclusion, 1st June sowing with 15 cm plant spacing could be a good option to achieve maximum productivity of cluster bean under changing climate scenario.

Toxicity induced by heavy metals deteriorates soil fertility status. It also adversely affects the growth and yield of crops. These heavy metals become part of the food chain when crops are cultivated in areas where heavy metals are beyond threshold limits. Cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) are considered the most notorious ones among different heavy metals. The high water solubility of Cd made it a potential toxin for plants and their consumers. Accumulation of Ni in plants, leaves, and fruits also deteriorates their quality and causes cancer in humans when such a Ni-contaminated diet is used regularly. Both Cd and Ni also compete with essential nutrients of plants, making the fertility status of soil poor. To overcome this problem, the use of activated carbon biochar can play a milestone role. In the recent past application of activated carbon biochar is gaining more and more attention. Biochar sorb the Cd and Ni and releases essential micronutrients that are part of its structure. Many micropores and high cation exchange capacity make it the most acceptable organic amendment to improve soil fertility and immobilize Cd and Ni. In addition to improving water and nutrients, soil better microbial proliferation enhances the soil rhizosphere ecosystem and nutrient cycling. This review has covered Cd and Ni harmful effects on crop yield and their immobilization by activated carbon biochar. The focus was made to elaborate on the positive effects of biochar on crop yield and soil health.

Bone problems are highly prevalent in laying hens. These problems affect the welfare, production and economic losses. Bone development begins in the embryonic period, and if the skeletal system develops well at that time, the subsequent production period can be affected positively. The present experiment aimed to investigate the effect of genotype on biomechanical parameters and composition of bone in the laying hen embryos. For this purpose, 360 fertilized eggs were obtained from two brown (Atak-S and Brown Nick) and two white (Atabey and Nick) layer breeders and incubated. Metatarsus, tibia and femur properties were examined on the embryonic d 19 and 21. Results showed that genotype played an important role in determining the biomechanical properties and mineral composition of the metatarsus, tibia and femur in the embryonic period. Examined bone characteristics improved with embryonic age. The least mineralization was observed in the metatarsus bone. In conclusion, bone properties were influenced from the genotype. However these differences were not related with laying hens being white or brown. The effect of the interaction between genotype and embryonic age on the bone properties should be considered., Yumurtacı tavuklarda kemik sorunları oldukça yaygındır. Bu sorunlar refahı, üretimi ve ekonomik kayıpları etkiler. Kemik gelişimi embriyonik dönemde başladığından bu dönemde iskelet sistemi iyi gelişirse, sonraki üretim periyodu olumlu yönde etkilenebilir. Bu çalışmada genotipin yumurtacı tavuk embriyolarında kemiğin biyomekanik özellikleri ve bileşimine etkisini incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla iki kahverengi (Atak-S ve Kahverengi Nick) ve iki beyaz (Atabey ve Nick) yumurtacı damızlıklardan elde edilen 360 adet döllü yumurta toplanmış ve inkübe edilmiştir. Embiyonik dönemin 19 ve 21. günlerinde metatarsus, tibia ve femur özellikleri incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, embriyonik dönemde genotipin metatarsus, tibia ve femurun biyomekanik özellikleri ve mineral bileşiminde önemli bir rol oynadığını göstermiştir. Embriyonik yaşın artmasıyla incelenen kemik özellikleri iyileşmiştir. En az minerilizasyon metatarsus kemiğinde gözlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, kemik özellikleri genotipten etkilenmiştir. Fakat bu farklılıklar beyaz veya kahverengi yumurtacı tavuk olmasıyla ilişkili değildir. Genotip ve embriyonik yaş arasındaki etkileşimin kemik özellikleri üzerindeki etkisi dikkate alınmalıdır.

