Search

INTRODUCCIÓN: La sal es la principal fuente de sodio a nivel mundial. Según datos de la OMS, se estima que la población consume entre 9-12 g de sal al día, siendo 5 g el máximo recomendado1. La evidencia indica que este elevado consumo se asocia a altos riesgos de hipertensión arterial, enfermedades cardiovasculares, accidente cerebrovascular e infarto de miocardio2,3. Es por esto, que países como Argentina y Chile, entre otros, han decidido promulgar leyes y estrategias para disminuir el consumo de sodio en la población. OBJETIVO: analizar las estrategias nacionales para disminuir el consumo de sodio en la población de Argentina y Chile entre los años 2013 a 2023, a través del análisis del discurso de Jäger. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Investigación desde la perspectiva cualitativa, a través del análisis discursivo propuesto por Jäger, quien parte de la idea de que los discursos son formas de comunicación relacionadas con el comportamiento y la dominación; en este sentido, propone un análisis estructural orientado al contenido y un análisis centrado en el contexto4. Los documentos analizados fueron la Ley de Reducción de Sodio en Argentina, Ley 26.905 y la Estrategia nacional para la Reducción de Sodio en Chile, extraídas de las páginas oficiales de los Ministerios de Salud nacionales. CONSIDERACIONES ÉTICAS: Dado que los datos utilizados son de dominio público, fueron obtenidos a través de fuentes secundarias y no contienen información que permita identificar individuos, la aprobación por un Comité de Ética no fue requerida. RESULTADOS: El documento de Argentina se presenta como texto normativo, en tanto que el documento de Chile como texto argumentativo, ambos con significados claros respecto a su objetivo a través del abordaje de los determinantes sociales, incorporan la necesidad de acuerdos público-privado, difusión de la información a través del etiquetado de los alimentos y de campañas de comunicación CONCLUSIONES: Se observa un abordaje del ambiente alimentario como determinante del consumo de sodio. Este tipo de políticas podría permitir opciones de consumo más saludables a la población.

El presente trabajo documenta las contribuciones de la Red Latinoamericana de Composición de Alimentos (LATINFOODS) a la iniciativa “Prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares en poblaciones de los países de las Américas mediante la reducción de la ingesta de sal alimentaria en toda la población” y a las políticas nacionales realizadas entre el 2011 y 2021. LATINFOODS es miembro de la Red Internacional de Sistemas de Datos sobre Alimentos (INFOODS), auspiciada por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO). La Iniciativa pertenece a la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud (OPS/OMS). La relación entre ambas partes inicia con la formalización del compromiso de apoyar la “Declaración de la política de prevención de las enfermedades no transmisibles mediante la reducción de sal” de la OPS en el 2011. Continúa con la ejecución de varios estudios sobre contenido de sodio en alimentos, destacándose dos contribuciones: la colaboración en la generación de la línea basal de las metas regionales de reducción de sodio en alimentos claves, y la participación en el estudio multicéntrico donde se analizaron en el laboratorio 100 diferentes tipos de alimentos de venta callejera, artesanales y comidas rápidas, comercializados en cinco países latinoamericanos. La participación de LATINFOODS en esta Iniciativa ha sido relevante, pues permitió la generación de evidencia científica básica y novedosa de excelente calidad. A su vez, la presente experiencia contribuyó en la Red a fortalecer el trabajo integrado y la capacidad en el uso de metodologías de composición de alimentos.

Introducción. En los pacientes con falla cardíaca, el sodio urinario se ha propuesto como marcador de gravedad y resistencia a los diuréticos, pero los resultados de los estudios reportados son heterogéneos. Objetivo. Evaluar el sodio en orina ocasional como factor pronóstico de mortalidad en pacientes con falla cardiaca descompensada. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un análisis anidado de casos y controles de una cohorte prospectiva de falla cardíaca descompensada. El desenlace primario fue mortalidad a los 180 días. Se hizo un análisis bivariado para evaluar las variables que se asocian con la mortalidad. Se analizaron las diferencias de las variables clínicas entre los grupos con sodio urinario mayor o menor de 70 mEq/L. Resultados. Se incluyeron 79 pacientes de los cuales 15 fallecieron a los 180 días. La edad promedio fue de 68,9 años (DE: ±13,8), 30 eran mujeres (38 %). Quince pacientes (18,9 %) tuvieron un sodio en orina inferior a 70 mEq/L. En el análisis bivariado se encontró una asociación significativa de la mortalidad con las hospitalizaciones, la presión arterial sistólica inferior a 90 mm Hg, el uso de inotrópicos y el sodio urinario inferior a 70 mEq/L. Los pacientes con sodio urinario bajo habían estado hospitalizados con mayor frecuencia en el último año, tenían menores valores de sodio sérico y presión arterial al ingreso. Conclusión. Los pacientes con sodio urinario inferior a 70 mEq/L tienen características de mayor gravedad. En el análisis bivariado, el sodio urinario se asoció con mortalidad a los 180 días.

