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The mobility of international students is a crucial tool for the European Union's goal of creating a unified European Higher Education Area. Despite the initial assumption that all European universities and students can benefit equally from cross-university study experiences, certain European regions have become disproportionately favored over time. This has resulted in specific geographical patterns, challenging the principles of equality and openness in the EU's higher education policy. To better understand these spatial effects and enhance the EU's mobility policy effectiveness, this research analyzes the network properties of Erasmus+, comparing it with traditional degree-seeking activities. Utilizing a modularity measure with data from the EU and UNESCO, the study reveals significant sub-regional variations in the Erasmus+ geographical network, posing challenges for policy implementation and limiting mobility alternatives.

This study examines the academic dishonesty tendencies, created metaphors and opinions on the "ethics" and "science and research ethics" and "opinions on the taken course" of prospective teachers who took the science and research ethics course. Embedded mixed design was preferred. Academic dishonesty tendency scale, semi-structured interview form and metaphor form were used as data collection tools. With the two-stage clustering performed, the average scores of the academic dishonesty tendency scale were divided into three clusters. It was found that the majority of prospective teachers have a low level of academic dishonesty tendency. According to the results obtained from semi-structured interviews, teacher candidates have expressed their views on the concept of "ethics" under the categories of instructor, student, and administrator. Their views on the concept of "science and research ethics" have been explained under the categories of determination of the subject, conducting studies, and publication of studies. It has been revealed that the course on science and research ethics contributes to the educational processes, personal development, and professional development of teacher candidates. Different metaphors were developed for the concepts of ethics, and science and research ethics. In addition, the metaphors developed regarding the concept of ethics were generally related to guiding and mentoring. The metaphors developed regarding the concept of science and research ethics are related to the things to be considered in a scientific study process, the way to be followed in scientific studies, and the importance of ethics in scientific studies. [Note: The page range (23-46) shown on the PDF is incorrect. The correct page range is 23-48.]

This study aims to determine the independent variables that have a significant effect on the level of students' adaptation to online education and their order of importance. Relational screening model was used in the study. Adaptability Level in Online Education dataset provided by Kaggle repository constitutes the main data source for this study. C5.0 decision tree algorithm was used to analyze the data. It was found that that 51,867% of the students had a moderate level of adaptation to online education, while 39,834% had low, and 8,299% had a high level adaptation. The findings indicate that students' level of adaption to online learning is insufficient. We also found that the variable that best explains the online education compliance levels is daily class duration. "Financial condition" was found as the best explanatory variable of the cluster formed by the students whom "daily class duration" was between "1-3 hours". "Age" was found as the best explanatory variable of the cluster formed by the students whom "daily class duration" was between "1-3 hours" and has "financial condition" of "poor", "mid" and "rich".

This study aims to determine the views of individuals who have experienced the distance education process as both students and teachers. The study group consists of individuals who both enrolled in graduate education programs at a state university and taught actively at K-12 institutions. The study is conducted with a phenomenological design. The Miles Huberman model was used in the analysis of the data. The problems faced by the participants in the distance education process, in which they took part both as teachers and students, were grouped under "instructor dimension, student dimension, family dimension, infrastructure, hardware, and physical environment dimension, social interaction dimension, and process dimension". The views of the participants on the assessment and evaluation processes in distance education as students were grouped under "measured learning outcomes, assessment and evaluation tools, assessment and evaluation systems, other factors that affect evaluation, negative situations, and positive situations". The same sub-themes occurred, except for "positive situations", when the views on assessment and evaluation processes in distance education were examined from the perspective of the teachers. Views on e-teacher qualifications were grouped under "technical knowledge, knowledge of instructional design, social skills, knowledge of pedagogical content, management skills, and knowledge of assessment and evaluation".