Ülkemizde sarımsak tarımında ilk sıralarda yer alan illerden alınan toprak örneklerinde bitkiye yarayışlı selenyum konsantrasyonları ile bazı temel toprak özellikleri arasındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesinin amaçlandığı bu çalışmada, Balıkesir, Kırklareli, Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, Antalya, Karaman, Muğla ve Kastamonu illerinden toplam 224 adet toprak örneği alınmıştır. Alınan toprak örneklerinde tekstür, pH, EC, kireç, organik madde ile bitkiye yarayışlı selenyum analizleri yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, farklı yörelerden alınan toprak örnekleri birlikte değerlendirildiğinde, bitkiye yarayışlı selenyum konsantrasyonlarının 1,31-27,83 µg kg-1 arasında değiştiği ve ortalama 13,45 µg kg-1 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bitkiye yarayışlı ortalama selenyum konsantrasyonun en fazla Kastamonu (27,83 µg kg-1), en az ise Hatay (1,31 µg kg-1) yöresi topraklarında olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sarımsak tarımı yapılan toprakların ağırlıklı olarak kil bünyeli, % 53,57’sinin hafif alkali, EC yönünden sorun taşımadığı, % 41,07’sinin çok ve çok fazla kireçli, % 47,32’sinin ise az ve çok az organik madde içerdiği belirlenmiştir. Bitkiye yarayışlı selenyum konsantrasyonu ile toprak reaksiyonu arasında önemli pozitif (r= 0,330***), kireç ve organik madde miktarları arasında ise önemli negatif (sırasıyla r= -0,260***, r= -0,259***) ilişkiler belirlenmiştir. Toprakta reaksiyonun yükselmesi durumunda Se yarayışlılığının arttığı, buna karşın kireç ve organik maddenin artması durumunda ise Se yarayışlılığının azaldığı belirlenmiştir.

Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) yield have plateaued due to reduction in rainfall and rise in temperature. Therefore, its production cycle could not get appropriate water and temperature. It becomes important to standardize sowing time and plant spacing of cluster bean in changing climate scenario to get higher productivity. Therefore, a field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of four sowing times (15th May, 1st June, 15th June, and 1st July) and three plant spacings (10, 12 and 15 cm) on crop growth, yield, and physiological functions of cluster bean genotype BR-2017. The sowing times (15th May, 1st June, 15th June, and 1st July) were placed in the main plot while plant spacing (10, 12 and 15 cm) were maintained in subplots. Results showed that 1st June sowing performed better over 15th May, 15th June, and 1st July while plant spacing 15 cm about in all sowing times showed higher results on growth and yield parameters of cluster bean over plant spacing 10, 12, and 15 cm. The 1st June sowing time at 15 cm plant spacing showed 8.0, 22.7, and 28.5% higher grains pod-1 as compared to 15th May, 15th June, and 1st July sowing respectively. The chord diagram clearly indicates that the crop has received optimum environmental conditions when sown 1st June over other sowing times. In conclusion, 1st June sowing with 15 cm plant spacing could be a good option to achieve maximum productivity of cluster bean under changing climate scenario.

Toxicity induced by a higher concentration of lead (Pb) can significantly decrease plants growth, gas exchange and yield attributes. It also caused cancer in humans. Use of organic amendments especially biochar has the capability to alleviate Pb toxicity in different crops. Application of biochar can decrease the uptake Pb by roots in plants. However, high pH of thermo pyrolyzed biochar makes it unfit amendment for high pH soils. As Pb is an acute toxin and its uptake in rice is a major issue, current experiment was conducted with the aim to explore the efficacy of chemically produced acidified carbon (AC) for mitigation of Pb toxicity in rice. Leas has introduced artificially at the rate of (0, 15 and 30 mg kg-1 soil) in combination with 0, 0.5 and 1 % AC underground water (GW) and waste water irrigation (WW) in rice. Results confirmed that addition of 1% AC significantly improved plant height, number of tillers, spike length fresh and dry weights of spikes and straw, 1000 grains weight, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance over 0 % AC under GW and WW irrigations at 30 mg Pb kg-1 soil (30Pb) toxicity. A significant decrease in electrolyte leakage and plant Pb concentration by application of 0.5 and 1 % AC validated their effectiveness for mitigation of 30Pb toxicity in rice over 0 % AC under GW and WW. In conclusion, 1 % AC is effective amendment in the alleviation of Pb toxicity in rice irrigated with GW and WW at 30Pb.

