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The extreme temperatures and humidity are quite disturbing climatic conditions and clothing is the only protective material in these cases. During the interactions of the human body, clothing, and the environment, to maintain thermal equilibrium, thermo physiological comfort is crucially important. In general, the thermo physiological comfort features of a fabric include thermal conductivity, thermal flow, thermal absorbtivity, thermal resistance, thickness, water vapor permeability and air permeability. In this study, 21 different kinds of woven shirt fabrics produced from fibers in various blends have been treated with both classical and nano chemicals in four different concentrations to produce fabrics having different water-oil repellent and wrinkle resistant characteristics. The effects of the fiber type, treatment method, chemical type, and chemical concentration on the thermal, water vapor and air permeability properties of the fabrics treated with various finishing processes were investigated by statistical analysis. The results of thermal related properties, air permeability and water vapor permeability of the fabrics confirmed that using cotton, lyocell, and viscose shirt fabrics treated with transfer method could be advantageous, especially in hot climatic regions., Research Foundation of Ege University [2006-MuH-053], The authors acknowledge the Research Foundation of Ege University for the financial support given to this study (Project number: 2006-MuH-053).

Identifying, surveying, monitoring and protecting natural forests is a major task in conservation biology. However, it is often challenging to identify which forest is natural, especially in human-altered regions such as the Mediterranean. Consequently, the distributions of natural Mediterranean forest types and their underlying factors are often unclear. Here, we attempt to explain the restricted and scattered distribution of natural Pinus pinea (Stone pine) forests in western Anatolia (Turkey) by comparing it with the distribution and ecology of the widespread Pinus brutia (Turkish pine) forests in this area. We used climatic and topographic predictors to test for differences between forests dominated by these two pine species. We modelled the realized niches of both pine species using the most relevant climatic predictors. Then, we compared soil data collected in the field, partly complemented with those published in the literature. We found small differences in climatic (precipitation and temperature) and topographic characteristics between the two forest types, which did not adequately explain the differences in the distribution range of P. brutia and P. pinea dominated forests. Our data suggest that these two forest types mainly differ in soil characteristics. The primary habitat of natural P. pinea forests is characterized by a low soil pH and calcium content. The rare occurrence of such soil conditions in western Anatolia likely shapes the scattered distribution of P. pinea forests. Our study suggests that natural P. pinea forests are rare habitats that should be in the focus of nature conservation.

The high urbanization rate of Istanbul in response to rapid population decreased the size and amount of green spaces. Thereby, every green space types are of vital importance in terms of conservati...

Aim The first comprehensive checklist of European phytosociological alliances, orders and classes (EuroVegChecklist) was published by Mucina et al. (2016, Applied Vegetation Science, 19 (Suppl. 1), 3-264). However, this checklist did not contain detailed information on the distribution of individual vegetation types. Here we provide the first maps of all alliances in Europe. Location Europe, Greenland, Canary Islands, Madeira, Azores, Cyprus and the Caucasus countries. Methods We collected data on the occurrence of phytosociological alliances in European countries and regions from literature and vegetation-plot databases. We interpreted and complemented these data using the expert knowledge of an international team of vegetation scientists and matched all the previously reported alliance names and concepts with those of the EuroVegChecklist. We then mapped the occurrence of the EuroVegChecklist alliances in 82 territorial units corresponding to countries, large islands, archipelagos and peninsulas. We subdivided the mainland parts of large or biogeographically heterogeneous countries based on the European biogeographical regions. Specialized alliances of coastal habitats were mapped only for the coastal section of each territorial unit. Results Distribution maps were prepared for 1,105 alliances of vascular-plant dominated vegetation reported in the EuroVegChecklist. For each territorial unit, three levels of occurrence probability were plotted on the maps: (a) verified occurrence; (b) uncertain occurrence; and (c) absence. The maps of individual alliances were complemented by summary maps of the number of alliances and the alliance-area relationship. Distribution data are also provided in a spreadsheet. Conclusions The new map series represents the first attempt to characterize the distribution of all vegetation types at the alliance level across Europe. There are still many knowledge gaps, partly due to a lack of data for some regions and partly due to uncertainties in the definition of some alliances. The maps presented here provide a basis for future research aimed at filling these gaps. This project was funded by the Czech Science Foundation (grant no. 19-28491X). LM was supported by Iluka Chair of Vegetation Science & Biogeography, Murdoch University, Perth; IB, JAC and JL by the Basque Government (IT936-16); TMH by the European Social Fund (POCH and NORTE 2020) and National Funds (MCTES) through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia postdoctoral fellowship (SFRH/BPD/115057/2016) and project UIDB/04033/2020; AC and FK by the Slovenian Research Agency (P1-0236 to AC and program for Young Researchers to FK); SR by the University of Latvia (AAp2016/B041/Zd2016/AZ03); and KS by the Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences (RVO 67985939).