Devlet toplum için üretmek zorunda olduğu mal ve hizmetleri kamu harcamaları aracılığıyla yerine getirmektedir. Kamu harcamalarının en önemli ve en büyük gelir kaynağı vergilerdir. Vergiler firmalardan ve bireylerden karşılıksız olarak alınan ekonomik değerlerdir. Firmalardan ve bireylerden oluşan vergi mükellefleri, vergiye karşı bazı davranış ve tepkilerde bulunabilmektedirler. Vergi kaçırma, vergiden kaçınma, verginin reddi, vergi grevi, üretimden vazgeçme gibi mükellef davranış ve tepkileri oluşmaktadır.Türkiye’de vergilerin yapısı ve oranı gibi nedenlerden dolayı vergi mükellefleri vergi ödememek veya daha az ödemek yollarına girebilmektedirler. Toplanacak vergi miktarının azalması ise kamusal mal ve hizmetlerin miktarını azaltmakta ve kalitesini düşürmektedir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de vergi mükelleflerinin vergiye karşı tutumları ve bunların nedenleri üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar dikkate alınarak analiz edilecektir.

The aim of this research was to investigate the mediating role of time attitudes in the relationship between self-esteem and resilience in high school students. High school students' self-esteem, time attitude, and resilience have been researched comparatively. The research was carried out with a quantitative research design and survey method. Participants, who were selected using a convenience sampling method, were high school students. The 1,932 participants consisted of students in the following grade distribution: 793 ninth grade (248 male, 545 female); 365 tenth grade (78 male, 257 female); 350 eleventh grade (90 male, 260 female); and 434 twelfth grade (130 male, 324 female). Participants were selected from secondary education institutions in Sakarya and Kocaeli during COVID-19 from January to May 2021. Data were collected using tools such as the "Two Factored Self-Esteem Scale," "Adolescent Time Attitude Scale," and "Ego Resilience Scale." The data was analyzed with correlation analysis and regression-based mediation analysis to investigate the relationship between self-esteem, time attitude and resilience. The SPSS 22 package program was used to analyze the data. After analyzing the data, it has been concluded that the time attitude in adolescents indeed has a mediating role in the relationship between self-esteem and resilience. The results of the research will make important contributions to the related literature.

This study aims to investigate the effect of the teaching practice course on gaining 21st century teacher skills for pedagogical formation group teacher candidates. Participants views on the course, 21st century teachers, 21st century students, and metaphors created regarding these are also examined. We employed an embedded mixed design. In the quantitative part of the study, a single-group pre-test and post-test experimental design is used. The qualitative part is conducted with phenomenology. For data collection purposes, the 21st century teacher skills use scale, a semi-structured interview form, and a metaphor form were used. We found that the teaching practice course is effective for gaining 21st century teacher skills. This result can be interpreted as teacher candidates enrolled in pedagogical training programs being able to complete the program with acquired teaching skills and being capable of providing the necessary education to their students, composed of 21st century learners. Participants expressed their views on the concepts of 21st century teacher and 21st century student under different categories. Teaching practice courses contributed under the categories of professional skills, professional knowledge, and attitudes and values. Metaphors created by the participants on the concept of the 21st century teacher were related to guiding, updating knowledge, being productive, and being innovative, and on the concept of the 21st century student, they were related to developing, being able to load lots of information into the mind, fulfilling what is expected of them, and being in constant struggle. These results provide a significant insight into how teacher candidates perceive 21st century educational concepts and teacher-student roles.

This study examines the virtual classroom experiences of graduate students. Virtual classroom applications related to the course "applications of scientific research" taught at a state university were treated as a case study. Virtual classroom recordings, defined using the university's learning management system, were used as research data. The study data consisted of virtual classroom recordings created throughout the academic term, shared documents, students' synchronous participation statuses in classes, completion statuses of virtual class activities, watching statuses of live lessons, preparation statuses for shared documents, and instant messaging during synchronous virtual classroom experiences. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. The virtual classrooms encompass 45 students, including 30 females and 15 males, who took the course 'Scientific Research Practices' at a state university during the 2020-2021 academic year at the postgraduate level. The results show that effective and well-managed virtual classrooms enabled students to participate simultaneously. Virtual classrooms facilitated the development of a sense of community among students, and these students adhered to the norms typically observed in a physical classroom. Conducting an effective educational process in virtual classrooms is closely linked to the instructor's skills. Furthermore, the technical issues encountered did not significantly impact the educational process negatively.