This study evaluated the effects of a graded concentration of dietary calcium soaps of tallow (CST) supplementation on broiler performance, carcass characteristics, abdominal fat fatty acid profile, bone biomechanical properties, and bone mineral composition. One hundred and forty 11-d-old male broiler chickens were randomly allocated to 4 experimental groups with 5 replicate pens containing 7 birds per each. The birds received cornsoybean meal based diet and CST (CST0, CST10, CST20, and CST30, respectively) was included in the grower (0, 10, 20, and 30 g/kg) and finisher (0, 15, 30, and 45 g/kg) diet at the expense of vegetable acid oil and limestone. Dietary supplementations had no significant effect on BWG and FI during the entire experimental period. However, FCR was improved in CST0 and CST10 groups in comparison to those of the CST20 group from d 11 to d 42. According to the present study result, dietary supplementation of low level of CST significantly influenced intestinal microarchitecture of the jejunum and ileum by improving villus height/crypt ratio and villus height, respectively. Femur (P=0.001) and tibia (P=0.020) stiffness increased linearly with the increasing level of dietary CST. Tibia Ca (P=0.009) and P (P=0.009) concentration of CST10 and CST30 groups were lower than the CST0 group. Increasing levels of CST in diets significantly reduced the Fe and Mn concentrations in tibia samples. In conclusion, supplementation of CST has no detrimental effect on broiler performance parameters and might be used as an alternative dietary fat source in the broiler industry.

Layer hybrids are more superior in the egg yield than pure breeds. But this superiority causes some problems in the bones during the production period. There are a lot of differences among genotypes in the production period that have been examined extensively, however, the differences throughout incubation period aren’t known yet. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the differences in femur properties of pure breed and layer hybrid embryos during the incubation period. A total of 354 fresh hatching eggs were used from one hybrid (Lohman White) and two pure breeds (Denizli & Gerze). The eggs were incubated. Hatching eggs from each genotype at the beginning of embryonic days (E) 19 and E21 were examined. At these embryonic ages, 12 eggs were selected from each genotype. The eggs were opened and embryos were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Both femurs were dissected from each embryo and then structure, mineral composition and mechanical properties of femur were determined. The genotype affected the length, width and Zn level in the femur of embryos. Weight, length, width, load of yield and ultimate, ash and all examined minerals increased with embryonic development. These results showed that some femur properties of embryos were influenced by the genotype and layer hybrid embryos are beginning to be advantageous in terms of Zn level in the femur at E21. This study leads to better understanding femur development during the incubation period in layer hybrid and pure breeds.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted with three doses of boron (0, 1, and 10 mg B kg−1 in the form of boric acid (H3BO3). Durum wheat (Triticum durum L. cv: Cakmak-79) and bread wheat (Triticum ae...

Objectives As a liquid organic fertilizer used in agriculture, digestate is rich in many nutrients (i.e. nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, potassium); their utilization may be however less efficient in soils poor in organic carbon (due to low carbon:nitrogen ratio). In order to solve the disadvantages, digestate enrichment with carbon-rich amendments biochar or humic acids (Humac) was tested. Methods Soil variants amended with enriched digestate: digestate + biochar, digestate + Humac, and digestate + combined biochar and humic acids—were compared to control with untreated digestate in their effect on total soil carbon and nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon, soil respiration and soil enzymatic activities in a pot experiment. Yield of the test crop lettuce was also determined for all variants. Results Soil respiration was the most significantly increased property, positively affected by digestate + Humac. Both digestate + biochar and digestate + Humac significantly increased microbial biomass carbon. Significant negative effect of digestate + biochar (compared to the control digestate) on particular enzyme activities was alleviated by the addition of humic acids. No significant differences among the tested variants were found in the above-ground and root plant biomass. Conclusions The tested organic supplements improved the digestate effect on some determined soil properties. We deduced from the results (carbon:nitrogen ratio, microbial biomass and activity) that the assimilation of nutrients by plants increased; however, the most desired positive effect on the yield of crop biomass was not demonstrated. We assume that the digestate enrichment with organic amendments may be more beneficial in a long time-scaled trial.