In the process of producing information from images with very or ultra-high spatial resolution (VHR and UHR), the most accurate results are achieved by using object-based image analysis (OBIA) techniques. The most economical method to obtain UHR images is to use sensor systems that are integrated into unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). In this study, which combines UHR-UAV-based images and OBIA-based analyzes, individual tree crown parameters were obtained, and the results were examined using various accuracy analysis techniques. For this purpose, the UAV data acquisition was performed at the altitude of 40 m above ground level, and a ground sample distance (GSD) of 1.28 cm was obtained. Photogrammetric processes were performed using the structure-from-motion (SfM) techniques, and orthomosaic and photogrammetric point cloud data were generated with 2.46 cm RMSE. OBIA-based techniques were applied to these data, and the individual tree heights, crown borders and related parameters were derived. For the accuracy analysis, actual tree heights were collected with terrestrial measurements. The reference tree crown borders were stereoscopically interpreted from UAV-based images. In this study, the accuracy of the tree crown borders and tree heights were tested over 31 parameters. Recommendations were presented by interpreting the ultimate accuracy values to determine the accuracy of the data obtained using OBIA techniques. As a result, OBIA techniques will increase the effectiveness and preciseness forest inventory applications, such as determination of the stand structural characteristics (canopy cover, canopy gaps, stand height etc.).

Aim: Vegetation types of Mediterranean thermophilous pine forests dominated by Pinus brutia, Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinaster and Pinus pinea were studied in various areas. However, a comprehensive formal vegetation classification of these forests based on a detailed data analysis has never been developed. Our aim is to provide the first broad-scale classification of these pine forests based on a large data set of vegetation plots. Location: Southern Europe, North Africa, Levant, Anatolia, Crimea and the Caucasus. Methods: We prepared a data set of European and Mediterranean pine forest vegetation plots. We selected 7,277 plots dominated by the cold-sensitive Mediterranean pine species Pinus brutia, Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinaster and Pinus pinea. We classified these plots using TWINSPAN, interpreted the ecologically and biogeographically homogeneous TWINSPAN clusters as alliances, and developed an expert system for automatic vegetation classification at the class, order and alliance levels. Results: We described Pinetea halepensis as a new class for the Mediterranean lowland to submontane pine forests, included in the existing Pinetalia halepensis order, and distinguished 12 alliances of native thermophilous pine forests, including four newly described and three informal groups merging supposedly native stands and old-established plantations. The main gradients in species composition reflect elevational vegetation belts and the west-east, and partly north-south, biogeographical differences. Both temperature and precipitation seasonality co-vary with these gradients. Conclusions: We provide the first formal classification at the order and alliance levels for all the Mediterranean thermophilous pine forests based on vegetation-plot data. This classification includes traditional syntaxa, which have been critically revised, and a new class and four new alliances. We also outline a methodological workflow that might be useful for other vegetation classification syntheses. The expert system, which is jointly based on pine dominance and species composition, is a tool for applying this classification in research and nature conservation survey, monitoring and management. Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University; Free University of Bozen-Bolzano [TN201H]; Czech Science FoundationGrant Agency of the Czech Republic [19-28491X]; Plan Propio of the UCLM [2020-GRIN-29214]; European Social Fund (POCH); National Funds (MCTES) through a Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia postdoctoral fellowship [SFRH/BPD/115057/2016, UIDB/04033/2020] GB was funded by the post-doc programme of the Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University and by the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano through the CONplant project (TN201H), JD, IK, LT and MC by the Czech Science Foundation (19-28491X), FFG by the Plan Propio of the UCLM (2020-GRIN-29214), TMH by the European Social Fund (POCH), by National Funds (MCTES) through a Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia postdoctoral fellowship (SFRH/BPD/115057/2016) and project no. UIDB/04033/2020.