This study was conducted to examine the views of parents on digital parenting competencies and experiences. Phenomenology was chosen as a research design. The study group consisted of 13 parents, selected according to criterion sampling. A semi-structured interview form was used as a data collection tool. Content analysis was used in the analysis of the data. Parents stated that they are most uncomfortable while their children are watching videos and surfing social media. Most parents set a period to reduce the time their children spend with digital technologies. We found that the majority of parents do not accompany their children while using digital technologies, and some children do not want their parents to accompany them. Moreover, majority of parents felt inadequate to protect their children against digital risks, and followed different ways to ensure the safety of their children in digital environments.

Objective: Angiotropism/perivascular invasion (PVI) is an emerging topic in various types of cancer, with studies primarily focusing on melanoma. However, limited data are available on the significance of PVI in breast cancer. This study aimed to assess the prognostic significance of PVI in breast cancer and its correlation with traditional clinicopathological prognostic parameters. Methods: A total of 150 patients with breast cancer diagnosed between July 2020 and January 2022 were included. Clinicopathological data were retrieved from the hospital records. The presence of PVI was evaluated on hematoxylin&eosin stained slides, and the association between PVI and clinicopathological parameters was statistically analyzed. A p-value of

İnsanı hayata hazırlayan bir eğitim, kişiye bilişsel kabiliyetin yanında bilgiyi uygulama planına dönüştürecek yöntemi ve planı uygulamada gerekli olacak duyuşsal, sosyal ve davranışsal faktörleri sağlamalıdır. Bilgi ve uygulama arasındaki bu gereklilik, günümüz eğitim tartışmalarında bir eksiklik olarak görülmüş ve bu duruma beceri temelli eğitimle çare aranmıştır. Bu tür eğitimde bilgi, tutum ve davranış arasında birleştirici bir görev üstlenen beceri, değer eğitimi açısından bilgi ve uygulama arasındaki boşluğu doldurabilecek bir kavram olarak dikkat çekmektedir. Beceri kavramı temelde tüm bileşenleri ile bilme eyleminin uygulamaya dönüşmesini vurgulamaktadır. Farklı şekillerde eğitime konu olan karmaşık bir kavram olarak beceri, kişinin yapması gerekeni süreci de göz önüne alarak açık bir şekilde belirtir ve eğitimde amaç ve kazanımların yerini alır. Bu doğrultuda eğitimde hedeflenen beceriler uzun gelişimsel bir süreci ifade etmektedir. Değerlerin hayata uygulanma süreci açısından bireyin ahlaki bir ilke ve değer konusunda karar verebilmesini, verdiği kararı uygulayacak motivasyonu, kararını sosyal ortamda davranışa dönüştürmesini ve bu davranışı sürdürmesini sağlayacak bilişsel, duyuşsal, sosyal ve davranışsal birçok beceri söz konusudur. Bu noktada değer eğitimi alanında hangi becerilerin işe koşulması gerektiği çalışmamızın temel sorusunu oluşturmaktadır. Türkiye’de 2000’lerin başından itibaren söz konusu edilen beceri temelli eğitimde değerler ve öğretimi konusu yeni yeni ele alınmaya başlanmıştır. Konu hakkındaki sınırlı çalışmalardan Meydan’ın çalışmasında ahlaki kişilik geliştirmek değer eğitiminin nihai hedefi olarak görülmüş ve bu kişiliği oluşturacak beceriler ve yetkinlik