Introduction: The sodium gradient during hemodialysis sessions is one of the key factors in sodium balance in patients with dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease; however, until the appearance of the new monitors with sodium modules, the differences between prescribed and measured sodium have been understudied. The present study aimed to compare the impact on the measured conductivity and the initial and final plasma sodium after changing the 5008 Cordiax to the new 6008 Cordiax monitor. Material and methods: 106 patients on hemodialysis were included. Each patient underwent 2 dialysis sessions in which only the monitor was varied. The variables collected were dialysate, sodium and bicarbonate prescribed, real conductivity, initial and final plasma sodium measured, and the calculated sodium gradient (ΔPNa). Results: The change of dialysis monitor showed small but statistically significant differences in the initial (138.14 mmol/L with 5008 vs. 138.81 mmol/L with 6008) and final plasma sodium (139.58 mmol/L vs. 140.97 mmol/L), as well as in the actual conductivity obtained (13.97 vs. 14.1 mS/cm). The ΔPNa also increased significantly. Conclusion: The change from 5008 to 6008 monitor is associated with increased conductivity, leading the patient to end the sessions with higher plasma sodium and ΔPNa. Knowing and confirming this change will allow us to individualize the sodium prescription and avoid possible undesirable effects. It could be the preliminary study to explore the new sodium biosensor incorporated into the new generation of monitors. Resumen: Introducción: El gradiente de sodio durante las sesiones es uno de los factores clave en el balance de este ion en los pacientes en hemodiálisis; sin embargo, hasta la aparición de los nuevos monitores con módulos de sodio, las diferencias entre el sodio prescrito y el medido han sido poco estudiadas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar el impacto del cambio del monitor 5008 Cordiax al nuevo monitor 6008 Cordiax sobre los resultados de la conductividad real medida, del sodio plasmático inicial y final. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 106 pacientes en hemodiálisis. Cada paciente recibió 2 sesiones de diálisis en la que solo se varió el monitor. Las variables recogidas fueron: el concentrado, sodio y bicarbonato prescritos, conductividad real, sodio plasmático inicial y final medidos por dialisancia iónica y se calculó el cambio de la concentración de sodio plasmático durante el tratamiento o delta de sodio (ΔPNa). Resultados: El cambio de monitor de diálisis mostró pequeñas diferencias, aunque significativas, en el sodio plasmático inicial (138.14 mmol/L con 5008 vs 138.81 mmol/L con 6008) y final (139.58 mmol/L vs 140.97 mmol/L), así como en la conductividad real obtenida (13,97 vs 14,10 mS/cm). El ΔPNa también aumento significativamente. Conclusión: El cambio de monitor 5008 a 6008 se asocia a un aumento en la conductividad, un sodio plasmático más elevado y un incremento en el ΔPNa. El conocer y confirmar este cambio permitirá individualizar la prescripción de sodio, evitar posibles efectos indeseables y podría ser el estudio preliminar para explorar el nuevo biosensor de control de sodio incorporado en la nueva generación de monitores.

Resumen La determinación de cationes intercambiables en suelos salinos y/o sódicos, por extracción con acetato de amonio, no permite distinguir las proporciones de cationes intercambiables de sus formas solubles. Para cuantificar sólo los cationes intercambiables en este tipo de suelos, se evaluaron dos métodos alternativos: 1) lavado previo con alcohol de los iones en solución y 2) diferencia entre los cationes extraídos con acetato de amonio y en el extracto de pasta saturada. Los métodos alternativos permitieron cuantificar calcio, magnesio y sodio en suelos con conductividad eléctrica < 40 dS m-1. Por simplicidad operativa, el método 1 resultaría la mejor alternativa.

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nefrologia is the property of Revista Nefrologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El objetivo fue caracterizar el contenido de sodio en preparaciones de consumo frecuente fuera del hogar en tres zonas de Lima Metropolitana. Se realizó un estudio transversal para el cual se identificaron veinte preparaciones de consumo frecuente según el lugar de expendio. La determinación del contenido de sodio se obtuvo mediante espectroscopía de absorción atómica en preparaciones recolectadas en el 2019. La mediana del contenido de sodio en productos de venta ambulatoria fue 492,36 mg/100 g (RIQ: 83,93 - 918,78); 471,37 mg/100 g, en preparaciones tradicionales y típicas (RIQ: 76,04 - 765,39); y 471,06 mg/100 g (RIQ: 115,31 - 695,18), en comidas rápidas. El 65% de las preparaciones fueron consideradas altas en sodio según los parámetros peruanos, mientras que el 30% de las preparaciones también presentaron un alto contenido, de acuerdo con los parámetros del Reino Unido. La mayoría de las preparaciones expendidas y consumidas fuera del hogar presentan un elevado contenido de sodio. Es esencial involucrar a todos los actores que participan en la preparación de alimentos para el consumo fuera del hogar, con el fin de sensibilizarlos e incluirlos en la promoción de políticas enfocadas en la reducción del consumo de sodio.