Aim: This work explores whether the commonly observed positive range size-niche breadth relationship exists for Fagus, one of the most dominant and widespread broad-leaved deciduous tree genera in temperate forests of the Northern Hemisphere. Additionally, we ask whether the 10 extant Fagus species' niche breadths and climatic tolerances are under phylogenetic control. Location: Northern Hemisphere temperate forests. Taxon: Fagus L. Methods: Combining the global vegetation database sPlot with Chinese vegetation data, we extracted 107,758 releves containing Fagus species. We estimated biotic and climatic niche breadths per species using plot-based co-occurrence data and a resource-based approach, respectively. We examined the relationships of these estimates with range size and tested for their phylogenetic signal, prior to which a Random Forest (RF) analysis was applied to test which climatic properties are most conserved across the Fagus species. Results: Neither biotic niche breadth nor climatic niche breadth was correlated with range size, and the two niche breadths were incongruent as well. Notably, the widespread North American F. grandifolia had a distinctly smaller biotic niche breadth than the Chinese Fagus species (F. engleriana, F. hayatae, F. longipetiolata and F. lucida) with restricted distributions in isolated mountains. The RF analysis revealed that cold tolerance did not differ among the 10 species, and thus may represent an ancestral, fixed trait. In addition, neither biotic nor climatic niche breadths are under phylogenetic control. Main Conclusions: We interpret the lack of a general positive range size-niche breadth relationship within the genus Fagus as a result of the widespread distribution, high among-region variation in available niche space, landscape heterogeneity and Quaternary history. The results hold when estimating niche sizes either by fine-scale co-occurrence data or coarse-scale climate data, suggesting a mechanistic link between factors operating across spatial scales. Besides, there was no evidence for diverging ecological specialization within the genus Fagus. National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); Ministry of Science and Technology of ChinaMinistry of Science and Technology, China; National Key Research and Development Program of China; Grantova Agentura Ceske RepublikyGrant Agency of the Czech Republic; Chinese Scholarship CouncilChina Scholarship Council; Independent Research Fund Denmark; Villum Fonden; German Research FoundationGerman Research Foundation (DFG); Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport of the Czech Republic, program Inter-Excellence; Natural Sciences project TREECHANGE National Natural Science Foundation of China; Ministry of Science and Technology of China; National Key Research and Development Program of China; Grantova Agentura Ceske Republiky; Chinese Scholarship Council; Independent Research Fund Denmark; Natural Sciences project TREECHANGE; Villum Fonden; German Research Foundation; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport of the Czech Republic, program Inter-Excellence

Health constitutes power and the societies who track developments in health sector hold power. The developed countries such as Canada lead the field and developing countries such Turkey follows them. The problems in Turkey healthcare system is getting be solved year by year but there are still shortcomings in established system like insufficient precautions for decreasing unreliable emergency callings and unnecessary intensity in emergency departments. This study took inspiration from Telehealth which is a component of Canadian healthcare system and focuses on reducing the rate of unreliable callings to 112 and intensity in emergency departments by designing a mobile health application for heart attack situation. In this study, it is aimed to design an application named as Docto’Ring’ with giving information of how to use the application and how the emergency situation was determined which enables to call ambulances with appeared button. Besides, the user interface was prepared in detail. The testing process was done only by government due to the laws about health constraints.