göstergelerine dair bir model oluşturularak bu modelin saha verileri ile sınanma ihtiyacına dikkat çekilmiştir. Nitekim öğretim programlarındaki yenilikler, önceki programlar ve öğretmen görüşleri üzerine analizler eğitim sisteminin önemli bir bileşeni olarak değerlerin beceri temelli bir modelde öğretiminin nasıl olacağına yönelik bir arayışı gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın amacı beceri temelli bir değer eğitiminde odaklanılması gereken beceriler ve alt becerilerin neler olduğunu belirlemektir. Delphi tekniğinden yararlanılan bu çalışmada Meydan tarafından geliştirilen ve 25 alan uzmanının görüşleri üzerine yenilenen modeldeki ahlaki becerilere dair maddeler saflaştırılmış, literatür ve Delphi çalışma grubundaki uzmanların görüşlerinden hareketle model yeniden yapılandırılmış ve taslak bir öğretim programı için değer eğitiminde işe koşulabilecek becerilerle yetkinlik göstergeleri tanımlanmıştır. Bu süreçte ilk olarak eğitim bilimleri, din eğitimi, değer eğitimi, sosyal bilgiler öğretimi, PDR, okul öncesi, psikoloji, ahlak felsefesi gibi farklı alanlarda akademisyen ve öğretmenlerden oluşan bir uzman grubu oluşturulmuştur. İlk turda bilişsel, duyuşsal ve sosyal-davranışsal beceriler olmak üzere temel 3 beceri başlığı altında toplam 23 alt beceriden oluşan anket formu değerlendirilmek üzere 71 uzmana sunulmuştur. 64 uzmanın geri dönüş yaptığı ilk turdaki puanların merkezi yığılma ve dağılım değerleri belirlenmiştir. Uzmanlar ilk turun istatiksel analizleri ve önceki cevapları eşliğinde maddeleri yeniden değerlendirmiş ve 64 uzmandan gelen dönüşle Delphi’nin ikinci turu sonlandırılmıştır. İkinci tur için de merkezi yığılma ve dağılım değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Çalışmada uzlaşı ölçütü olarak her madde için %80 uzlaşı oranı, +/- 1 standart sapma, ≥4,0 ortalama ve ≤1 çeyrekler arası açıklık (IQR) değerleri belirlenmiştir. İlk tur Delphi sonuçlarında 23 alt beceriden 21’inin uzlaşı ölçütlerini sağladığı görülmüştür. İkinci turda genel olarak tüm maddelerde uzlaşı/merkezi yığılma işareti olan ortalamaların ve uzlaşı yüzdesinin ya aynı kaldığı ya da yükseldiği, uzlaşıdan uzaklaşma/merkezi dağılım işareti olan standart sapma ve IQR değerlerinin ise ya aynı kaldığı ya da düştüğü görülmüştür. Ayrıca ikinci turda ilk turda uzlaşı sağlanamayan iki maddenin de uzlaşı ölçütlerini sağladığı görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak üç temel beceri grubunun ortalama uzlaşı oranları bilişsel ahlaki becerilerde %93,06; duyuşsal ahlaki becerilerde %96,66 ve sosyal-davranışsal becerilerde %93,53 olarak gerçekleşmiş ve toplam 23 alt beceri değer eğitiminde işe koşulabilecek beceriler olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu alt beceriler bilişsel alanda ahlaki okuryazarlık, araştırma sorgulama, problem çözme, karar verme, yordama/öngörme, yansıtıcı düşünme, çözümleme, perspektif alma/bakış açısı oluşturma ve bilişsel öz düzenleme; duyuşsal alanda empati, öz farkındalık, iç görü, iç gözlem, duyuşsal öz düzenleme, özdenetim ve öz yansıtma; davranışsal alanda ahlaki ifade, etkili dinleme, iletişim, sosyal organizasyon/katılım, girişimcilik, görev yönetimi/planlama ve sosyal becerilerdir. Sonuçlardan hareketle oluşan modelin program tasarımlarına ve deneysel çalışmalara kaynaklık etmesi, pilot uygulamalar aracılığıyla sınanması ve geliştirilmesi önerilmiştir.