Bitter gourd is one of the important cucurbits and highly liked among both farmers and consumers due to its high net return and nutritional value. However, being monoecious, it exhibits substantial variation in flower bearing pattern. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are known to influence crop phenology while gibberellic acid (GA3) is one of the most prominent PGRs that influence cucurbits phenology. Therefore, a field trial was conducted at University of Agriculture Faisalabad to evaluate the impact of a commercial product of gibberellic acid (GA3) on growth, yield and quality attributes of two bitter gourd (Momordica charantiaL.) cultivars. We used five different concentrations (0.4 g, 0.6 g, 0.8 g, 1.0 g, and 1.2 g per litre) of commercial GA3 product (Gibberex, 10% Gibberellic acid). Results showed that a higher concentration of gibberex (1.0 and 1.20 g L&minus, 1 water) enhanced the petiole length, intermodal length, and yield of bitter gourd cultivars over control in Golu hybrid and Faisalabad Long. A significant decrease in the enzyme superoxidase dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities were observed with an increasing concentration of gibberex (1.0 and 1.20 gL&minus, 1 water) as compared to control. These results indicate that the exogenous application of gibberex at a higher concentration (1.2 g L&minus, 1) has a dual action in bitter gourd plant: i) it enhances the plant growth and yield, and ii) it also influenced the antioxidant enzyme activities in fruits. These findings may have a meaningful, practical use for farmers involved in agriculture and horticulture.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the comparison of different brown and white layers in embryonic development and uptake of nutrients in the egg. A total of 360 fertilized eggs obtained from two brown (Atak-S and Brown Nick) and two white (Atabey and Nick) layer breeders at 28 wk old. Hatching eggs from each genotype were examined on the day of setting for fresh egg analysis and then at the beginning of the embryonic day (E19) and embryonic day (E21) for egg, embryo and villus analysis. Differences in egg weight, shell percentages, relative weight of yolk and albumen, relative weight and length of embryo, villus height, some values of shell, yolk and albumen and relative chick weight in examined hybrids were significant. Yolk sac utilization of embryos during the incubation in the white layer hybrids was greater than that in the brown layer hybrids. Villus heights in the duodenum, jejenum and ileum of embryos in the brown layer hybrids was greater than that in the white layer hybrids. Genotype is important parameter to determine the egg composition at the same age and in animals being fed the same diet. It was observed that the consumption of yolk and shell nutrients from the embryos during the incubation was not related to whether embryos were from the brown or white layer hybrids. Only uptake of the yolk sac and villus height in the embryo among examined variables varied depending on whether the embryos were from the brown or white layer hybrids.

A two-year fixed field experiment was designed in Artvin, Turkey, with the aim of determining the effect of soil and foliar boron treatment on fresh leaf yield, shoot length, and also the transport and distribution of boron in the shoots of the tea plant. The experiment was conducted in a domestic producer’s tea garden indicating boron deficiency in Arhavi district of Artvin. In the experiment, 400 g B da-1 to the soil and 400 mg B L-1 to the leaves of the tea plant were applied in a liquid form. DOT (Disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate, Na2B8O13.4H2O) with 20.8 % B was used as a boron source. At the end of the experiment, it was determined that soil and foliar boron treatment caused a substantial increase in the fresh leaf yield, the shoot length, and also the boron concentration of the shoots of the tea plant. However, the boron concentration of the leaves at the tip of the shoots was still under the critical level.