This study aimed at analyzing the diversity and ecological characteristics of forest associations (121 relevés classified under eight associations) in Küre Mountains National Park. Ordination analyses (DCA and CCA) and response curves were used to reveal ecological characteristics of vegetation using soil parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, sand, clay and dust content, soil moisture) and topographical variables (altitude, slope, potential direct incident radiation and heat load). Ecological conditions of communities were also tested using average Ellenberg indicator values (EIVs). Among forest associations, the highest species diversity was found inPhillyreo latifoliae-Pinetum brutiaeand the lowest diversity inHedero-Castanetum sativae, which had a denseRhododendron ponticumshrub layer. However,Salicio-Platanetum orientaleandBuxo sempervirens-Carpinetum betulihad the highest beta diversity since they harbored unique species composition. Conditional effects of altitude, slope, pH and electrical conductivity, soil dust and sand content, sandy-loam and loam soil types presented significant contributions in species composition. WhileCarpino-Quercetum petraeaewas found on soil with high dust content having high pH and electrical conductivity values,Quercetum roburi-Aceretum campestriandSalicio-Platanetum orientalewere related to soil with loam. Species responses to soil and topographical variables varied for most tree species. Light EIVs, which has a high positive correlation with potential direct incident radiation and heat load, related toPhillyreo latifoliae-Pinetum brutiaeandSalicio-Platanetum orientale. Riverside forest communities differed from other communities in nutrient and humidity EIVs. However, EIVs did not show a good correlation with associated soil parameters such as soil moisture-humidity EIVs and soil pH-acidity EIVs., Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la diversidad y características ecológicas de asociaciones forestales (121 registros clasificados en ocho asociaciones) en el Parque Nacional Montañas de Küre. Se utilizaron análisis de ordenación (DCA y CCA) y curvas de respuesta para revelar las características ecológicas de la vegetación, utilizando parámetros del suelo (pH, CE, arena, contenido de arcilla y limo, humedad del suelo) y variables topográficas (altitud, pendiente, radiación incidente directa potencial y carga de calor). Las condiciones ecológicas de las comunidades también se probaron utilizando indicadores de Ellenberg (EIV). Entre las asociaciones forestales, la mayor diversidad de especies se encontró enPhillyreo latifoliae-Pinetum brutiaey la menor enHedero-Castanetum sativae, que presentó densa capa de arbustos deRhododendron ponticum.Salicio-Platanetum orientaleyBuxo sempervirens-Carpinetum betulituvieron la mayor diversidad beta ya que albergaron una composición de especies única. Los efectos de la altitud, pendiente, pH y CE, contenido de limo y arena del suelo y los tipos de suelo franco-arenoso y franco tuvieron contribuciones significativas en la composición de especies.Carpino-Quercetum petraeaese encontró en suelos con alto contenido de limo y valores altos de pH y CE;Quercetum roburi-Aceretum campestriySalicio-Platanetum orientalese relacionaron con suelos francos. Las respuestas de las especies al suelo y las variables topográficas variaron para la mayoría de las especies de árboles. EIV pequeños, con alta correlación positiva con PDIR y carga térmica, se relacionaron conPhillyreo latifoliae-Pinetum brutiaeySalicio-Platanetum orientale. Las comunidades de bosques ribereños se diferenciaron de otras comunidades con EIV de nutrientes y humedad. Los EIV no mostraron buena correlación con parámetros del suelo, como EIV de humedad y humedad del suelo y EIV de pH y acidez del suelo.

Kenar, Nihal ( Aksaray, Yazar ), The Central Anatolian vegetation has diverse site conditions and small-scale plant diversity. For this reason, identification of plant communities is important for understanding their ecology and nature conservation. This study aims to contribute the syntaxonomical classification of the Central Anatolian vegetation. The study area is situated among Güzelyurt, Narköy, and Bozköy (Niǧde) in the east of Aksaray province of Central Anatolia in Turkey. The vegetation data were collected using the phytosociological method of Braun-Blanquet and classified using TWINSPAN. The ecological characteristics of the units were investigated with Detrended Correspondence Analysis. Three new plant associations were described in the study. The steppe association was included in Onobrychido armenae-Thymetalia leucostomi and Astragalo microcephali-Brometea tomentelli. The forest-steppe association was classified under Quercion anatolicae in Quercetea pubescentis. The riparian association is the first poplar-dominated one described in Turkey and, classified under Alno glutinosae-Populetea albae and its alliance Populion albae.