Mosques, as places of worship in Islam, are places where Muslims fulfill their religious duties and unite. Muslims coming together in a place of worship ensures that the theoretical principles of religion combine with folk culture and are reflected concretely in life. Dervish lodges, where the Sufi interpretation of Islam is kept alive, also integrate folklore and Islam. Throughout the historical process, Muslims have had to build underground mosques for various reasons. These mosques have functions similar to dergahs, inns and caravanserais, other elements of Islamic architecture. Mangistau, one of the regions where Sufi Islam is most vital in Kazakhstan, is rich in underground mosques and khanakas, which are the reflection of Sufi culture in architecture. This region is considered a unique cultural landscape, where the most significant part of the country’s monuments and holy places is concentrated. The underground mosques in Mangistau and Ustirt are unique in terms of historical and spiritual value. Excavation of shelters, places of worship, or “mortal abodes” by digging caves out of the common ground or mountain gorges has been a practice since very early times. Some of their samples are kept in Spain, Turkey, Jordan, and Crimea. The article analyzes the similarities and peculiarities of underground mosques with Sufi khanakas in the Middle Ages and their history and current use.

Given the increased demand for health professionals to work with older adults, research on the factors that influence students' career choices is critical in order to increase the popularity of gerontology. The purpose of this study was to investigate willingness and related factors of undergraduate nursing students to work with older adults. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 579 undergraduate nursing students in Turkiye. The data were collected using the descriptive characteristics form, the 12-item expectations regarding aging scale (ERA-12), Kogan's attitudes toward old people scale (KAOP), and willingness to work with elderly people scale (WEPS). Descriptive statistics and multiple regression were used for data analysis. The WEPS, ERA-12, and KAOP mean score of the students were 68.57 ± 11.54 (range: 20-120), 59.83 ± 15.09 (range: 0-100), and 142.98 ± 18.63 (range: 34-238), respectively. Expectations regarding aging, attitudes toward older adults, prior experience caring for older adults, and completing an elective geriatric nursing course positively predicted the total score of WEPS. These variables accounted for 14% of total variance of WEPS (R[superscript 2]: 0.137, F: 12.995, p < 0.001). Age, sex, and academic year also positively predicted the total score of WEPS, but it was not statistically significant. The willingness of nursing students to work with older adults was moderate. To enhance nursing students' willingness to work with older adults, nursing programs should foster a positive attitude toward older adults and expectations regarding aging. Greater willingness of nursing students to care for older adults will eventually improve the quality of care for the geriatric population.

The primary aim of this paper is to thoroughly define the dialectical structure of the theory of rhythmanalysis, while at the same time providing a clear and detailed framework for the method it entails. To achieve this, the paper seeks to establish a useful link between Henri Lefebvre's theory of rhythmanalysis and its practical reflections in the context of urban studies, specifically under the umbrella of urban geography. The study then proceeds to classify selected works from the literature that can serve as guides within the framework of rhythmanalysis. A comprehensive analysis of the studies that use the rhythmanalysis approach as the basic research-analysis method has been conducted, systematically categorized under five critical concepts of urban geography: Location-Movement, Construction, Envisioning-Experience, Social-Political Organization, and Sites-Practices. Following theoretical and bibliographic analysis, this comprehensive approach highlights the scope, opportunities, and potential of rhythmanalysis while addressing its critiques, consolidating its conceptual foundations, and showcasing its relevance for urban studies. Through this detailed examination, the paper aims to make a significant contribution to the understanding and application of rhythmanalysis in the field of urban geography. Highlights: • Lefebvre's approach to everyday life has formed the basis of the study. • Rhythmanalysis is a unifying method for quantitative and qualitative geographic data. • Dialectical methods are necessary for the multi-component structure of urban studies.