The use of treated wastewater in agriculture is a viable alternative to produce foods, which can reduce production costs in pineapple crops by substituting partially irrigation and meeting the plants' nutritional demand. This management can increase yield and plant residue and soil nutrient contents for subsequent crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate carbon and nutrient contents in residues of pineapple crops fertigated with treated wastewater. The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design with four replications, in a split-plot arrangement. The plots consisted of five treated wastewater rates: 0, 100, 200, 300, and 400% of the maximum annual limit of Na applied to the soil, which corresponded to irrigation water depths of 0, 117.3, 234.1, 351.4, and 468.3 mm, respectively. The subplots consisted in three pineapple cultivars: Pérola, Smooth Cayenne, and IAC-Fantástico. The treatments with treated wastewater doses had no effect on dry weight accumulation, and content and accumulation of organic carbon, macronutrient, and sodium in pineapple crop residues. Pineapple plants of the cultivar Pérola have lower dry biomass and carbon accumulation than those of the cultivars IAC-Fantástico and Smooth Cayenne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición is the property of Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutricion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to characterize the sodium content in commonly consumed away-from-home food in three areas of Metropolitan Lima. We conducted a cross-sectional study, in which twenty frequently consumed foods were identified according to the place of sale. Sodium content was determined through atomic absorption spectroscopy in preparations collected in 2019. The median sodium content in street food products was 492.36 mg/100g (IQR: 83.93 - 918.78), 471.37 mg/100 g in artisanal food (IQR: 76.04 - 765.39) and 471.06 mg/100 g in fast food (IQR: 115.31 - 695.18). Sixty-five percent of the foods were classified as having high sodium content according to Peruvian regulations, while 30% of the preparations had high sodium content, according to UK parameters. Most food sold and consumed away from home have high sodium content. It is essential to engage all stakeholders involved in food preparation for away-from-home consumption in order to raise awareness and involve them in the promotion of policies aimed at reducing sodium intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination of exchangeable cations in salt- and/or sodium-affected soils using ammonium acetate does not allow to distinguish between exchangeable cations and their forms in soil solution. To quantify only the exchangeable cations in this type of soils, two alternative methods were evaluated: 1) pre-washing with ethanol of the ions in soil solution and 2) difference between the cations extracted with ammonium acetate and in the saturated soil paste extract. The alternative methods allowed to quantify calcium, magnesium and sodium in < 40 dS m-1electrical conductivity soils. Due to operative simplicity, method 1 proved to be the best alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes is the property of Editorial Sanchez y Barcelo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Brazil reduced its current sodium chloride consumption from 12g to 5g in 2012, a 10% reduction in the amount of sodium in French bread, commonly consumed by the population. To measure the amount of total sodium and sodium chloride in breads, of the French type, produced and marketed in the east side of the city of São Paulo. Three French-style breads were collected from 9 bakeries easily accessible by the population and sodium and chloride determinations were performed in triplicate. For the measurement of total sodium, the technique of Flame Photometry (Quimis®) was used, using the analytical curve, constructed from different concentrations of sodium chloride (zero to 400 mg/50g) added to the standard mass of the French bread free of sodium chloride. (2005). The sample mean of total sodium with a 95% CI ranged from 300.28 to 334.24 mg and from 250.36 to 277.5 mg of sodium in sodium chloride/50g of bread. The average of a bakery showed high values: 466.78 (16.02) mg of total sodium and 351.20 (1.83) mg of sodium in sodium chloride/50g of bread. The average value of total sodium, 317.25(8.46) mg/50g, is below the currently expected maximum content of 324 mg. Two bakeries show significantly higher values (p<0.0001) than the 2.5% reduction target per year until 2014 (293 mg of sodium/50 mg of bread). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Hyponatremia is one of the most common electrolyte alterations in hospital practice, defined as serum sodium lesser than 135 mEq/L. Among the causes, the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion is the most common; however, there are other less common disorders, such as sodium-wasting nephropathy, which has created a dilemma in the approach diagnosis and the therapy used, since the treatment of these two entities is opposite. CLINICAL CASE: An 88-year-old female patient, who was admitted to hospital for severe head trauma, upon admission with serum sodium of 133 mEq/L; during the first 48 hours of stay she presented a sudden decrease of serum sodium of 10 mEq/L accompanied by deterioration of the neurological state, making the diagnosis of saltwasting nephropathy, for which management was given, with which improvement of neurological symptoms was observed. Subsequently, she presented a new decrease in serum sodium, so when performing the diagnostic approach again, causes, the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion was concluded, managing with fluid restriction, maintaining serum sodium levels within the normal range with complete resolution of neurological symptoms, concluding mixed sodium disorder. CONCLUSIONS: This disorder exposed in this clinical case is a rare and little identified entity, representing a challenge for its diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive sodium intake is associated with cardiovascular disease. To improve population health, in Brazil and worldwide, food scientists are looking for technological alternatives for the partial or total reduction of sodium chloride (NaCl), one of the major contributors to sodium consumption. Salt is very important for the microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory characteristics of food, so its removal is a great challenge for the food industry. Among the foods focused on reducing sodium are some dairy products. This article aims to carry out a literature review of research focused on sodium reduction in cheese and butter and their solutions to meet the demands.