WOS: 000413107700008 Aim : This research is based on vegetation elaboration of Elmacik Mountain in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey, which has a quite rich floristic and vegetation diversity. Methodology : Since varied ecological conditions cause a diverse vegetation in the region, vegetation environment relation was analyzed with multivariate statistical techniques. In the context of the study, syntaxonomical scheme of the region was introduced and ecological characteristics of the main forest types and vegetation data were analyzed using environmental variables and Ellenberg Indicator Values (EIVs) derived from species composition. Results : The forest vegetation was presented by 2 classes and 2 orders which contained 4 alliances and 11 associations. Constrained ordination revealed that the altitude is the most important factor affecting species composition (23.1 %), followed by soil depth (19.1 %). However, when conditional effects of variables are considered, forest cover (16.7 %) had the highest contribution following altitude (23.1 %). Hyperico calycini-Quercetum petraea had the highest species diversity because of one-storied and light penetrating leaf structure. However, Rhododenro pontici-Fagetum orientalis had the lowest species diversity due to a dense shrub cover consisting of Rhododendron ponticum. Average EIVs for continentality, soil nutrient and light were positively correlated with altitude and nutrient EIVs with soil depth, stand height and cover. Radiation index calculated from latitude, slope degree and aspect showed correlation with light and continentality EIVs. Interpretation : Altitudinal distribution of forest communities was mainly affected by exposure and soil conditions (soil depth, soil type) in the region. Species variation in each unit was well explained with the average EIVs, which were also supported with the measured environmental variables.

Yurtseven, Huseyin/0000-0003-2469-9365; Akay, Anil Orhan/0000-0002-8745-0295; AKGUL, MUSTAFA/0000-0001-6387-5080 WOS:000462992500008 Terrestrial light detection and ranging technology provides an accurate measurement of individual tree parameters that are essential for managing forest resources, modeling forest fires, planning forest operations, etc. This study aimed to measure individual tree parameters to model a single tree using terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) data. A high-resolution digital terrain model (DTM) was generated using point cloud data (2,800,430 points) to obtain the tree parameters. Next, the diameter of breast heights (DBH), tree heights, tree lengths, tree projection areas, and crown parameters were calculated using 3D Forest 0.42 software. In order to evaluate the capabilities of TLS data, estimated tree parameters were compared with the parameters obtained by field measurements. Regression analysis and paired sample t-test were performed to compare the DBH and tree height values estimated by TLS with those obtained from field measurements. We found a strong relationship between the field measurements and TLS estimates for DBHs (R-2 = 0.99) with 1.65 cm root mean square error (RMSE) and tree heights (R-2 = 0.98) with RMSE = 0.724 m. The paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test for DBH groups showed no significant difference (P = 0.7285 > 0.05), whereas according to the results of the paired sample t-test for the height groups, there were significant differences between tree heights (P = 0.015 < 0.05; t = -2.55). The results also indicate that TLS is an effective measurement tool to provide highly accurate and precise results for 3D modelling of tree structure parameters without cutting trees. TLS also has great potential to provide many individual tree attributes with high accuracy, which can be used for further evaluations in many forestry disciplines such as silviculture, nature conservation, forest management, and urban forestry.

Clear-cutting of powerline corridors (PLCs) adversely affects ecosystem function by fragmenting intact forests and supports biodiversity with the development of a structurally diverse vegetation. The study aimed to determine diversity and composition caused by clear-cutting and monitor change in species composition on the PLC passing through Research Forest of IUC Faculty of Forestry. Species composition was monitored in 10 permanent plots on the clear-cut area (over 3 years) paired on the forest edge (over 2 years) and forest interior (first year). Diversity, the cover of invasive plants, and life form traits of the sample plots were compared. Change in species composition with time was determined with redundancy analysis (RDA) for repeated measures using CANOCO 5. Open-site conditions caused by clear-cutting promoted the number of hemicryptophyte and therophyte life forms which resulted in a high species richness on the clear-cut area (167 species), followed by forest edge (117 species) and forest interior (60 species). However, species richness which showed a peak in the second year was decreased at the end of 3 years. Total cover of invasives was considerably higher on the clear-cut area (23%) compared with the forest (3.78%) and did not make a significant effect on forest interior species in narrow corridors. Clear-cutting combined with slash piling promoted the undesired vertical development of tree sprouts and Robinia pseudoacacia which shortened management rotation in a short period. However, sites dominated by shrubs such as Cistus creticus and Cistus salviifolius suppressed the development and invasion of undesirable trees.

