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Bakgrund: I slutet av 2019 upptäcktes ett nytt coronavirus som snabbt spreds globalt. Covid-19 klassades som en pandemi i början av 2020. Hälso- och sjukvården behövde snabbt ställas om och rätta sig efter nya riktlinjer. Till en början hade sjuksköterskor inte tillräckligt med kunskap om det nya viruset vilket påverkade deras omvårdnadsarbete. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att bedriva omvårdnad under Covid-19 pandemin. Metod: En litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats genomfördes som inkluderade 13 kvalitativa artiklar. Databaserna CINAHL och PsycInfo användes för sökning efter relevanta artiklar. Ett ramverk för analys beskrivet av Friberg användes vid dataanalys. Resultat: Litteraturöversiktens resultat belyser de komponenter som påverkat sjuksköterskors upplevelser av omvårdnaden under Covid-19 pandemin. Temana ”Nya krav och utmaningar” (att känna rädsla relaterat till smittorisken, att ha bristande kunskap, att arbeta under hög arbetsbelastning) och ”Skyddsutrustningen som en barriär” (att känna trygghet i skyddsutrustningen, att uppleva försvårat arbete med skyddsutrustningen, att kommunicera med skyddsutrustningen) framkom. Slutsats: Rädsla för att bli smittade var en betydande aspekt som påverkade sjuksköterskors omvårdnadsarbete i form av den barriär som skapades till patienterna. Även kunskapsbrist och den höga arbetsbelastningen bidrog till de negativa känsloupplevelser som Covid-19 pandemin medförde., Background: At the end of 2019, a new coronavirus was discovered, rapidly spreading globally. Covid-19 was classified as a pandemic in early 2020. Healthcare systems needed to be quickly adjusted and adhere to new guidelines. In the beginning, nurses lacked sufficient knowledge about the new virus, which affected their nursing care work. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe nurses' experiences of providing care during the Covid-19 pandemic. Method: A literature review utilizing an inductive approach was conducted, encompassing 13 qualitative articles. The databases CINAHL and PsycInfo were used to identify relevant studies. A framework for analysis described by Friberg was used for data analysis. Results: The literature review's findings illuminate the components that influenced nurses' experiences of nursing care during the Covid-19 pandemic. The themes "New demands and challenges" (feeling fear related to the risk of infection, having insufficient knowledge, working under high workload) and "Protective equipment as a barrier" (feeling safety in protective equipment, experiencing hindered work with protective equipment, communicating with protective equipment) emerged. Conclusion: Fear of infection was a significant factor that impacted nurses' caregiving by creating a barrier between them and the patients. Insufficient knowledge and high workload also contributed to the negative emotional experiences brought by the Covid-19 pandemic.

Broken Bodies, Places and Objects demonstrates the breadth of fragmentation and fragment use in prehistory and history and provides an up-to-date insight into current archaeological thinking around the topic. A seal broken and shared by two trade parties, dog jaws accompanying the dead in Mesolithic burials, fragments of ancient warships commodified as souvenirs, parts of an ancient dynastic throne split up between different colonial collections… Pieces of the past are everywhere around us. Fragments have a special potential precisely because of their incomplete format – as a new matter that can reference its original whole but can also live on with new, unrelated meanings. Deliberate breakage of bodies, places and objects for the use of fragments has been attested from all time periods in the past. It has now been over 20 years since John Chapman’s major publication introducing fragmentation studies, and the topic is more present than ever in archaeology. This volume offers the first European-wide review of the concept of fragmentation, collecting case studies from the Neolithic to Modernity and extending the ideas of fragmentation theory in new directions. The book is written for scholars and students in archaeology, but it is also relevant for neighbouring fields with an interest in material culture, such as anthropology, history, cultural heritage studies, museology, art and architecture.

This paper explores the use of iron in the Late Bronze Age and the earliest Iron Age (c. 1100–300 BC) in south-eastern Sweden, with a focus on the final Bronze Age and Pre-Roman Iron Age I. The aim is to study how early iron was used, valued and perceived, particularly in relation to pre-existing bronze and gold. Choosing iron for certain object types, such as dress attributes and arm rings, and in key symbols, notably the spiral, suggests an appreciation for its metallic shine and colour in contrast to bronze. This silvery lustre was in some cases exploited intentionally, and may sometimes have been associated with the moon in a celestial mythology. The lunar connection might have been accentuated by the origin of iron from bodies of water, which were surrounded by strong beliefs and were often the focus of sacrificial depositions in this period. The qualities sought after in iron during the Bronze Age–Iron Age transition were in some ways different from those appreciated later in Iron Age and historical times. It is necessary to further consider early iron in its contemporary setting without comparison to the ‘successful’ adaptation in the late Pre-Roman Iron Age onwards.