Introducción: El aumento de sobrepeso y obesidad se debe, entre múltiples causas, al creciente consumo de alimentos procesados y ultraprocesados. Diversos estudios han demostrado que algunos de estos productos contienen declaraciones de salud y nutricionales y, a la vez, cantidades elevadas de nutrientes críticos (grasas saturadas, sodio y azúcar). Por ello, el objetivo principal de este estudio fue identificar el uso de declaraciones nutricionales y de salud en productos procesados y ultraprocesados ofertados en una cadena de supermercados de Lima, Perú, además de evaluar la relación entre el nivel de nutrientes críticos y la presencia de declaraciones nutricionales de clasificación “light”. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio analítico de corte transversal a partir de productos fotografiados en 3 supermercados de Lima, Perú. Se observaron las etiquetas y se identificaron las declaraciones de salud y nutricionales. La información de nutrientes críticos se obtuvo de la información nutricional declarada en el etiquetado. Finalmente se realizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado para evaluar la relación del nivel de nutrientes críticos con las declaraciones nutricionales de clasificación “light”, además se determinó la razón de prevalencia. Resultados: Se incluyeron 1247 productos, de los cuales 422 presentaban alguna declaración nutricional, y de estos, 122 demostraron alguna declaración nutricional de clasificación “light” (145 declaraciones). Además, se identificaron 35 declaraciones de salud. Se encontró una relación significativa entre las declaraciones nutricionales de clasificación “light” y los niveles “no altos” de grasas saturadas (RP= 3,32; IC95%: 1,64-6,73) y azúcar (RP= 8,71; IC95%: 3,73-20,33). La fuerza de asociación respecto al sodio no fue significativa (RP= 0,93; IC95%: 0,46-1,88). Conclusiones: Se encontró que ante la presencia de las declaraciones “light” hay una mayor probabilidad de contener cantidades no altas de grasas saturadas y azúcar en los productos analizados.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has provoked one of the greatest health crises of our time, which is why risk stratification at the time of hospitalization is essential to identify in good time patients with high morbidity and mortality risk. Dysnatremia as an independent predictor of mortality in patients with COVID-19 has recently become relevant. Objective: To find out if there is an association of dysnatremia with 28-day mortality, and as secondary objectives, its association with hospital stay, invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) requirement and presence of acute kidney injury (AKI) during hospital stay. Material and methods: Retrospective, descriptive and analytical cohort study. All consecutive patients of 16 years or older of any gender, admitted to a third level hospital from March 1, 2020 to March 2021, who have a diagnosis of COVID- 19 with positive PCR were included. Results: The study included a total of 722 patients. The prevalence of dysnatremia was as follows: 18 patients presented hypernatremia (2.49%) and 153 hyponatremia (21.19%). The presence of hypernatremia once sodium was corrected for glucose was associated with higher mortality (p < 0.05, OR 3.446; 95% CI 1.776-6.688), an increased probability of presenting AKI (p <0.05, OR 2.985; 95% CI 1.718-5.184) and a greater requirement for IMV (p < 0.05, OR 1.945; 95% CI 1.701-5.098). Conclusions: Hypernatremia was associated with higher mortality, higher risk of presenting AKI and the requirement for IMV during hospitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este trabajo se presenta la comparación de la actividad de dos catalizadores sólidos mesoporosos (uno unimetálico y otro bimetálico) con propiedades básicas para la producción de biodiesel mediante catálisis heterogénea. Inicialmente, los catalizadores se sintetizaron por impregnación húmeda del soporte SBA-15 con sodio y cerio (10Na/SBA-15 y 5Na/20Ce/SBA-15). Luego se realizó la caracterización fisicoquímica y textural de estos materiales para estudiar tanto su estructura como sus propiedades básicas. Los materiales se emplearon en la transesterificación de aceite de girasol con metanol absoluto. Si bien el catalizador unimetálico produjo un alto contenido de ésteres metílicos en el primer ciclo, al reutilizarlo, los contenidos fueron disminuyendo, dando cuenta de la existencia de lixiviado de las especies activas. Por su parte, el catalizador bimetálico mostró una mayor estabilidad, consiguiéndose contenidos de FAME por sobre el 85% p/p en cuatro ciclos de reutilización.

Mini tomato production in the greenhouse has reached the last decades, however, the efficient use of fertilizers and the effect on the quality of the fruits are often overlooked. In this work, the ionic concentration ranges were determined, as well as the relationship between the ions (NO3 -, K+, Ca2+, and Na+), the pH, electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution, the total soluble solids (TSS) of the cell extract of petiole (PCE) and the fruit cell extract (FCE) in mini tomatoes (Grape, Savantas, and Tov) in the summer-winter cycle. High ranges of ionic concentration were recorded. The Na+ and K+ collected in the emitters showed strong resonance with the same ions recorded in the PCE. The heat map of the correlations showed clusters between the K+ and Ca2+ of the nutrient solution, which were found to be highly correlated with the PCE and FCE content in the winter season. Principal component analysis showed that NO3- and Na+ are far from the K+ and Ca2+ content of PCE and FCE. The concentration ranges found suggest ionic sufficiency for mini tomato genotypes produced in high-tech greenhouse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Actualización en Nutrición is the property of Sociedad Argentina de Nutricion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Actualización en Nutrición is the property of Sociedad Argentina de Nutricion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Reducing salt intake is one of the most cost-effective interventions to improve population health due to the subsequent reductions in blood pressure. Countries are introducing programs to lower salt consumption. Such programs usually focus on reducing salt in packaged foods and meals alongside campaigns to change consumer behavior. Thus, this paper provides an overview of the rationale for and evidence supporting the use of salt substitutes. Current approaches to salt reduction are insufficient, and more innovative solutions need to be identified. There is good evidence that salt substitutes, where some of the sodium is replaced with potassium, are effective to lower sodium total intake. The main challenge is to understand the pathways to market for salt substitutes. How do we implement programs to promote salt substitutes in different countries What levels of government intervention are required? With more research and government investment, salt substitutes could be a game changer for increasing the impact of strategies to reduce population salt intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary adipsia is a rare condition in which there is failure in the activation threshold of the hypothalamic osmoreceptors, leading to osmolality imbalance. Here, we reported the case of a Pit Bull dog with an altered level of consciousness (started after weaning) and adipsia. There was an increase in plasma osmolality (444 mOsm/kg), sodium (223.7 mg/dL), and chlorine (173 mg/dL) levels. Based on the suspicion of primary adipsia, water was administered via a nasogastric tube, with clinical improvement. The owner was instructed to supply water with food. Eight months after discharge, the dog returned with parvovirus and died. In the anatomopathological examination, no structural changes were observed in the central nervous system. To our knowledge, this is the first report of hypernatremia due to adipsia in a Pit Bull dog, showing that this is a differential diagnosis that should be considered in this breed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O sódio é um elemento fundamental ao homem e imprescindível a todos os tipos de vida animal, no entanto deve ser utilizado de forma cautelosa, pois pode ocasionar sérios problemas à saúde humana. O objetivo desse trabalho foi analisar a ingestão de sódio de uma população adulta residente em Fortaleza-CE. Este trabalho é parte de um estudo maior do tipo transversal, intitulado de “Polimorfismo Pro198Leu no gene da enzima glutationa peroxidase 1 e sua relação com o estado nutricional relativo ao sódio em uma população adulta residente no município de Fortaleza, Ceará”. A amostragem foi do tipo não probabilística de conveniência. A população do estudo foi constituída por 126 indivíduos de ambos os gêneros, com idade entre 20 e 50 anos. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam um significativo consumo energético e sódio entre os participantes, indicando a possibilidade de desenvolverem doenças crônicas não transmissíveis caso mantenham os hábitos alimentares.