The purpose of the study was to find out the contribution of general culture (GC), pedagogical knowledge (PK), and content knowledge (CK) courses to the professional development of preservice teachers in early childhood education programs. As a part of a mix-method research study, this survey uses a rank-order judgment methodology. Using a two-stage-cluster and random sampling - 432 students from 35 universities participated in the study during the 2018-2019 academic year. Data were gathered using an "Early Childhood Education Undergraduate Program Course Evaluation Form" and analyzed using pairwise comparison. With reference to the results, "Effective Communication" was chosen as the most beneficial one among the GC courses, and "Statistics" was selected as the least beneficial course. In addition, among the PK courses, "Teaching Practice I" was the most beneficial one, and "Assessment and Evaluation" was the least helpful course related to student perceptions. While the "Introduction to Early Childhood Education" course was the most beneficial course among the CK, "Research Project II" was listed as the least beneficial course. It was found that students' opinions about courses did not change concerning their gender, academic achievement, and the type of high school they had attended. [This article includes an extended summary in Turkish.]

Objective: Muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) is a functional voice condition that causes irregular and imbalanced laryngeal and paralaryngeal muscle activation. Our study aimed to examine the acoustic characteristics of patients with MTD and reveal the differences between genders. Methods: The study retrospectively reviewed the acoustic examination findings from the files of patients diagnosed with MTD during evaluations in the laryngology outpatient clinic at a tertiary reference hospital between 2015 and 2022. The parameters assessed in prolonged vowel phonation analysis were fundamental frequency (F0), jitter, shimmer, noise-to-harmonic-to-ratio, and soft phonation index; in the counting task analysis, they were intensity, frequency, and semitone. Gender differences in acoustic measurements obtained during prolonged vowel phonation and counting tasks were also examined. Results: The study included 80 individuals diagnosed with MTD. Although all parameters in the acoustic analysis of/a/ phonation were increased, differences were statistically significant only in the F0 and jitter parameters between females and males (p≤0.05). In the analysis of the counting task, the mean and minimum F0 parameters were significantly higher in females than in males (p=0.000). The mean dB level was decreased, particularly in the counting task, but the results for the intensity parameter did not differ significantly between genders (p>0.05). Conclusion: The values in the acoustic voice analysis parameters of patients with MTD were determined. These acoustic parameters are thought to guide the clinician in evaluating voice and determining voice therapy goals for MTD patients.

Abstract This paper extends the characteristic ratio approach using novel inequalities to ensure zero/low overshoot for linear‐time‐invariant systems with zeros. The extension provided by this paper is based on the maximally‐flatness property of a transfer function, where the square‐magnitude of the transfer function is ensured to be a low‐pass filter. In order to be able to design low‐order/fixed structure controllers, a partial pole‐assignment approach is used instead of the full pole‐assignment used in the Characteristic Ratio Assignment (CRA) method. The developed inequalities and additional stability conditions are combined into an optimization problem using time domain restrictions when necessary. Although the method given in the paper is general, particular inequalities are developed for PI and PI‐PD controller cases, due to their frequent use in industrial applications. Similarly, First‐Order‐Plus‐Delay‐Time (FOPDT) and Second‐Order‐Plus‐Delay‐Time (SOPDT) systems are considered specifically, since most of the practical systems can be approximated by one of these types. The study is extended to plants with uncertainties where a theorem is developed to decrease computation time dramatically. The benefits of the proposed methods are demonstrated by several examples.