PURPOSE: the pathophysiologic mechanisms explaining differences in clinical outcomes following COVID-19 are not completely described. This study aims to investigate antibody responses in critically ill patients with COVID-19 in relation to inflammation, organ failure and 30-day survival. METHODS: All patients with PCR-verified COVID-19 and gave consent, and who were admitted to a tertiary Intensive care unit (ICU) in Sweden during March-September 2020 were included. Demography, repeated blood samples and measures of organ function were collected. Analyses of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgM, IgA and IgG) in plasma were performed and correlated to patient outcome and biomarkers of inflammation and organ failure. RESULTS: A total of 115 patients (median age 62 years, 77% male) were included prospectively. All patients developed severe respiratory dysfunction, and 59% were treated with invasive ventilation. Thirty-day mortality was 22.6% for all included patients. Patients negative for any anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody in plasma during ICU admission had higher 30-day mortality compared to patients positive for antibodies. Patients positive for IgM had more ICU-, ventilator-, renal replacement therapy- and vasoactive medication-free days. IgA antibody concentrations correlated negatively with both SAPS3 and maximal SOFA-score and IgM-levels correlated negatively with SAPS3. Patients with antibody levels below the detection limit had higher plasma levels of extracellular histones on day 1 and elevated levels of kidney and cardiac biomarkers, but showed no signs of increased inflammation, complement activation or cytokine release. After adjusting for age, positive IgM and IgG antibodies were still associated with increased 30-day survival, with odds ratio (OR) 7.1 (1.5-34.4) and 4.2 (1.1-15.7), respectively. CONCLUSION: In patients with severe COVID-19 requiring intensive care, a poor antibody response is associated with organ failure, systemic histone release and increased 30

Purpose: the pathophysiologic mechanisms explaining differences in clinical outcomes following COVID-19 are not completely described. This study aims to investigate antibody responses in critically ill patients with COVID-19 in relation to inflammation, organ failure and 30-day survival. Methods: All patients with PCR-verified COVID-19 and gave consent, and who were admitted to a tertiary Intensive care unit (ICU) in Sweden during March¿September 2020 were included. Demography, repeated blood samples and measures of organ function were collected. Analyses of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (IgM, IgA and IgG) in plasma were performed and correlated to patient outcome and biomarkers of inflammation and organ failure. Results: A total of 115 patients (median age 62 years, 77% male) were included prospectively. All patients developed severe respiratory dysfunction, and 59% were treated with invasive ventilation. Thirty-day mortality was 22.6% for all included patients. Patients negative for any anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody in plasma during ICU admission had higher 30-day mortality compared to patients positive for antibodies. Patients positive for IgM had more ICU-, ventilator-, renal replacement therapy- and vasoactive medication-free days. IgA antibody concentrations correlated negatively with both SAPS3 and maximal SOFA-score and IgM-levels correlated negatively with SAPS3. Patients with antibody levels below the detection limit had higher plasma levels of extracellular histones on day 1 and elevated levels of kidney and cardiac biomarkers, but showed no signs of increased inflammation, complement activation or cytokine release. After adjusting for age, positive IgM and IgG antibodies were still associated with increased 30-day survival, with odds ratio (OR) 7.1 (1.5¿34.4) and 4.2 (1.1¿15.7), respectively. Conclusion: In patients with severe COVID-19 requiring intensive care, a poor antibody response is associated with organ failure, systemic histone release and increased 30

Background All healthcare professionals working with children should have a child-centred perspective, and should be responsive to children and adolescents who want to talk about their thoughts and feelings. The child's or adolescent's story is the starting point for mutual understanding between them and the healthcare professional, and is the basis for shared decision-making between patients and healthcare professionals in child-centred care. Aim To advance understanding of how Swedish children and adolescents with cancer perceived the effects of the disease and its treatment on their everyday life. Method Ten girls and five boys, aged between five and 18 years, with cancer were interviewed individually using four communication tools. The interviews lasted between 20 and 65 minutes and took place without their parents present. The data were analysed using content analysis. Findings Transition to an unpredictable everyday life was identified as a main theme, with five subthemes: struggling with side effects of the cancer and its treatment; treatment as an 'emotional rollercoaster'; changed self and being vulnerable; changed social life; and concerns about academic achievement. Conclusion To provide effective support and care for children and adolescents with cancer, healthcare professionals should strive to listen to them and focus on their perspectives.