Background: Hypertension is responsible for a substantial number of deaths due to cardiovascular disease and stroke. A crucial step toward its control is the identification of modifiable predictors of hypertension. Objectives: To estimate the relationship between salt intake, serum uric acid and incident hypertension in a primary care setting. Methods: Retrospective cohort of the CAMELIA study in which a non-randomized sample of 1098 participants who were ≥ 20 year-old was recruited from a primary care program. Originally, the sample consisted of hypertensive, diabetic and non-diabetic/non-hypertensive subjects. For the analysis, 258 participants with blood pressure (BP) lower than 140/90 mm Hg not using antihypertensive drugs and without diabetes mellitus were included. Five years after the first visit, their medical records were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups according to BP in the first visit: normal BP group (systolic BP ≤ 120 mm Hg and diastolic BP ≤ 80 mm Hg) and high-normal BP group (systolic BP 121-139 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP 81-89 mm Hg). Results: In multivariate analysis, high-normal BP, hyperuricemia and salt intake ≥ 6 g/day predicted incident hypertension. In participants of thenormal BP group, high salt intake conferred the highest risk. In the high-normal BP group, smoking and serum uric acid were found to be the most important ones. Conclusion: In a healthy, multiethnic, and normotensive population from an urban primary care program, high-normal BP, hyperuricemia and high salt intake were found to be predictors of incident hypertension. Resumen: Antecedentes: La hipertensión es responsable de un gran número de muertes debido a cardiopatías e ictus. Un paso esencial para su control es la identificación de factores modificables predictivos de la hipertensión. Objetivos: Calcular la relación entre ingesta de sal, ácido úrico sérico e hipertensión incidental en un centro de atención primaria. Métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva del estudio CAMELIA, en el que se incluyó una muestra no aleatorizada de 1.098 participantes con edades ≥ 20 años, obtenida de un programa de atención primaria. Originalmente, la muestra incluía sujetos hipertensos, diabéticos y no diabéticos/no hipertensos. Para el análisis, se estudiaron 258 participantes con presión arterial (PA) inferior a 140/90 mm Hg, sin prescripción de fármacos antihipertensivos, y no diabéticos. Transcurridos cinco años de la primera visita, se revisaron sus historias médicas. Se dividió a los pacientes en dos grupos, con arreglo a su PA en la primera visita: grupo con PA normal (PA sistólica ≤ 120 mm Hg y PA diastólica ≤ 80 mm Hg), y grupo con PA alta-normal BP (PA sistólica 121-139 mm Hg y/o PA diastólica 81-89 mm Hg). Resultados: En el análisis multivariante, la PA alta-normal, hiperuricemia e ingesta de sal ≥ 6 g/día predijeron la hipertensión incidental. En los participantes del grupo de PA normal, la ingesta elevada de sal confirió el mayor riesgo. En el grupo de PA alta-normal, el tabaquismo y el ácido úrico sérico fueron los factores más importantes. Conclusión: En una población sana, multiétnica y normotensa, procedente de un programa de atención primaria urbana la PA alta-normal, hiperuricemia e ingesta elevada de sal constituyeron los factores predictivos de la hipertensión incidental.

Introdução: O uso de suplementos nutricionais, tem aumentado no Brasil desde os últimos tempos. O sódio (Na+), pode estar presente na composição destes e quando consumido em excesso e por longo período, pode causar alterações no equilíbrio hidroeletrolítico, e desencadear doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Objetivo: Verificar o teor de Na+ proveniente da dieta habitual e de suplementos nutricionais e avaliar o consumo alimentar dos praticantes de musculação. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo transversal, quantitativo. Avaliou-se o consumo alimentar, com aplicação do recordatório alimentar de 24 horas. Para avaliação da quantidade de Na+ nos suplementos nutricionais, utilizou-se regra de três, tendo como base, a quantidade padrão de Na+ (mg) fornecida num scoop do suplemento especificado, utilizando-se como subsídio o rótulo dele. Resultados e discussão: Avaliou-se 22 indivíduos, sendo 13 homens e 09 mulheres. As dietas apresentaram características normocalórica para os homens e hipercalórica para as mulheres, hiperproteica, normoglicídica e normolipídica para ambos os gêneros. O consumo médio de Na+ da dieta habitual, foi inadequado para os homens e adequado para as mulheres. O consumo médio de Na+ dos suplementos, foi adequado para ambos os sexos. Conclusão: Evidenciou-se um consumo inadequado de calorias para o sexo feminino e adequado para o sexo masculino. Alto consumo de proteínas e consumo adequado de carboidratos e lipídeos para ambos os gêneros. O Na+ proveniente das dietas habituais foi inadequado para os indivíduos do sexo masculino e adequado para o feminino. O Na+ derivado da utilização de suplementos foi adequado para ambos os sexos.