Sözce oluşturan/konuşan/yazar ve sözceye maruz kalan/dinleyen/okur arasında ortak bilgi birikiminin olması iletişimin sağlığı ve devamlılığı için gereklidir. Bu bilgiler kimi zaman sözce içinde açıkça söylenirken çoğu zaman açıkça söylenmemektedir. Sözce oluşturulurken göndericinin ve alıcının bildiği örtük bilgiye önvarsayım denir. Önvarsayım “konuşmacının sözcesinde açıkça dile getirmediği fakat sözcedeki sözlüksel ve sözdizimsel yapıya bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan, dinleyenin de kesin olarak bildiğini kabul ettiği bütün bilgiler” şeklinde tanımlanabilir. Önvarsayımlar genellikle tetikleyicilerine göre sınıflandırılır. Önvarsayım tetikleyicisi sözce içinde önvarsayım durumuna kaynaklık eden her bir söz birimi veya yapıdır. Bu çalışmada, Türk milletinin millî marşı ve Türk milleti için önemli bir yere sahip İstiklâl Marşı’ndaki önvarsayımlar ve bu önvarsayımların tetikleyicileri ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, Millî Mücadele zamanından günümüze içinde bir milletin ortak hafızasını barındıran bu metnin önvarsayımlarını ve önvarsayım tetikleyicilerini belirleyerek şiirin önvarsayımlar aracılığıyla verdiği mesajlar yanında, tarihsel ve kültürel kodları taşıyıcılığı üzerinde durmaktır. Çalışmada İstiklâl Marşı’nın tamamı incelenmiştir. Çalışma, nitel araştırma yöntemlerine göre yürütülmüştür. Araştırmanın verileri doküman incelemesi yöntemiyle toplanmış, elde edilen veriler betimsel analiz yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. İstiklâl Marşı’nda varoluşsal (69), sözlüksel (50), yapısal (6), olgusal olmayan (3) ve karşı olgusal (2) önvarsayım tespit edilmiştir. Önvarsayımların ortaya çıkmasında dış gönderim (2), art gönderim (10) ve ön gönderimden (1) yararlanıldığı görülmüştür. Varoluşsal önvarsayımdan sonra en sık rastlanan önvarsayım türü olan sözlüksel önvarsayımın ortaya çıkmasında uzlaşımsal önvarsayım tetikleyicisi (24) en sık gözlenen tetikleyicidir. Uzlaşımsal önvarsayım tetikleyicilerinin sağladığı önvarsayımlarda önvarsayımın tespit edilmesi, sözcenin ya da metnin ait olduğu toplumun tüm yönlerine hâkim olmayı gerektirmektedir. Bu tetikleyicinin ortaya çıkardığı önvarsayımlar ayrı bir çalışmanın konusu olabilir.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the quality of life, prevalence of depression, and level of independence in activities of daily living among individuals aged 65 and over and to examine related factors. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Three hundred and fifty-four individuals aged 65 and over were included in the study. In the study, socio-demographic questions, 'World Health Organization Quality of Life-Old Module (WHOQOL-OLD)', 'Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living', and 'Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale' were used. Results: The rate of dependence on activities of daily living among the elderly who participated in the study was 27.7%. The level of definitive depression in the elderly was 55.1%. Considering the WHOQOL-OLD total scores, educational level, nutrition, health assessment, pain, physical activity, leisure time, and use of mobile phones significantly affected the quality of life (p