WOS: 000411218900011, PubMed: 28938781, Because of consumers' preferences and also due to changes in production systems, the importance of pure breeds has increased again. There are a lot of differences among breeds which have been studied extensively, however, the differences during the incubation period are not yet fully known. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the composition of the egg parts, absorption of nutrients, and development of embryos from different genotypes. A total of 354 fresh hatching eggs were obtained from one hybrid (Lohman White, LW) and two pure breeds (Denizli and Gerze). Hatching eggs from each genotype were examined on the day of setting for egg analysis and then at the beginning of the embryonic d 19 (E19) and embryonic d 21 (E21) for egg, embryo, jejunum, and tibia analysis. On d 21 of incubation, the healthy chicks were removed and weighed. Egg weight, shell thickness, percentages of albumen, and some parameters of albumen composition (dry matter, water, ash, protein, energy, Na, Ca, K, and Mg) were higher in fresh eggs obtained from LW hens. Furthermore, the relative yolk sac and embryo weight, some yolk parameters (dry matter, water, protein, fat, and energy) and some shell parameters (dry matter, ash, Na, Ca, and K) were also higher in eggs obtained from LW hens during incubation. However, tibia deformation and villus width were lower in LW embryos than the other genotypes. Relative chick weights were 68.9, 72.0, and 68.0% in LW, Denizli, and Gerze genotypes, respectively. During incubation, differences in all examined parameters were significant except thickness and weight of shell, tibia deformation, and crypt depth. Yolk sac weight, some yolk composition parameters, K level in the shell, Cu level in the tibia, and villus height were also affected by genotype and period interaction. Based on these results, LW was found advantageous in terms of egg composition, however, regarding villus development and tibia deformation in embryos during incubation, pure breeds showed better results., TUBITAKTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [110O933], This study was supported by TUBITAK Fund (Project No: 110O933).

Dogu Karadeniz Bolgesinde cay tarimi yapilan topraklarin ve cay bitkisinin azot, fosfor, potasyum, kalsiyum, magnezyum ve kukurt durumlarini ortaya koyabilmek amaciyla cay tarimi yapilan alanlarin buyuklugu dikkate alinarak Artvin bolgesinden 58 (toplam ornegin % 10,90'i), Rize bolgesinden 361 (toplam ornegin % 67,86'si), Trabzon bolgesinden 101 (toplam ornegin % 18,98'i), ve Giresun bolgesinden 12 (toplam ornegin % 2,26'si) olmak uzere toplam es zamanli 532 toprak ve yaprak ornegi alinmistir. Toprak orneklerinde yapilan analizler sonucu, toplam azot konsantrasyonlarinin 0,50-11,06 g/kg arasinda degistigi ve ortalama 2,77 g/kg oldugu, bitkiye yarayisli fosfor konsantrasyonlarinin 1,11-337,05 mg/kg arasinda degistigi ve ortalama 45,49 mg/kg oldugu, bitkiye yarayisli potasyum konsantrasyonlarinin 12,60-3374,53 mg/kg arasinda degistigi ve ortalama 203,90 mg/kg oldugu, bitkiye yarayisli kalsiyum konsantrasyonlarinin 17,18-50174,33 mg/kg arasinda degistigi ve ortalama 1673,18 mg/kg oldugu, bitkiye yarayisli magnezyum konsantrasyonlarinin 6,30-4999,28 mg/kg arasinda degistigi ve ortalama 215,97 mg/kg oldugu ve bitkiye yarayisli kukurt konsantrasyonlarinin ise 4,71-946,41mg/kg arasinda degistigi ve ortalama 148,94 mg/kg oldugu tespit edilmistir. Analiz sonuclarina gore, topraklarda bitkiye yarayisli kukurt yonunden sorun gorulmezken, % 4,32'sinde azot, % 21,99'unda fosfor, % 37,40'inda potasyum, % 70,11'inde kalsiyum ve % 75,00'inde magnezyum noksanligi belirlenmistir. Diger yandan, topraklarin % 75,75'inde azotun ve % 57,52'sinde fosforun fazla oldugu saptanmistir. Dogu Karadeniz Bolgesinde cay tarimi yapilan alanlardan alinan yaprak orneklerinin toplam azot konsantrasyonlarinin 25,01-51,53 g/kg arasinda degistigi ve ortalama 41,24 g/kg toplam fosfor konsantrasyonlarinin 0,06-0,43 g/kg arasinda degistigi ve ortalama 0,17 g/kg toplam potasyum konsantrasyonlarinin 0,08-3,46 g/kg arasinda degistigi ve ortalama 0,94 g/kg kalsiyum konsantrasyonlarinin 0,07-1,74 g/kg arasinda degistigi ve ortalama 0,61 g/kg ve magnezyum konsantrasyonlarinin ise 0,04-0,57 mg/kg arasinda degistigi ve ortalama 0,18 g/kg oldugu belirlenmistir. Yaprak analiz sonuclarina gore, yaprak orneklerinin % 3,46'sinda toplam azotun az, buna karsin % 30,65'inde ise fazla oldugu ve % 81,77'sinde fosfor, % 99,81'inde potasyum, % 17,48'inde kalsiyum ve % 36,09'unda magnezyum noksanligi belirlenmistir.