Introduction: In the daily practice it is necessary to have quick, easy and accesible methods to adequately assess the renal function. The objectives were: 1. Quantify the relationship and concordance of the glomerular filtration rate (FG) calculated by the clearance of creatinine in 24 h urine (CCr) and the original and modified Schwartz equation (SE). 2. Correlate urine elimination of substances that depend on the volume of excreted urine in a unit of time with other parameters that are calculated measuring the concentration of these substances in blood and urine. Materials and methods: The study included 401 healthy children in the ages between 3 to14 (187 male and 214 female). The analysis between the variables was carried out by Pearson’s correlation coeficient and the intraclass correlation coefficient. Results: The correlation between values of CCr and the original SE (non standardized creatinine measuring) was r = 0.58 (P

Copyright of Revista do Instituto de Laticínios Cândido Tostes is the property of Revista do Instituto de Laticinios Candido Tostes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: the salinity of Lake Texcoco is due to the fact that it was an endorheic basin, it had no way of washing the salts. The causes of salinization of agricultural soils in these plots are: poor irrigation management, use of low quality water for irrigation and excessive use of chemical fertilizers. The objective of this work was to analyze the ionic composition and compare the sodium adsorption ratio - explicit and adjusted exchangeable sodium percentage of an agricultural plot. Method: soil sampling was done to determine the parameters of: pH, electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, and sulfate, according to NOM-021-RECNAT-2000. In addition to interpolation maps and contour lines. Results and discussion: according to the results obtained from the laboratory, the plot is made of saline - sodium soil. A significant difference was found between the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and the adjusted sodium adsorption ratio, the latter being the highest. The interpolated images and contour lines give an artificial view of the sodium adsorption ratio and the percent exchangeable sodium (ESP). Conclusion: in general, the plot presents high values of SAR and ESP. So, in almost the entire plot there is a risk of sodicity. There are significant differences between SAR and adjusted SAR, but there is no significant difference between ESP and ESP calculated with adjusted SAR. The SAREC classification in most cases present soils of very high salinity and medium sodicity (C4-S2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introdução: A busca por um estilo de vida mais saudável, nos dias atuais, é bastante evidente.Com isso as pessoas tendem a procurar alimentos que aliem saúde e praticidade, no qual pode- se citar, as barras de cereais ou cereais em barras.Com o aumento do consumo desse alimento industrializado, vale ressaltar que é de grande relevância que, o consumidor faça a leitura das informações nutricionais contidas na rotulagem dos mesmos, para que saiba o que está realmente ingerindo. Além de ser um alimento industrializado, e que apresenta-se nas formas :Convencional, light e diet, assim é importante que o consumidor faça a leitura do rótulo, como uma ferramenta importante para promoção à saúde, pois esses alimentos podem conter edulcorantes com sódio em sua composição. Sabendo que a Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica é atualmente a patologia mais prevalente no Brasil, justifica-se o mineral escolhido para o presente estudo, o sódio. Objetivo: Comparar o teor de sódio em barras de cereais, nas versões: Convencional, light e diet, utilizando a rotulagem dos mesmos. Materiais e Método: O estudo foi do tipo descritivo-observacional, com corte do tipo transversal. Foram analisadas 19 marcas de barras de cereais, totalizando 125 sabores. Resultados: Estatisticamente não houve diferença no teor de sódio entre as barras de cereais analisadas. Conclusão: Embora a diferença estatística no teor de sódio, é importante destacar que, muitas vezes, os portadores de hipertensão, podem ser portadores de diabetes, este último fazendo uso de alimentos diet, e, assim, devem realizar a leitura do rótulo desses alimentos para que haja o efetivo controle tanto glicêmico, como pressórico. ABSTRACT Sodium content: comparison of conventional cereal bars labeling, light and diet and the importance of this information in the context of public health Introduction: Nowadays, the seeking for a healthier lifestyle is patent. As a result, people in general tend to search for food which combine health and convenience, such as cereal bars. Due to the increasing consumption of this industrialized food, it is essential that consumers read the nutrition facts written in its package labels in order to be aware of what he/she is really ingesting. Besides the knowledge that it is industrialized food which is sold in the types conventional, light and diet, it is important that consumers read the labels as a significant tool for health promotion as these kinds of food may contain sweeteners with sodium in its constitution. As the systemic arterial hypertension is currently the more prevalent pathology in Brazil, the mineral chosen in the present study, was Sodium. Objective: following objective: contrasting the amount of sodium in cereal bars concerning the types conventional, light and diet, based on their labels. Materials and Methods: The method used among the descriptive ones was the observational, and the collection of data is cross-sectional. It was analysed 19 cereal bar brands, totalizing 125 flavors. Results: Statistically speaking, there was not difference regarding the amount of sodium among the cereal bars analysed. Conclusion: However, it is important to note that persons with hypertension may also have diabetes, thus consuming diet food. Therefore, they have to read the labels of such products so that they may have the effective glycemic and blood pressure control.