HLA-B*08:181 differs from HLA-B*08:01:01:01 in codon 94, 95, 97 and 99 of exon 3. In this report, the HLA‐B*08:181 allele, will be described. The novel allele was found in a potential unrelated donor for hematopoietic stem cells. Currently, there are 5590 alleles described according to the IPD‐IMGT/HLA Database1 for the HLA‐B locus. During routine HLA typing of a potential unrelated bone marrow donor, the initial results obtained from Sanger sequencing (SBTengine, GenDX, Utrecht, The Netherlands) of the HLA‐B locus exons 2 to 4, suggested the presence of HLA B*07:227 and B*08:01:01. By testing with polymerase chain reaction ‐ single specific primer (PCR‐SSP) (Olerup, Stockholm, Sweden) this was not confirmed, instead the presence of the common B*07:02:01 together with a B*08:09/08:12 was suggested, thus indicating the possible presence of a novel HLA allele. To verify the finding, the sample was run on the PacBio long‐range platform (PacBio, Menlo Park, California). DNA was extracted from whole blood with the EZ1 DNA Blood kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The HLA‐B locus was amplified with B locus specific primers from the 5′ to 3′UTR and the end repair and ligation reaction were performed with the SMRTbell Barcoded Adapter Prep Kit (PacBio). Genotyping was performed using PacBio RSII (PacBio) and the resulting data was analyzed using NGSengine (GenDX). The result gave the clear result of B*07:02:01, the same results as previously, but the software gave the suggestion of HLA B*08:129, with three mismatches in exon 3. Consequently, the new allele shared the beginning of exon three with B*07:227, that is also found in B*57 alleles, thus explaining the Sanger sequencing. Comparison of the genomic full‐length sequence of B*08:129 and B*08:181 showed three nucleotide substitutions in codon 97 (A➔G and G➔T, AGG➔GTG) and 99 (C➔T, TAC➔TAT) in exon 3 (Figure 1). The substitution in codon 97 results in an exchange of Arginine to Valine while the nucleotide exchange in codon 99

Traces of bronze casting – fragmented moulds and crucibles – frequently occur at Late Bronze Age settlements. These traces are often assumed to represent utilitarian domestic production, in contrast to more specialised workshop production at ritual or elite locations. Moreover, settlements have usually been reduced to overall production units, while actual arrangements for bronze casting within sites have remained unexplored. The aim of this paper is to provide new insight into the organization of metalworking from an empirical and ‘bottom up’ perspective by examining the spatial and social contexts of bronze casting. The analysis draws on ten excavated sites in south-eastern Sweden and addresses three spatial levels: site, setting and framing. The study shows that domestic arenas often hosted varied and complex metalworking staged at various indoor and outdoor hearths located in the core areas of settlements. Rather than being conceptualized as levels, the organization of Late Bronze Age metalworking was a multifaceted, communicative and user-oriented practice. These insights have consequences for excavation methods as well as for the interpretation of the role of metalworking in society.

Production and use of metalwork in southern Scandinavia during the Bronze Age (1700-500 BC) has above all been attributed to emerging elites. That bronze was a source and medium for social power is evident from its use in socio-political and ritual spheres, the multiple skills and elaborate aesthetics involved in its crafting, and the arenas for influence and control offered by the acquisition of metals through long-distance exchange. Bronze crafting is often assumed to have been organized at two levels: elite-controlled prestige goods production at centralised workshop sites, set against widespread (controlled or independent) production of utility objects in common households. However, this model is inferred from a functionalist view of finished goods (utility versus prestige) and inspired by anthropological theories, rather than from the material remains of production itself. With evidence of metalworking practices now rapidly increasing due to large-scale contract archaeology, it has become evident that these concepts and interpretations need to be reassessed. The aim of this thesis is to develop our understanding of craft organisation through investigation of physical casting sites. Mould and crucible fragments, and their spatial relation to contemporary buildings and other activities, form the main focus of the analysis. I argue that most ceramic casting debris indicates casting loci, and was deposited as secondary waste, or accumulated immediately at the production site. Special, ritual treatment of casting debris is absent, with the exception of complete moulds occasionally found as house offerings in Late Bronze Age longhouses. The Mälar Valley area of eastern Sweden, which has seen particularly intensive archaeological excavation in recent decades, is selected for an in-depth case study, followed by comparisons with other regions of southern Scandinavia. These data demonstrate that bronzes were cast at most, if not all, settlements during the mid-late Bronz

‘Workshops’ and ‘workshop production’ are central to archaeological understanding of metalworking in Bronze Age societies. In this article the concept of workshops is used as a starting point to review preconceptions about the social and spatial organisation of bronze crafting, focusing particularly on how it influences expectations of crafting evidence in the archaeological record. It argues that assumptions of a permanent, customised crafting place hosting the full manufacturing process, as often implied by the term ‘workshop’, are unsuitable for understanding the nature of bronze crafting in southern Scandinavia during the Late Bronze Age. Instead, drawing on evidence from south-eastern Sweden, the craft is characterised as flexible, embedded, and multi-locational. Furthermore, differences in crafting loci between ornaments and weapons are suggested to relate to the initiations of their intended bearers and to demonstrate the heterogeneous organisation of prestige goods production. Such user-oriented production provides an interesting example of the organisation of elite-motivated crafting outside the context of centralised states.