Amount of extract of leaves of the plants grown both clone and seed was found to be above the values of ISO and TSE standards, and amount of total polyphenol was found to be normal level. Mineral elements concentrations of tea plant grown from clone were found to be higher than that plant grown from seed. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and iron concentrations of the tea plants were grown at sampled areas were found not to be sufficient. The insufficient level is getting increase and increase towards 3rd harvesting period., Klon ve tohumdan üretilen çay bitkisi yaprağının ekstrakt değerleri ISO ve TSE standartlarının üstünde, toplam polifenol miktarı ise normal düzeyde bulunmuştur. Klondan üretilen çay bitkisinin mineral madde içerikleri tohumdan üretilene oranla daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Örnekleme yapılan alanda yetiştirilen çay bitkilerinin azot, fosfor, potasyum ve demir yönünden yetersiz oldukları belirlenmiştir. Noksanlık düzeyi 3. hasat döneminde daha da artmıştır.

Deficiency of sulfur (S) has been recognized as a limiting factor for crop production in many regions of the world. A survey study was initiated to determine the current S nutritional status of wheat plants in Ankara, Turkey in the cropping season of 1999–2000. Owing to the results of the survey study signing soil and plant S deficiency, a greenhouse and field study were conducted during 2000–2001 on the effect of S on yield and yield components of bread (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Bezostaja) and durum (Triticum durum L. cv. Kiziltan) wheat cultivars. According to the survey study results, more than 50% of the soil, plant straw, and grain samples contained lower S than the critical limits. Significant positive correlations were observed between total and extractable soil‐S (r = 0.4799), and also between both the total and extractable soil‐S and grain‐S (r = 0.3097 and r = 0.4162). Additionally significant positive correlation was observed between straw and grain‐S (r = 0.4500). Yield and some of th...

Bu çalışma, Farklı özellikler taşıyan topraklara farklı dozlarda uygulanan Zn'nin mısır bitkisinin gelişimi ile bitkinin kimi besin elementleri içeriklerine etkisini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır Bu amaçla toprağa 0, 5, 10 ve 20 ppm olacak şekilde Zn (Zn-EDTA) uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, genelde bütün topraklarda artan Zn dozlarına bağlı olarak bitki kuru madde miktarı ile bitkinin Zn içeriği artmış buna karşılık diğer besin elementi içerikleri azalmıştır