As empresas de suplementação têm colocado em suas fórmulas uma variedade de vitaminas e minerais, com alegação de melhora do desempenho. Dentre estes, tem-se o sódio que possui funções metabólicas importantes na prática da atividade física. Contudo, o seu consumo excessivo tem estreita relação com as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar as concentrações de sódio em suplementos alimentares proteicos a partir das informações nutricionais dos rótulos. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, exploratório e descritivo. Foram avaliados 58 rótulos de suplementos proteicos para atletas quanto aos conteúdos de sódio, estabelecendo-se uma porção padrão de 30 gramas para as análises. A maioria das amostras de suplementos eram Mix de Whey Proteins (47%; n=27). Não houve uniformidade dos teores de sódio adicionados aos suplementos proteicos, no qual 57% (n=33) apresentaram um teor de sódio na faixa de 51 a 100 mg por porção, 24,1% (n=14) e 3,4% (n=2) apresentaram-se na faixa de 101 a 150 mg e 251 a 300 mg, respectivamente. Considerando a recomendação diária de ingestão do mineral (2.000 mg), a ingestão de suplementos com concentrações elevadas por períodos prolongados é preocupante, o que é agravado pelo consumo superior à porção recomendada na embalagem e associação de uso com outros suplementos. Assim, concluiu-se que é interessante a implementação de medidas que estipulem as quantidades mínimas e máximas desse nutriente nos suplementos, para padronização na formulação desse tipo de produto; além de estimular o uso consciente destes, por meio de prescrição cautelosa e adequada por profissional capacitado. ABSTRACT Sodium content of protein food supplements: a labeling analysis Supplementation companies have put in their formulas a variety of vitamins and minerals, with allegation of performance improvement. Among these, we have sodium that has important metabolic functions in the practice of physical activity. However, its excessive consumption is closely related to chronic noncommunicable diseases. The objective of this research was to verify the sodium concentrations in protein dietary supplements from the nutritional information of the labels. It is a quantitative, exploratory and descriptive study. It were evaluated 58 protein supplements labels for athletes regarding sodium contents, establishing a standard portion of 30 grams for the analyzes. The most of the supplement samples were Whey Protein Mix (47%; n = 27). There was no uniformity of sodium contents added to protein supplements, in which 57% (n = 33) had a sodium content in the range from 51 to 100 mg per serving, 24.1% (n = 14) and 3.4% (n = 2) were in the range of 101 to 150 mg and 251 to 300 mg, respectively. Considering the daily recommendation of mineral intake (2,000 mg), the intake of supplements with high concentrations for prolonged periods is worrisome, which is aggravated by consumption higher than the recommended portion in the packaging and association of use with other supplements. Thus, it was concluded that it is interesting to implement measures that stipulate the minimum and maximum quantities of this nutrient in the supplements, for standardization in the formulation of this type of product; besides stimulating the conscious use of these, by means of prudent and adequate prescription by a qualified professional.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: la población paliativa suele sufrir patologías que requieren una restricción de sodio en su dieta, aunque se desconoce la prevalencia de este requerimiento. Estas patologías, junto al estreñimiento, hacen que pueda desaconsejarse el uso de laxantes con electrolitos. Objetivo: conocer la prevalencia de la necesidad de restringir la ingesta de sodio en pacientes paliativos y analizar la prevalencia de estreñimiento y del uso de laxantes, incluidos los que contienen sodio. Método: estudio epidemiológico, multicéntrico, descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo en pacientes mayores de 18 años recibidos en la consulta hospitalaria de paliativos (junio 2015-marzo 2016) tanto externos como hospitalizados. Se recogieron las características demográficas y antropométricas, enfermedades asociadas a la restricción de sodio en la dieta y tratamientos usados. Resultados: se incluyeron 400 pacientes paliativos (edad 77,8 ± 13,0 años, hombres 52,2%). El 68,3% fueron pacientes hospitalizados y el 31,8%, externos. En el 87,0% (IC95%: 83,3-90,0) existía comorbilidad que precisaba una dieta baja o ausente de sodio. Solo el 46,5% (IC95%: 41,5-51,5) tenía una recomendación de dieta baja en sal. Cabe resaltar que el 50,5% (IC95%: 45,5-55,5) de los pacientes presentó la necesidad de dieta baja en sodio y sufría estreñimiento. Un 53,8% (IC95%: 48,7-58,7) de los pacientes tomaba laxantes (54% productos ricos en lactulosa o polietilenglicol [PEG] con electrolitos), el 52,1% debido a estreñimiento y el 42,3% como prevención al tratamiento con opioides. Conclusiones: un alto porcentaje de la población estudiada (87%) padece algún trastorno que requiere la limitación de sodio en su dieta y al menos la mitad presenta estreñimiento. El uso de laxantes, como tratamiento o como prevención del estreñimiento, es frecuente en los pacientes paliativos. Por tanto, la elección de un laxante sin sodio será preferible en este tipo de pacientes.

Introduction: Introduction: there has been an increase in the number of endurance sports events during the last 20 years, as well as in the number of their participants. An adequate nutritional plan is essential for a satisfactory performance in this type of events, both in professional and amateur athletes. Objectives: the objective was to determine, evaluate, and compare with the current scientific recommendations the consumption of carbohydrates, water, and sodium by participants in a trail-running event. Methods: the competition completed by the athletes was the "Medio Trail de Alcoy 2019" (Alcoy, Spain), with a distance of 30 km. After completing the race, participants filled out a questionnaire about their food and drink consumption during the event, in addition to other questions about their nutritional habits in general. Eleven participants who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Results: the result obtained for average carbohydrate intake was 14.93 g/h, for sodium intake was 146.42 mg/h, and for water intake was 399.73 mL/h. In all, 27 % of participants visited a dietitian-nutritionist on a regular basis, and none reported gastrointestinal tract issues during the race. Conclusions: the carbohydrate and sodium consumption of participants was low as compared to current scientific recommendations; however, water consumption was adequate according to them. Our advice for endurance athletes is visit a specialized dietitian-nutritionist to achieve optimal performance in competitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of MESO is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A pesquisa, realizada em duas Unidades de Alimentação e Nutrição (UAN), pretendeu avaliar o consumo de sódio extrínseco dos comensais preconizado pelo Programa de Alimentação do Trabalhador (PAT). Analisou-se a quantidade de sal utilizada na ficha técnica, nas preparações das refeições e a quantidade de sal consumida nos saleiros. Comparou-se os valores de sódio entre as duas UANs, analisando a diferença entre o sódio estimado na ficha técnica em relação às preparações e ao sódio utilizado nos saleiros e comparados com valores de recomendações estabelecidos pelo PAT. Verificou-se diferença entre as duas UANs: sódio consumido no saleiro, sódio utilizado nas preparações, sódio estimado na ficha técnica e sódio das preparações somados com o sódio do saleiro. Na UAN 1, observou-se valores de sódio superiores nas preparações quando comparadas à ficha técnica, 1928,4 mg vs 1217,6 mg, respectivamente. Em ambas unidades, os valores da ficha técnica foram superiores à referência, 1217,6 mg para UAN 1 e 3112,4 mg para UAN 2, enquanto que os valores do saleiro foram inferiores à referência, 217,6 mg para UAN 1 e 283,2 mg para UAN 2. As unidades apresentaram consumo de sódio elevado, o que pode promover o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares. Visto que as duas unidades apresentaram resultados significativamente altos em relação à quantidade de sódio oferecida nas refeições, faz-se necessário reduzir o sal das preparações a fim de ofertar uma alimentação mais saudável.