Background and Objectives: Among breast cancer molecular types, HER2 positive and triple negative (TN) subtypes have the highest likelihood of pathological complete response (pCR), which is a surrogate marker for reduced recurrence and improved patient survival after neoadjuvant systemic treatment (NST). Preoperative pathological identification of these exceptional responders is a new era. Therefore, we aimed to determine the accuracy of trucut biopsy in identifying the exceptional responders in selected molecular subtypes of breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: This two-centre, observational, single-arm, prospective, pilot study was conducted between January and September 2024. The patients with TN or HER2 positive breast cancer whose breast tumour had completely disappeared on the radiological assessment including MRI after neoadjuvant therapy were enrolled. To assess neoadjuvant treatment response, a standardised biopsy protocol was used, consisting of 10 samples from the marked tumour area per patient by 12 G core needle. Then, all patients underwent surgery. The pathological results of both postchemo-presurgical biopsy and surgical breast specimen were compared. Results: The study included 20 patients. The mean age of the patients was 47.3 years. The median tumour size at diagnosis was 23.1 mm. All biopsy results were concordant with the findings of surgical specimen. Seventeen patients had a complete response. The remaining 3 patients had residual disease. Conclusions: Along with thorough patient selection, post-chemo radiological assessment and the reliable biopsy technique are the key points in accurately predicting response to neoadjuvant treatment. If an image-guided core biopsy confirms elimination of tumour tissue at the marked tumour area with a radiological complete response on MRI after NST in breast cancer patients with selected molecular subtypes, these may be suitable patients as exceptional responders in whom we can omit breast surgery.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the possible effects of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on fetal heart structure and the relationship of this effect with maternal blood sugar control. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 19 women with GDM at 24–36 weeks of gestation (case group) and 21 healthy pregnant women at the same weeks of gestation (control group) were examined. Fetal heart structure was evaluated by ultrasonography; interventricular septum (IVS) thickness, right and left ventricular sphericity indices, global sphericity index (GSI) and cardio-thoracic ratio were also measured. In addition, mothers’ HbA1c values (an indicator of blood sugar control) were recorded. Result: An increase in IVS thickness was observed in the fetuses of mothers with GDM. A more rounded trend was observed in the right ventricular structure, but this did not create a significant difference. No significant relationship was found between maternal blood sugar control and fetal heart structure. Conclusions: This study examined the effects of gestational diabetes on fetal cardiac morphology and the relationship of this effect with maternal glycemic control. Babies of mothers with GDM had a significantly thicker interventricular septum. A more rounded trend was detected in the right ventricular structure. However, this change was not found to be statistically significant. In addition, no significant correlation was found between maternal glycemic control and fetal cardiac morphology.

This research investigates the prediction of delaying gratification on game addiction among primary school students who attend the 3rd and 4th-grade. This study, in which the delay of gratification behaviour correlated with game addiction among children, was carried out using a descriptive survey model. The study sample consisted of 318 students who attend 3rd and 4th-grade classes in a primary school in Kocaeli. Of the total 318 participants, 103 (32.4%) were 3rd graders and 215 (67.6%) were 4th graders. The gender ratios of the participants were 48.4% (154) female and 51.6% (164) male students. In the study, the Game Addiction Scale in Children and the Delay of Gratification Scale was implemented as data collection instruments. SPSS 23.0 package program was used for the analysis of the data. Descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analyses were used to analyse the data. Analysis findings showed a significant and positive correlation between game addiction and subfactors in the delay of gratification behaviours with the value of r=0.658 for internet and TV, r=0.584 for technology, r=0.501 for sports, r=0.361 for money, and r=0.174 for food. As a result of the regression analysis, it was seen that the delay of gratification behaviours and its subfactors affected game addiction. With these results, the research, aimed to contribute to the disciplines related to psychological counselling and addiction regarding psychometric qualifications.

This study aimed to examine the relationships between English as a foreign language (EFL) students' language mindsets (i.e. entity and incremental beliefs about general language intelligence, second language aptitude, and age sensitivity in language learning) and graded performance by considering the mediating roles of their perceived instrumentality as well as four aspects of engagement (i.e. agentic engagement, behavioral engagement, emotional engagement, and cognitive engagement) within English classes. A total of 526 EFL students voluntarily participated in the present study. A latent factor correlation analysis, a series of multiple regression analyses, and a structural equation modeling analysis were conducted to analyse the data. The results showed that EFL students' language mindsets, four aspects of engagement, perceived instrumentality, and graded performance were significantly and selectively related to each other. The results also demonstrated that the relationship between incremental beliefs about second language aptitude and graded performance was fully mediated by perceived instrumentality, that the relationship between incremental beliefs about general language intelligence and graded performance was fully mediated by agentic engagement, and that the relationship between perceived instrumentality and graded performance was partially mediated by agentic engagement. Theoretical and practical implications for EFL learning, teaching, and educational policymaking processes are also discussed in the study.