Maize plants (Hybrit G-5050) were grown in soil containing available zinc content 0.2 µg Zn/g. Zinc were applied in the amounts of 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 µg Zn/g levels as ZnSO4 7H2 O, under greenhouse conditions. Dry weight of maize increased by the application of increasing amounts of zinc. Maize plant's dry weight increased from 8.94 g/pot at the Zn0 level to 13.64 g/pot at the Zn1 level, to 14.96 g/pot at the Zn2 level and to 14.21 g/pot at the Zn3 level showing a 52.6 %, 67.3 %, 58.9 % respectively. Zinc deficiency symptoms were appeared at the maize plants growing in the control pots. The zinc contents of experimental plant increased by the application of increasing amounts of zinc. As compared to the control, zinc contents increased in 275 %, 356 %, and 638 % of the experimental soils by the application of zinc, respectively. The iron, copper and manganese contents of maize plant decreased whereas the chlorophyll contents increased in accordance with the increased amount of zinc applications., Araştırma, bitkiye yarayışlı çinkoca yoksul (0.2 µg Zn/g) olan toprakta mısır (Hybrit G-5050 ) bitkisi yetiştirilerek sera denemesi şeklinde yürütülmüştür. Denemede toprağa çinko 0, 2.5, 5.0 ve 10.0 µg Zn/g düzeylerinde ve ZnSO4 7H2 O şeklinde çözelti halinde uygulanmıştır. Mısır bitkisinin kuru madde miktarı artan miktarlarda uygulanan çinkoyla artmıştır. Deneme bitkisinin kuru madde miktarı Zn0 uygulamasında 8.94 g/saksı iken, çinkolu gübrelemenin etkisiyle Zn1 uygulamasında %52.6'lık bir artışla 13.64 g/saksı, Zn2 uygulamasında % 67.3'lük artışla 14.96 g/saksı ve Zn3 uygulamasında ise % 58.9'luk artışla 14.21 g/saksı ya ulaşmıştır. Çinko verilmeyen saksılarda yetiştirilen mısır bitkisinde çinko noksanlık belirtileri görülmüş ve bitkinin çinko kapsamı, artan çinkolu gübreleme ile belirgin bir biçimde artmıştır. Bu artışlar kontrole göre sırasıyla % 275, 356 ve 638 düzeylerinde gerçekleşmiştir. Mısır bitkisinin demir, bakır ve mangan kapsamları bitkiye verilen çinkoya bağlı olarak azalırken klorofil kapsamı artmıştır.

Undo ubtedly organic matter content of soils is one of theim portant factor for high quality and abundant crop production. In addition to improve the physical properties ofsoil, organic matter contributest ocrop production viabeing energy source formicro-organisms in soiland contained plantnutrients. Fiftypercent of theagri cultures oil contains 1-2 % organicmatter in Turkey.In addition to being a sourceof organic matter, organic poultry manurefertilizer isricherthan other organic fertilizerse specially nitrogen content. It is possible to eliminate poultry manure based salt stress and disease factors with composting process in proper conditions.