Large thematic databases of vegetation plots are increasingly needed for vegetation studies and biodiversity research. In this paper, we present the CircumMed Pine Forest Database (GIVD ID: EU-00-026), which in November 2018, comprised records from 6317 pine-dominated vegetation plots (relevés) and associated vegetation types from 20 countries of the Mediterranean Basin, Near East and Crimea. These vegetation plots were collected through a detailed literature search for plots not previously included in the European Vegetation Archive (EVA), in order to fill geographic gaps in data coverage. The database comprises Mediterranean (including Oromediterranean) pine-forest vegetation plots from both published and unpublished sources. All vegetation plots are georeferenced, although coordinates vary in accuracy. The database is accessible through EVA or from its Custodian. We anticipate the CircumMed Pine Forest Database will be a valuable resource for various types of broad-scale studies in the fields of vegetation classification, plant invasion ecology, macroecology and biological conservation. Abbreviations: EU = European Union; EVA = European Vegetation Archive; EVS = European Vegetation Survey; GIVD = Global Index of Vegetation-Plot Databases.

Aim of study: This paper provides an analysis of growth and survival of twenty–year–old Scots pine saplings in relation to canopy cover density (CCD) gradients, from dense (D–CCD), sparse (S–CCD), and gap (G–CCD) situations. Area of study: Aladag (Bolu) in northern Turkey. Material and methods: Sparse canopy cover density (S–CCD), dense canopy cover density (D–CCD) and gap canopy (G–CCD) were chosen within ten different strip sample plots (10 × 50 m) with sapling regeneration cores. Those regeneration cores were divided into two portions (individuals at the edge and middle of the regeneration cores) and from each portion three individuals was were obtained from a sample. The growth relationships of individual saplings were calculated with stem analyses. Honowski Light Factor (HLF) (ratio of Terminal sprout length (T) to Lateral sprout length (L)) was used to present growth potential measure of seedlings. Main results: The largest sapling regeneration cores were found in the G–CCD followed by S–CCD, and finally D–CCD, all tested for significance with Kruskal–Wallis Test. Compared with saplings in the middle of regeneration cores (crop saplings), those at the edge were always reduced in terms of mean height. Significant difference was only found between the ‘Main Crop’ and the ‘Edge 1’ of the regeneration cores for G–CCD suggesting that sapling regeneration cores are more typical under G–CCD conditions. HLF ratios were greater than 1 with high growth potentials for both CCD gradients (G–CCD and S–CCD) and there were no significant variations between G–CCD and S–CCD for main crop and edges. The thinning after 12 – 14 years increased sapling growth. However, under D–CCD, growth had virtually ceased. Research highlights: Naturally occurring Scots pine saplings are suppressed by a dense canopy. However, they are tolerant of shade to the extent that they can survive over relatively long time–periods (10–12 years) and can exploit subsequent opportunities should a canopy gap occur. Keywords : Gap regeneration; sapling growth; light regime; canopy cover density; irregular silviculture.