O consumo de queijo tipo petit suisse diariamente já foi identificado em crianças de até 3 anos em vários estudos, com consumo de uma a 3 unidades diárias. Este tipo de produto integra a categoria de alimentos ultraprocessados, cujo consumo frequente pode comprometer a saúde da criança, causando desordens nutricionais que podem estender-se até a idade adulta. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o teor de sódio presente em queijos tipo petit suisse e compará-lo com recomendações para consumo diário em crianças de 1 a 3 anos de idade. Foram analisadas 10 marcas de queijo tipo petit suisse presentes em estabelecimentos da região central de São Paulo/SP.Foram considerados os teores de sódio apresentados nos rótulos, e comparados, por porção original do produto e porção padronizada de 40g, com a recomendação para consumo diário, considerando ingestão adequada (AI) e nível de ingestão máximo tolerável (UL) para 1 a 3 anos de idade. O teor de sódio apresentou variabilidade classificada como muito alta nos produtos no conteúdo total da embalagem e na porção padronizada, e não excedeu as recomendações de AI e UL. As marcas de queijo tipo petit suisse analisadas apresentaram elevada variabilidade no teor de sódio. Embora o sódio observado não tenha ultrapassado a UL para a faixa etária, é relevante considerar que a marca do produto escolhida, associada à quantidade consumida e aos demais alimentos da dieta, determinará o teor de sódio ingerido diariamente e são fatores relevantes na escolha alimentar.

O presente estudo teve o objetivo de verificar as quantidades de sal e óleo de adição nas refeições “almoço” ofertadas em uma escola municipal do estado do Rio de Janeiro e comparar com a recomendação do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar-PNAE. Inicialmente foram determinadas as quantidades utilizadas de sal e óleo às preparações alimentares das refeições, a partir da diferença entre o peso das quantidades de sal e óleo inicial e final diário disponível para uso na Unidade de Alimentação e Nutrição Escolar - UANE. Após o preparo, pesou-se o rendimento total das preparações alimentares e estabelecido o percentual de sal/óleo utilizados no total de preparações presentes nas refeições produzidas naquele dia. Em seguida, foi determinado o peso da porção da refeição ofertada aos escolares e então aplicado o percentual determinado anteriormente e calculada a quantidade de sal/óleo adicionados nas refeições oferecidas aos escolares. Foram encontrados como média 3,05g de sal por refeição, estando acima do que é preconizado pelo PNAE, e em relação às gorduras totais, a porção apresentou-se acima da recomendação por refeição, 7,5g, com o valor médio de 12,54g/refeição. Concluiu-se que existe a necessidade de redução das quantidades de sódio e óleo de adição no preparo das refeições que são distribuídas aos escolares e que estas devem ser padronizadas para não superar o limite de 1g de sal/refeição/aluno e manter o limite recomendável delipídios.

Introduction: It is known that sex is a determinant of renal sodium regulation and blood pressure. Methods: Male and female Wistar rats, which were 150 days old and a diet with normal or high levels of sodium (NaCl 1% v.o.), were studied for the last five days. Mean blood pressure (MBP), natriuresis, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF) and plasma aldosterone level were established. The following were studied: expressions of total Na+,K+,-ATPase (t-NKA); dephosphorylated NKA (d-NKA); cytochrome P4504A (CYP4A); Na+K+-2Cl- (NKCC2) and Na+/Cl- (NCC) cotransporters. The mRNA expression of the NKA α1 (Atp1a1) chain was examined through PCR analysis in the renal cortex and marrow. Results: Male rats having both types of diet showed higher MBP and lower natriuresis. High sodium intake triggered lower aldosterone levels in both sexes; GFR was lower in females and RPF was higher in males (4.09 ± 0.17 vs. 2.81 ± 0.12 ml/min/gr; p

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Médicas UIS is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sodium is an element essential to man and essential to all kinds of animal life, however must be used carefully, as it can cause serious human health problems. The objective of this work was toanalyse the sodium intake of an adult population resident in the city of Fortaleza-CE. This work is part of a larger study of transverse type, entitled "Pro198Leu Polymorphism in the gene of the enzyme Glutathione peroxidase 1 and its relationship with nutritional status on the sodium in an adult population resident in the municipality of Fortaleza, Ceará". The sampling was probabilistic convenience not type. The study population was made up of 126 individuals of both genders, aged between 20 and 50 years. The survey results indicate a significant energy consumption and sodium among the participants, indicating the possibility of developing non-communicable chronic diseases should stay the same eating habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: An earlier review limited the analysis of the intake recommendations issued by the European Union until 2016, and therefore the "dietary reference values" for vitamin K, riboflavin, sodium and chloride were pending inclusion. The Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published these values for both vitamins in 2017 and for both minerals in 2019, which are now included in this updated review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Prescrição e Fisiologia do Exercício is the property of Instituto Brasileiro de Pesquisa e Ensino em Fisiologia do Exercicio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)