Bu çal ışmada, t ı n ve kil tekstüre sahip 2 farkl ı toprakta yetiştirilen arpa bitkisinin geli şmesi üzerine çay at ığı ile ah ı r gübresi ve değişik kimyasal gübreler etkinlikleri yönünden kar şı laştı r ı lm ışt ı r. Bu amaçla, yürütülen sera denemesinde plastik saks ı lara 2000 g toprak konularak arpa bitkisi yeti ştirilmiştir. Toprağa; çay at ığı 1 ton/da , ah ı r gübresi 1 ton/da , azot 8 kg N/da + fosfor 4 kg P/da , NP+ Fel 5 ppm Fe , NP+Fe2 10 ppm Fe , NP+ Znl 1 ppm Zn , NP+Zn2 3 ppm Zn , NP+Cul 1 ppm Cu , NP+Cu2 2 ppm Cu uygulanm ışt ı r. Arpa bitkisinin kuru madde miktar ı üzerine çay atığı n ı n etkisi killi toprakta daha belirgin olmu ştur. Ah ı r gübresi ve diğer kimyasal gübrelerle kar şı laşt ı r ı ld ığı nda çay atığı n ı n etkisi istatistiki yönden yeterli düzeyde önemli bulunmam ışt ı r. En yüksek kuru madde t ı n tekstürlü toprakta NP+Zn2 uygulamas ı nda elde edilmiştir. Varyans analiz sonuçlar ı uygulanan işlemlerin t ı n tekstürlü toprakta arpa bitkisinin azot, fosfor ve çinko; kil tekstürlü toprakta da azot, fosfor, demir ve çinko kapsamlar ı üzerine önemli etki yapt ığı n ı göstermiştir. NP uygulamas ı na göre NP ile birlikte Znl ve Zn2 uygulamalar ı deneme bitkisinin P kapsam ı n ı önemli düzeyde azalt ı rken Zn kapsam ı n ı n önemli düzeyde artmas ı na neden olmuştur. Bu durum ZnxP interaksiyonu ile aç ı klanm ışt ı r., Effects of the tea waste, manure and various fertilizers on the growth of barley plant grown on the different textured soils have been compared. For this purpose, barley plants were grown in PVC pots filled with loam and clay textured soil under greenhouse conditions. The tea waste and the manure were applied to the experimental soils with 1 ton/da levels. Nitrogen and phosphorus were applied at 8 kg N/da and 4 kg P/da respectively. NP+Fel 5 ppm Fe , NP+Fe2 10 ppm Fe , NP+Zn1 1 ppm Zn , NP+Zn2 3 ppm Zn , NP+Cul 1 ppm Cu , NP+Cu2 2 ppm Cu were applied to the soils before seeding. The effect of the tea waste on dry matter yield of barley plants was occured clearly in the clay textured soil. The effect of the tea waste was not found statistically significant when compared to animal manure and the fertilizers. The highest dry matter yield was obtained from olay soil with the treatment of NP+Zn2. The analysis of variance have shown that the treatments effected significantly on the nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc content of barley plants grown in the loam soil and the nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and zinc content of barley plants grown in the clay soils. While the phosphorus content of barley plants decreased the zinc contents of barley plant were increased significantly in the application of NP+Zn1 and NP+Zn2 treatments. This was explained with the interaction between zinc and phosphorus.

WOS: 000173749600009 Seeds of twenty wheat cultivars grown with (+Zn = 23 kg Zn ha(-1)) and without zinc (Zn) fertilization in a Zn-deficient calcareous soil in Central Anatolia were analyzed for the levels of Zn, phosphorus (P), phytic acid, and phytase activity. Additionally, seeds of four wheat cultivars grown on 55 different locations in Turkey were also analyzed for Zn, P, and phytic acid. In the field experiment with 20 wheat cultivars, seed Zn concentrations showed a range between 7 to 11 mg kg(-1) under Zn-deficient and 14 to 23 mg kg(-1) under Zn-added conditions. Zinc fertilization reduced seed concentrations of P and phytic acid of all cultivars. On average, the reductions caused by Zn fertilization were from 3.9 to 3.5 mg g(-1) for P and from 10.7 to 9.1 mg g(-1) for phytic acid. Irrespective of Zn fertilization, seed phytic acid concentrations showed a large genotypic variation, i.e., from 7 to 12 mg g I with Zn fertilization and 8 to 13 mg g I at nil Zn treatment. As a result of decreases in phytic acid and increases in Zn concentrations by Zn fertilization, phytic acid to Zn molar ratios in seeds of cultivars markedly decreased. On average for ail cultivars, phytic acid to Zn molar ratios decreased from 126 to 56 with Zn fertilization. Seed phytase activity of cultivars was not consistently influenced by varied Zn supply. However, on average for 20 cultivars, Zn fertilization tended to decrease phytase activity. In seeds of four wheat cultivars collected from 55 locations, the concentrations of Zn, P, and phytic acid ranged from 8 to 34 mg kg(-1), 2.1 to 4.9 mg g(-1), and 5.8 to 14.3 mg kg(-1), respectively. Results obtained in the present study indicate that seed Zn concentrations of wheat cultivars grown in different locations of Turkey, especially under Zn-deficient conditions, are very low. Considering very high phytic acid: Zn molar ratios it can be suggested that bioavailability of Zn would be very low for humans.