Vejetasyon analizi calismalarinda, Avrupa’da yaygin olarak kullanilan gosterge tur sisteminin pek cok avantaji bulunmaktadir. Bu sistem, floristik veriler kullanilarak ekolojik kosullar hakkinda herhangi bir olcum yapmadan kolayca yorum yapma imkani sunmaktadir. Turkiye’de yapilmis olan cok sayidaki bitki sosyolojisi calismalari dikkate alindiginda, gosterge turlerle ilgili bazi degisiklerin yapilmasi durumunda bitki toplumlarinin ya da turlerin gosterge degerleri hakkinda onemli bilgiler elde edilebilir. Bu calismada, Avrupa florasi icin duzenlenmis olan PignattiEllenberg gosterge degerleri (EIVs) yardimiyla Citdere bolgesindeki orman toplumlarini; isik, sicaklik, nem, karasallik, toprak reaksiyonu ve toprak besin maddesi kriterleri bakimindan karsilastirarak, ortalama gosterge degerlerin ekolojik kosullari ne oranda yansittigi test edilmistir. Gunesli ve golgeli bakilarda yayilis gosteren toplumlar; nem, toprak besin maddesi, isik ve sicaklik gosterge degerleri bakiminda farkliliklar gostermistir. Normal parametrik ve permutasyon testleri kullanildiginda 6 gosterge degerinin tamami, modifiye edilmis permutasyon testi kullanildiginda ise sadece sicaklik ve isik ortalama gosterge degerleri bolgedeki 8 orman toplumu icin istatistiksel olarak farklilik gostermistir. Nispeten daha dar alanlarda yayilis gosteren Pinus sylvestris ve Quercus petraea orman toplumlari, ortme derecelerine gore agirliklandirilmis verinin kullanilmasiyla sicaklik ve karasallik gosterge degerleriyle daha fazla korelasyon gostermistir.

Selanik Ataturk Evi’nin bahcesindeki Ataturk’un babasi Ali Riza Efendi tarafindan dikildigi rivayet olunan tarihi nar agaci, tarihi ve kulturel degeri nedeniyle muzenin en cok ilgi ceken noktalarindan biri haline gelmistir. Ancak dogal yaslanma surecinin getirdigi sorunlarin yani sira, muzenin restorasyon calismalari kapsaminda bahcede gerceklestirilen duzenlemeler ve agaca uygulanan yanlis bakim mudahaleleri nedeniyle agacin sagliginda ciddi bozulmalar ortaya cikmistir. Bu nedenle agacin cokus surecini onleyerek uzun sure hayatta kalabilmesi icin duzenli bakim mudahaleleri zorunlu hale gelmistir. Bu calismada, bilimsel literaturde bilinen uzun omurlu anit veya anitsal nitelikteki agaclarda uygulanan ozel tek agac bakimi ve korunmasi onlemlerinin nar gibi bilimsel literaturde ornegi olmayan bir agacta uygulanmasi ile ilgili teknik bilgiler verilmistir.

In this study, in order to produce different water-oil repellent and wrinkle resistant fabrics, 21 different kinds of blended woven fabrics were treated (padded and transfered) with both classic and nano chemicals according to 4 different levels of concentrations. Afterwards, water, oil repellency and wrinkle angle recovery properties of the fabrics were measured. The purpose of this study is to predict these aforementioned functional properties of the fabrics before manufacturing based on the fabric blend, treatment method, used chemicals and chemical concentrations with the help of multi layer perceptron, one of the most popular network architecture. As a result of the study, it can be concluded that multi layer perceptron method can also be used for the classification problems successfully.

Bu calismada, Yersel Lazer Tarayici (YLT) kullanarak kentsel ortamlardaki bireysel ve alle seklinde agaclarin modellenmesine yonelik parametlerin olculmesi amaclanmistir. Calisma alani olarak Istanbul Universitesi Orman Fakultesi kampusu icerisinde yer alan Dar yaprakli disbudak (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl. ) yol bolumu secilmistir. Calisma kapsaminda agaclarin gogus yuksekligi capi (d1.30), boyu, yas dal yuksekligi, agaclar arasindaki aralik ve mesafe olcumleri gerceklestirilmistir. Bununla birlikte agaclarin zamana gore degisimlerini bir butun olarak aciklamak ve farkli bolumleri arasinda baglantilar kurmak amaciyla agac zonlari modeli olusturulmustur. Olcumler sonucunda agaclarin d1.30 cap degerleri hem YLT hemde yersel olcum teknigine gore 24 cm ile 45,6 cm arasinda degisim gostermistir. Istatistiki analiz sonucunda yersel olcum ile elde edilen d1.30 cap ortalamasi YLT olcum degerlerinden yuksek olmasina ragmen olcumler arasinda anlamli fark bulunamamistir. Regresyon analizi sonucuna gore Yersel olcum ile YLT olcumleri arasinda anlamli dogrusal iliski oldugu ortaya cikmistir (R2=0,971, p

Günümüzde tekstil sektöründe artan rekabetten dolayı çok fonksiyonlu, koruyucu ve konforlu giysilerin üretilmesi ve geliştirilmesine yönelik eğilim her geçen gün artmaktadır. Giysiye; fonksiyonduk, kullanım ve bakım kolaylığı sağlayan su, yağ ve kir iticilik işlemleri büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu yazıda, bu işlemlerle ilgili temel ve güncel gelişmeler hakkında bilgi verilmektedir., Nowadays due to the growing competition on textile sector, trends in producing and developing multi-functional, protective and comfortable clothes are increased more and more. Water, oil and stain repellent treatments providing the functionality, easy care of clothes have great importance. In this article, it is given information about the fundamental and recent developments of these treatments.

Bu araştırmada, çeşitli enzimatik hidrofilleştirme işlemleri değerlendirilmiştir. Enzimatik haşıl sökme ve hidrofilleştirme işlemleri, tek ve iki banyolu olarak farklı enzim kombinasyonları ve konsantrasyonları ile yapılmıştır. Çalışma koşullarına uyumları dikkate alınarak amilaz, amilazAipaz kombinasyonu, alkali pektinaz, nötral selülaz ve asidik selülaz enzimleri kullanılmışlardır. Hem enzimler haşıl sökme ve hidrofilleştirme etkinliği açısından değerlendirilmiş, hem de enzimatik işlemler klasik bazik işlemler ile kıyaslanmışlardır. Hidrofilleştirmede alkali pektinazın en etkili enzim olduğu görülmüştür. Enzimatik işlemlerde banyo sayısı ve toplam enzim konsantrasyonundan çok enzimlerin cinsi önem taşımaktadır., In this research, various bioscouring processes were evaluated. Enzymatic desizing and scourings were applied in one and two stages treatments by using different enzyme combinations and concentrations. Amylase, amylase/lipase combination, alkaline pectinase, neutral cellulose and acidic cellulase were used by considering the compatibility with the working conditions. Both the enzymes were evaluated in terms of desizing and scouring efficiency and enzymatic processes were compared to conventional alkaline scourings. Alkaline pectinase was the most effective enzyme in scouring. The kinds of enzymes were crucial rather than the total concentration and the stages of the process.

Günümüzde tekstil sektöründe artan rekabetten dolayı çok fonksiyonlu, koruyucu ve konforlu giysilerin üretilmesi ve geliştirilmesine yönelik eğilim her geçen gün artmaktadır. Giysiye; fonksiyonellik, kullanım ve bakım kolaylığı sağlayan su, yağ ve kir iticilik işlemleri büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu yazıda, bu işlemlerle ilgili temel ve güncel gelişmeler hakkında bilgi verilmektedir., Nowadays due to the growing competition on textile sector, trends in producing and developing multi-functional, protective and comfortable clothes are increased more and more. Water, oil and stain repellent treatments providing the functionality, easy care of clothes have great importance. In this article, it is given information about the fundamental and recent developments of these treatments.

UV radiation is potentially dangerous to humans and can result in skin damage such as sunburn, premature skin ageing, allergies and even skin cancer. By treatment with UV absorbers, textiles can be provided effective protection against such damage.

The main problems of linen textiles are roughness, stiffness, and wrinkling tendency. To solve these problems, different finishing processes are necessary. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different finishing processes such as enzymatic treatment with cellulases, softening process with micro-silicone softener, and wrinkle resistance treatment with modified-DMDHEU (dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea), on the mechanical properties of linen fabric. The bio-polishing of linen fabrics was performed in laboratory type exhausting machine. The softening and wrinkle resistance processes were realized with laboratory padder for impregnation and laboratory stenter for drying and curing. The Kawabata Evaluation System was used to test tensile, bending, and shearing properties of linen fabric treated with different finishing processes. Moreover, the wrinkle recovery angles (WRAs) of untreated and treated samples were also investigated according to DIN 53890. It was found that the bio-polishing process is important like softening processes in accordance with the softness feel of linen fabric. While the WRA of the treated fabrics had increased, the mechanical properties (tensile, shear, and bending) of fabrics did not change significantly.